Ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama Ingabe ingenye yezinhlobo zamakati ezincane kunazo zonke emhlabeni futhi encane kunazo zonke e-Afrika. Ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama liqanjwe ngama-pads alo amnyama nangaphansi. Naphezu kobukhulu bayo, leli kati libhekwa njengelibulala kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Bazuza isilinganiso esiphakeme sokubulala, ukunqoba ngempumelelo umgomo ongu-60% wesikhathi. Amanye amakati asendle, afana namabhubesi nezingwe, kuyaqabukela aphumelele ngaphezu kuka-20% wesikhathi.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama
Amakati ezinyawo ezimnyama atholakala kuphela emazweni amathathu eningizimu ye-Afrika:
- IBotswana;
- ENamibia;
- Iningizimu Afrika.
Lawa makati atholakala ikakhulukazi emathafeni amafushane kuya kwamaphakathi ubude, izingwadule ezikhukulayo, namathafa anesihlabathi, kufaka phakathi izingwadule zaseKalahari naseKaroo. Izindawo zotshani ezinamagundane amaningi nezinyoni zinikeza indawo yokuhlala efanelekile. Kubonakala sengathi zigwema amahlathi nezindawo ezinamadwala, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuvela kwezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye. Imvula emaphakathi minyaka yonke esifundeni ingu-100-500 mm.
Ividiyo: Ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama
Ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama alivamile ukuqhathaniswa namanye amakati amancane eNingizimu Afrika. Ulwazi lokuziphatha kwaleli kati kanye nemvelo yalo kusekelwe eminyakeni yocwaningo lweBenfontein Wildlife Refuge namapulazi amabili amakhulu enkabeni yeNingizimu Afrika. Abaphenyi beBlackfoot Working Group bayaqhubeka nokutadisha amakati kulezi zindawo ezintathu.
Amakati anezinyawo ezimnyama abelana ububanzi bawo nezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye - i-wildcat yase-Afrika, izimpungushe zekapa, izimpungushe ezinamalebe, nezimpungushe ezinomnyama. Ngokwesilinganiso, zizingela inyamazane encane kunamakati asendle asezintabeni ase-Afrika, yize zombili zibamba cishe inani elifanayo (12-13) lezinhlobo zezilwane ubusuku ngabunye. Amakati ahlangana nezimpungushe (izilwane ezidla amakati) zisebenzisa imisele emini. Babelana ngendawo nezimpungushe zekapa, kodwa bangasebenzisi izindawo ezifanayo, izikhathi zomsebenzi, futhi abazingeli isisulu esifanayo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Libukeka kanjani ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama
Lidabuka emathafeni aseningizimu ne-Afrika, ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama linobuso obuyindilinga ngokumangazayo nomzimba onsundu okhanyayo onamachashazi amnyama amancane noma eqhathaniswa namakati asekhaya.
Uboya bekati elinezinyawo ezimnyama bunombala ophuzi futhi umakwe ngamabala amnyama nansundu ahlangana abe yimivimbo ebanzi entanyeni, emilenzeni nasemsileni. Umsila mfushane, ungaphansi kuka-40% wobude bekhanda futhi umakwe ngethiphu emnyama. Ikhanda lekati elinemilenze emnyama liyafana nelamakati asekhaya, linezindlebe namehlo amakhulu. Isilevu nomphimbo kumhlophe ngemithende emnyama ehlukile emphinjeni nasemsileni onompipi omnyama. Ama-bulges wokuzwa akhuliswa ngobude obuphelele obungaba ngu-25% wobude begebhezi. Abesilisa basinda ukwedlula abesifazane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umehluko phakathi kwamakati anezinyawo ezimnyama namanye amakati ukuthi abagibeli abampofu futhi abanandaba namagatsha ezihlahla. Isizathu ukuthi imizimba yabo eyindilinga nemisila emifushane kwenza kube nzima ukukhuphuka ezihlahleni.
Lawa makati athola wonke umswakama abawudingayo esilwaneni sabo, kodwa futhi aphuze amanzi uma etholakala. Amakati ezinyawo ezimnyama ayaziwa ngobuqhawe nokuqina kwawo. Amehlo ekati lezinyawo ezimnyama angcono ngokuphindwe kasithupha kunawabantu, esizwa ngamehlo amakhulu ngokwedlulele. Futhi banemibono emihle kakhulu yasebusuku nokuzwa okungenakuphikiswa, okwazi ukubamba nomsindo omncane kakhulu.
I-wild feline ingama-36 kuye kuma-52 cm ubude kuphela, cishe ingama-20 cm ubude futhi inesisindo esingu-1 kuya ku-3 kg, ngokusho kwe-International Endangered Cats Society. Kuyavunywa, lezi zilinganiso azibonakali zihlaba umxhwele uma ziqhathaniswa namakati amakhulu, okungezinye zezilwane ezesabekayo emhlabeni. Kodwa yize lincane, ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama lizingela futhi libulale inyamazane enkulu ngobusuku obubodwa kunengwe ezinyangeni eziyisithupha.
Uhlala kuphi ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama?
