I-Whooper swan iyinyoni yokuzalanisa engajwayelekile e-UK kepha inabantu abaningi kakhulu abachitha ubusika lapha ngemuva kohambo olude olusuka e-Iceland. Inombala ophuzi ngokwengeziwe emlonyeni wayo omnyama ophuzi. I-Whooper swan ingenye yezinhlobo ezinkulu ze-swan.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Whooper Swan
Isidleke se-Whooper swans ehlathini-tundra nasezindaweni ezingama-taiga kulo lonke elase-Eurasia, eningizimu ye-Buick swan breeding range, esukela e-Iceland nasenyakatho yeScandinavia entshonalanga kuya ogwini lwaseRussia Pacific empumalanga.
Abantu abayisihlanu abakhulu be-whooper swans bachaziwe:
- inani labantu base-Iceland;
- inani labantu baseNyakatho-ntshonalanga Yezwekazi laseYurophu;
- inani loLwandle Olumnyama, i-Eastern Mediterranean Sea;
- inani labantu baseSiberia eseNtshonalanga nePhakathi, uLwandle iCaspian;
- inani labantu baseMpumalanga Asia.
Kodwa-ke, kunolwazi oluncane kakhulu ngezinga lokuhamba kwama-whooper swans phakathi koLwandle Olumnyama / eMpumalanga yeMedithera nasezifundeni zoLwandle lwaseNtshonalanga neCentral, ngakho-ke lezi zinyoni kwesinye isikhathi zibhekwa njengesidleke esisodwa saseCentral Russian.
Abantu base-Iceland bazala e-Iceland futhi iningi labo lifuduka amakhilomitha angama-800-1400 liwela i-Atlantic Ocean ebusika, ikakhulukazi eBrithani nase-Ireland. Cishe izinyoni eziyi-1000-1500 zihlala e-Iceland phakathi nobusika, futhi izinombolo zazo zincike ezimeni sezulu kanye nokutholakala kokudla.
Ividiyo: Whooper Swan
Inani labantu baseNyakatho-ntshonalanga Yezwekazi laseYurophu lisakazeka enyakatho yeScandinavia nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeRussia, ngenani elikhulayo lamabhangqa azalela eningizimu (ikakhulukazi emazweni aseBaltic: i-Estonia, iLatvia, iLithuania nePoland). AmaSwans afudukela ngaseningizimu ebusika, ikakhulukazi ezwekazini iYurophu, kepha abanye abantu bayaziwa ukuthi bafinyelele eningizimu-mpumalanga yeNgilandi.
Abantu baseLwandle Olumnyama / baseMpumalanga yeMedithera bazalelwa eNtshonalanga yeSiberia futhi mhlawumbe entshonalanga yeUrals, kungahle kube nezinga elithile lokuxhumanisa nabantu baseNtshonalanga naseCentral Siberia / Caspian Sea. Inani labantu baseNtshonalanga neCentral Siberia / Caspian. Kucatshangwa ukuthi izalela eCentral Siberia nasebusika phakathi kweCaspian Sea neLake Balkhash.
Abantu baseMpumalanga Asia basabalele phakathi nezinyanga zasehlobo kulo lonke elasenyakatho neChina nasentshonalanga yeRussia, futhi ubusika ikakhulu eJapan, China naseKorea. Imizila yokufuduka ayikaqondakali ngokuphelele, kepha izinhlelo zokubiza nokulandelela ziyaqhubeka empumalanga yeRussia, China, Mongolia naseJapan.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani islwane se-whooper
I-Whooper swan iyi-swan enkulu enobude obumaphakathi obungamamitha ayi-1.4 - 1.65. Owesilisa uvamise ukuba mkhulu kunowesifazane, isilinganiso samamitha ayi-1.65 nesisindo esingaba ngu-10.8 kg, kanti owesifazane uvame ukuba nesisindo esingu-8.1 kg. Izimpiko zazo zingamamitha ayi-2.1 - 2.8.
I-Whooper Swan inezimpaphe ezimhlophe ezimsulwa, imilenze yewebhu nemilenze emnyama. Ingxenye yomlomo i-orange-yellow (ezansi), kanti ithiphu limnyama. Lezi zimaki ezisemlonyeni ziyahlukahluka kuye ngamunye. Ukumakwa okuphuzi kunweba kumumo wesigaxa kusuka esisekelweni kuye noma ngisho ngemuva kwamakhala. Ama-whooper swans nawo anokuma okuqondile okuqhathanisiwe uma kuqhathaniswa namanye ama-swans, ngokugoba okuncane phansi kwentamo nentamo ende ende ubude bomzimba jikelele. Imilenze nezinyawo kuvame ukuba mnyama, kepha kungaba mpunga ngokubomvana noma ngamachashaza abomvana emilenzeni.
Izinyoni ezincane zivame ukuba nezimpaphe ezimhlophe, kepha izinyoni ezimpunga nazo azivamile. Ama-swing Fluff anombala ompunga ngombala nomqhele omnyama, i-nape, amahlombe nomsila. Izimpaphe ezingavuthiwe ezimpunga onsundu ku-pubescence yokuqala, zimnyama ku-vertex. Abantu baphenduka babe mhlophe kancane kancane, ngamazinga ahlukahlukene, ebusika babo bokuqala, futhi bangakhula ngentwasahlobo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayoAma-whooper swans anezwi eliphakeme kakhulu, ehlobo nasebusika, enezinsimbi ezifanayo nezikaSuick's swans, kepha ngezwi elijulile, eli-sonorous, ne-eerie. Amandla nokuphakama kuyahluka kuye ngesimo senhlalo, kusukela kuzwi elikhulu, eliqhubekayo ngesikhathi sokuhlangana okunolaka nokumemeza okunqobayo ukuthambisa imisindo "yokuxhumana" phakathi kwezinyoni ezibhangqiwe nemindeni.
Ebusika, izingcingo zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwakha ukubusa emhlambini lapho zifika endaweni yasebusika. Izingcingo zokushaya ikhanda zibalulekile ekugcineni ukuhlangana kombhangqwana nomndeni. Ziba namandla kakhulu ngaphambi kokuhamba, zishintshele kumsindo ophakeme we-tonal ngemuva kokundiza. Ama-fluffy juveniles enza imisindo esindayo esindayo lapho esenkingeni futhi ethinta izingcingo ezithambile ngezinye izikhathi.
Kusukela ngoJulayi kuya ku-Agasti minyaka yonke, izifebe zichitha izimpaphe zazo zokundiza endaweni yazo yokuzalanisa. Izinyoni ezibhangqiwe zine-asynchronous molt tendency. Ngokungafani nezinqola zikaBuick, lapho izingane ezinonyaka owodwa zikhonjwa ngemikhondo yezimpaphe ezimpunga, izimpaphe zezinsikazi eziningi zasebusika azihlukaniseki nezabantu abadala.
Ihlala kuphi i-whooper swan?
Isithombe: I-Whooper swan indiza
Ama-Whooper swans anezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene futhi atholakala endaweni yokubola ngaphakathi e-Eurasia naseziqhingini eziningi eziseduze. Bafuduka amakhulu noma izinkulungwane zamamayela baye ezindaweni zobusika. Lezi swans zivame ukufudukela ezindaweni zasebusika ngo-Okthoba bese zibuyela ezindaweni zazo zokuzalela ngo-Ephreli.
Ama-whooper swans azalela e-Iceland, eNyakatho Yurophu nase-Asia. Zifuduka zisuka eningizimu ebusika ziye entshonalanga nasenkabeni yeYurophu - zizungeze uLwandle Olumnyama, i-Aral kanye neCaspian, kanye nasezifundeni ezisogwini lwaseChina naseJapan. E-Great Britain, zizalela enyakatho yeScotland, ikakhulukazi e-Orkney. Bahlala ebusika enyakatho nasempumalanga yeNgilandi, kanye nase-Ireland.
Izinyoni ezivela eSiberia ebusika ngamanani amancane eziqhingini zase-Aleutian, e-Alaska. Abafuduki ngezikhathi ezithile bathuthela kwezinye izindawo entshonalanga ye-Alaska, futhi abavamile kakhulu ebusika ukuqhubekela eningizimu ngasogwini lwasePacific kuya eCalifornia. Amaqoqo azimele wodwa namancane, angavamile ukubonakala enyakatho-mpumalanga, angabalekela ekuthunjweni nalabo abashiya i-Iceland.
I-Whooper swan iqabane futhi yakha izidleke osebeni lwamanzi angenasawoti amanzi, amachibi, imifula engajulile namaxhaphozi. Zikhetha izindawo ezinotshani obusanda kuvela, ezinganikeza ukuvikeleka okwengeziwe ezidlekeni zazo nasezinsukeni ezisanda kuzalwa.
Manje uyazi ukuthi i-whooper swan itholakala kuphi encwadini ebomvu. Ake sibone ukuthi inyoni enhle idlani?
Idlani i-whooper swan?
Isithombe: I-Whooper swan evela eRed Book
Ama-whooper swans adla kakhulu ezitshalweni zasemanzini, kodwa futhi adla okusanhlamvu, utshani, nemikhiqizo yezolimo efana nokolweni, amazambane, kanye noqathe - ikakhulukazi ebusika lapho eminye imithombo yokudla ingatholakali.
Ama-swans amancane nalawo angavuthiwe kuphela adla izinambuzane zasemanzini nama-crustaceans, njengoba enesidingo esiphakeme samaprotheni kunabantu abadala. Njengoba bekhula, ukudla kwabo kushintshela ekudleni okususelwa ezitshalweni okubandakanya izimila zasemanzini nezimpande.
Emanzini angajulile, ama-whooper swans angasebenzisa izinyawo zawo eziqinile ezinjenge-webb ukumba odakeni olucwile emanzini, futhi njengama-mallards, aguqa, afake ikhanda nentamo yawo ngaphansi kwamanzi ukudalula izimpande, amahlumela nezilimo eziyizigaxa.
I-Whooper swans idla izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla nezimila emanzini. Izintamo zabo ezinde zibanikeza onqenqemeni lwamadada anentambo emfushane njengoba bekwazi ukondla emanzini ajulile kunamahansi noma amadada. Lezi zingulube zingondla emanzini aze afinyelele kumamitha ayi-1,2 ngokukhipha izitshalo futhi zisike amaqabunga neziqu zezitshalo ezikhula ngaphansi kwamanzi. AmaSwans futhi adla ngokuqoqa izinto zezitshalo ebusweni bamanzi noma onqenqemeni lwamanzi. Emhlabeni, badla okusanhlamvu notshani. Kusukela maphakathi nawo-1900, isimilo sabo sasebusika sashintsha ukuthi sifake ukudla okwengeziwe komhlaba.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-Whooper swan bird
Isikhathi sokuhlala kwe-swan sinesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kokudla okutholakala kalula. Ukukhulelwa ngokuvamile kwenzeka kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuya kuJulayi. Zakha ezindaweni ezinokudla okwanele, amanzi angajulile futhi angangcolisiwe. Imvamisa izidleke ezimbili kuphela emzimbeni owodwa wamanzi. Lezi zindawo zokwakha zisukela ku-24,000 km² kuya ku-607,000 km² futhi zivame ukutholakala eduze kwalapho insikazi ichanyuselwa khona.
Insikazi iyazikhethela isidleke futhi owesilisa uyasivikela. Ama -wan Swan maningi amathuba okuthi abuyele esidlekeni esisodwa uma bekwazile ukukhulisa ngempumelelo izingane lapho esikhathini esedlule. Lezi zithandani zizokwakha isidleke esisha noma zivuselele isidleke ebezisisebenzisa eminyakeni edlule.
Izindawo zokwakha izidleke zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme kancane ezizungezwe ngamanzi, isibonelo:
- ngaphezulu kwezindlu ezindala zama-beaver, amadamu noma izindunduma;
- otshanini obukhulayo obuntantayo noma obumiswe ngaphansi kwamanzi;
- eziqhingini ezincane.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-Nest kuqala maphakathi no-Ephreli futhi kungathatha kuze kube amasonto amabili ukuqeda. Indoda iqoqa izimila zasemanzini, utshani nama-sedge bese izidlulisela kowesifazane. Uqala ngokugoqa okokutshala ngaphezulu bese esebenzisa umzimba wakhe ukwenza ukucindezeleka abeke amaqanda.
Isidleke ngokuyisisekelo siyisitsha esikhulu esivulekile. Ingaphakathi lesidleke limbozwe phansi, izimpaphe nezinto ezithambile zezitshalo ezitholakala endaweni ezungezile. Izidleke zingafinyelela kububanzi bamamitha ayi-1 kuye kwayi-3.5 futhi zivame ukuzungezwa ngomsele wamamitha ayi-6 kuye kwayi-9. Lo mfula uvame ukugcwala amanzi ukwenza kube nzima kakhulu ngezilwane ezincelisayo ukufika esidlekeni.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Amachwane we-Whooper swan
Ama-whooper swans azalela emaxhaphozini anamanzi angenasawoti, amachibi, amachibi kanye nasemifuleni ehamba kancane. Ama-swans amaningi athola abalingani bawo ngaphambi kweminyaka engu-2 - imvamisa ngesikhathi sasebusika. Yize abanye bengahlala esidlekeni okokuqala beseneminyaka emibili, iningi aliqali lize libe neminyaka emithathu kuya kwengu-7 ubudala.
Lapho befika ezindaweni zokuzalela, laba bobabili baziphatha ngendlela yokukhwelana, okubandakanya ukunikina amakhanda abo nokushayana kwamaphiko okushayana.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amabili ama-whooper swans ajwayele ukuhlotshaniswa impilo yonke, futhi ahlala ndawonye unyaka wonke, kufaka phakathi ukuhamba ndawonye ezindaweni ezifudukayo. Kodwa-ke, kuye kwabonwa ukuthi abanye babo bashintsha abalingani ezimpilweni zabo, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kobudlelwano obungaphumelelanga, kanti abanye abalahlekelwe abalingani babo abasashadi.
Uma owesilisa eshada nomunye wesifazane osemncane, uvame ukuya kuye endaweni yakhe. Uma eshada nowesifazane osekhulile, uzoya kuye. Uma insikazi ilahlekelwa ngumlingani wayo, ijwayele ukuhlangana ngokushesha, ikhethe owesilisa omncane.
Imibhangqwana ehlobene ivame ukuhlala ndawonye unyaka wonke; kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, zihlangana kakhulu futhi zivame ukuhlangana namanye ama-swans amaningi. Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, amabhangqa azovikela ngolaka izindawo zawo.
Amaqanda ngokuvamile abekwa kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli kuya kuJuni, kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nangaphambi kokuba isidleke siphele. Insikazi izalela iqanda elilodwa njalo ngosuku. Imvamisa kuba nama-5-6 amaqanda amhlophe akhilimu ku-clutch. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izimo kuye kwatholakala kuze kufike ku-12. Uma lokhu kuyisigaxa sokuqala sowesifazane, maningi amathuba okuthi kube namaqanda ambalwa futhi amaningi ala maqanda kungenzeka angabi nenzalo. Iqanda lingaba ngama-73 mm ububanzi no-113.5 mm ubude futhi linesisindo esingaba ngu-320 g.
Lapho nje i-clutch isiqediwe, insikazi iqala ukufukamela amaqanda, ahlala cishe izinsuku ezingama-31. Ngalesi sikhathi, iduna lihlala liseduze nendawo yokwakha izidleke futhi livikela insikazi ezilwaneni ezizingelayo. Ezimweni ezingavamile kakhulu, owesilisa angasiza ezinhlwini zamaqanda.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngesikhathi sokufukamela, insikazi ishiya isidleke kuphela isikhathi esifushane ukuzondla ngohlaza oluseduze, ukugeza noma ukugqoka. Kodwa-ke, ngaphambi kokushiya isidleke, uzomboza amaqanda ngezinto zokwakha ukuze awafihle. Eyeduna nayo izohlala eduze ukuvikela isidleke.
Izitha zemvelo ze-whooper swan
Isithombe: Whooper Swans
Ama-whooper swans asongelwa ngomsebenzi wabantu.
Imisebenzi enjalo ifaka phakathi:
- ukuzingela;
- ukubhujiswa kwesidleke;
- ukuzingela ngokungemthetho
- ukulahlekelwa kwendawo nokucekelwa phansi kwempahla, kufaka phakathi ukubuyiswa kabusha kwezindawo ezingamaxhaphozi ezisemaphandleni nezingasogwini, ikakhulukazi e-Asia.
Izinsongo endaweni ye-whooper swan zifaka:
- ukunwetshwa kwezolimo;
- ukuklabisa ngokweqile kwemfuyo (isib. izimvu);
- amanzi amaxhaphozi okunisela;
- ukusika izimila ukondla imfuyo ebusika;
- ukuthuthukiswa kwemigwaqo nokungcoliswa kukawoyela kusuka ekuhloleni uwoyela;
- ukusebenza nokuhamba;
- ukukhathazeka okuvela kwezokuvakasha.
Kusazingelwa ngokungekho emthethweni i-swan, futhi ukushayisana ngezintambo zikagesi kuyimbangela evame kakhulu yokufa kwama-whooper swans ebusika enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeYurophu. Ubuthi bomthofu obuhlobene nokufakwa kokutholwa komthofu kule ndawo yokudoba kuhlala kuyinkinga, ngesilinganiso esikhulu sezinhlobo ezihlolwe ezinamazinga aphezulu okuhola kwegazi. Lolu hlobo lwaziwa ukuthi lungenwe umkhuhlane wezinyoni, nawo olimaze izinyoni.
Ngakho-ke, izinsongo zamanje kuma-whooper swans ziyahlukahluka ngendawo, ngezimbangela zokonakaliswa kwendawo nokulahleka, kufaka phakathi ukudla kakhulu, ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda, ukuthuthukiswa kogu nolwandle olumaphakathi nezwe ngezinhlelo zokunwetshwa kwamapulazi, ukwakhiwa kukagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi, ukukhathazeka kwezokuvakasha. nokuchitheka kukawoyela.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani islwane se-whooper
Ngokwezibalo, inani lomhlaba lama-whooper swans liyizinyoni eziyi-180,000, kanti inani labantu baseRussia lilinganiselwa ku-10,000-100,000 ngababili abakhwelana kanye nabantu abasebusika abacishe babe yi-1 000 000 000. Abantu baseYurophu balinganiselwa emibhangqwaneni engama-25,300-32,800, ehambelana nabantu abavuthiwe abangama-50,600-65,500. Ngokuvamile, ama-whooper swans njengamanje ahlukaniswa eRed Book njengeyona isengozini encane. Abantu balezi zinhlobo babonakala bezinzile okwamanje, kepha ububanzi bayo obubanzi benza kube nzima ukukuhlola.
I-Whooper swan ikhombise ukukhula okukhulu kwenani labantu nokwanda kwebanga eNyakatho Yurophu emashumini eminyaka adlule. Ukuzalelwa kokuqala kwabikwa ngo-1999 kanti ukuzala kwabikwa ngo-2003 endaweni yesibili. Inani lezindawo zokuzalela lenyuke ngokushesha kusukela ngo-2006 kanti lolu hlobo manje kubikwa ukuthi luzalana ezindaweni ezingama-20 sezizonke. Kodwa-ke, okungenani amasayithi ayisikhombisa ashiywa ngemuva konyaka owodwa noma ngaphezulu yokuzalanisa, okuholele ekwehleni kwesikhashana kosayizi wabantu ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa.
Ukwanda okwengeziwe kwenani le-whooper swan kungahle kuholele ekuncintisaneni okwandayo namanye ama-swans, kepha kunezinye izindawo eziningi ezingaba khona ezizalisayo ngaphandle kokuba khona kwama-swans. Ama-whooper swans adlala indima ebalulekile ekuthinteni ukwakheka komphakathi wezitshalo ngenxa yenani elikhulu le-biomass elahlekile lapho bezondla nge-macrophyte yabo ecwilisiwe, i-fennel, evusa ukukhula kwamachibi ekujuleni okuphakathi.
I-Whooper Swan Guard
Isithombe: I-Whooper swan evela eRed Book
Ukuvikelwa okungokomthetho kwama-whooper swans kusuka ekuzingeleni kwethulwe ngezingxenye ngamazwe angatholakali (ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1885 e-Iceland, ngo-1925 eJapan, ngo-1927 eSweden, ngo-1954 eGreat Britain, ngo-1964 eRussia).
Izinga umthetho osebenza ngalo lihlala liguquguquka, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezikude.Futhi, lolu hlobo luvikelwe ngokuya ngemihlangano yomhlaba wonke efana ne-European Community Directive yezinyoni (izinhlobo ezikusithasiselo 1) kanye neBerne Convention (izinhlobo ezikuthasiselo II). Abantu base-Iceland, uLwandle Olumnyama kanye neNtshonalanga ye-Asia nabo bafakiwe esigabeni A (2) Esivumelwaneni Sokulondolozwa Kwezinyoni Zase-Afrika Nezase-Eurasian Waterfowl (AEWA), esakhiwa ngaphansi kweSivumelwano Sezinhlobo Zokufuduka.
Isenzo samanje sokuvikela i-whooper swans sinje:
- izindawo ezinkulu kakhulu zalezi zinhlobo zikhethwe njengezindawo ezinentshisekelo ekhethekile kwezesayensi nezindawo zokuvikela okukhethekile;
- Isikimu soMnyango wezoLimo nokuThuthukiswa kweziNdawo zaseMakhaya sokuPhathwa kweziNdawo zaseKhaya kanye neSikimu Sezindawo Ezizwelayo Kwezemvelo kufaka izinyathelo zokuvikela nokwenza ngcono indawo yokuhlala ama-whooper swans;
- ukuqapha minyaka yonke izindawo ezisemqoka ngokohlelo lweWetland Bird Survey scheme;
- ukubalwa kwabantu njalo.
I-Whooper swan - idada elikhulu elimhlophe, uqhwaku olumnyama olunendawo enkulu ephuzi engunxantathu. Ziyizilwane ezimangalisayo, zikhwelana kanye impilo yazo yonke, futhi amatshwele azo ahlala nazo ubusika bonke. Ama-whooper swans azalela eNyakatho Yurophu nase-Asia futhi athuthela e-UK, e-Ireland, eSouthern Europe nase-Asia ebusika.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/07/2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 09/28/2019 ngo-22: 54