Isithombe: Ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama lase-Afrika
Ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama ligcwele eningizimu ye-Afrika futhi litholakala ikakhulu eNingizimu Afrika naseNamibia, lapho nalo lingavamile. Kodwa futhi kutholakala eBotswana, ngamanani amancane eZimbabwe futhi mhlawumbe kuncane eningizimu ye-Angola. Amarekhodi asenyakatho kakhulu cishe angama-19 degrees eningizimu eNamibia naseBotswana. Ngakho-ke, uhla olulinganiselwe lwezinhlobo ezinokusatshalaliswa okuncane phakathi kwamakati e-Afrika.
Ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama lingungoti emadlelweni nasendaweni eyomile, kufaka phakathi i-savanna evulekile eyomile enamagundane amancane nezinyoni ezihlala enhlabathini nezindawo zokucasha ezanele. Ihlala kakhulu ezifundeni ezomile futhi ikhetha izindawo ezivulekile, ezinotshani obuningi njengama-savanna avulekile, izindawo ezinotshani, izindawo zeKaroo kanye neKalahari ezinezihlahlana ezimbalwa kanye nesembozo sesihlahla kanye nemvula eba minyaka yonke engama-100 kuye kuma-500 mm. Bahlala ezindaweni eziphakeme ukusuka ku-0 kuye ku-2000 m.
Amakati anezinyawo ezimnyama ayizakhamuzi zasebusuku ezindaweni ezingama-drys eningizimu ye-Afrika futhi ngokuvamile ahlotshaniswa nezindawo ezivulekile ezinotshani. Yize kuncane okufundwe endle, indawo yokuhlala enhle ibukeka sengathi isezindaweni ze-savannah ezinotshani obude nobuningi bezimpuku nezinyoni. Emini, bahlala emigodini elahliwe eyebiwe noma emigodini yeziduli zomuhlwa.
Phakathi nonyaka, abesilisa bazohamba ibanga elifinyelela ku-14 km, kuthi abesifazane bahambe baze bafike ku-7 km. Insimu yowesilisa ihlanganisa izindawo zowesifazane oyedwa kuya kwezine. Laba bantu abahlala ehlane kunzima ukubagcina ekuthunjweni ngaphandle kohlobo lwabo lwendabuko. Zinezidingo eziqondile zendawo yokuhlala futhi kufanele zihlale ezimeni ezomile. E-Wuppertal Zoo eJalimane, noma kunjalo, inqubekela phambili enhle yenziwe futhi iningi labantu lisethunjweni.
Manje uyazi lapho ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama lihlala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Lidlani ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama?
Isithombe: Ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama
Ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama linokudla okubanzi, futhi kunezinhlobo zezinyamazane ezingaphezu kwezingama-50 ezihlukene ezihlonziwe. Udla ikakhulu amagundane, izinyoni ezincane (cishe u-100 g) nezinambuzane ezingenamgogodla. Isilwane sondla ikakhulukazi ezincelisayo ezincane ezifana namagundane nama-gerbils. Ukudla kwayo kuvame ukuba nesisindo esingaphansi kuka-30-40 g, futhi ibamba amagundane amancane ayi-10-14 ubusuku ngabunye.
Kwesinye isikhathi ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama libuye londle izilwane ezihuquzelayo kanye nezisulu ezinkulu ezinjenge-bustard (njenge-black bustard) kanye nama-hares. Lapho zizingela lezi zinhlobo ezinkulu, zifihla ezinye zezilwane zazo, ngokwesibonelo, emigodini ukuze zisetshenziswe kamuva. Ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama liphinde lizingele umuhlwa osafufusa, libambe izinambuzane ezinamaphiko ezinkudlwana ezinjengezintethe, futhi kuye kwabonwa ukuthi lidla amaqanda ama-black bustards nama-lark. Amakati ezinyawo ezimnyama aziwa nangokuthi abaqoqa udoti.
Okunye kokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezomile kuvumela ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama ukuthi lithole wonke umswakama oludingayo ekudleni. Mayelana nomncintiswano we-interspecies, ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama libamba, ngokwesilinganiso, inyamazane encane kune-African catcat.
Amakati anezinyawo ezimnyama asebenzisa izindlela ezintathu ezihluke ngokuphelele ukubamba inyamazane yawo:
- indlela yokuqala yaziwa ngokuthi "ukuzingela okusheshayo", lapho amakati ngokushesha futhi "cishe ngengozi" eqa utshani obude, ebamba inyamazane encane, njengezinyoni noma amagundane;
- indlela yesibili yezindlela zabo ibaholela enkambweni ehamba kancane ngokusebenzisa indawo abahlala kuyo, lapho amakati elinda ngokuthula nangokucophelela ukweqa isisulu esingahle sibe khona;
- ekugcineni, basebenzisa indlela "yokuhlala nokulinda" eduze komgodi wamagundane, inqubo ebizwa nangokuthi ukuzingela.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngobusuku obubodwa, ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama libulala amagundane ayishumi kuya kwayi-14 noma izinyoni ezincane, ngokwesilinganiso njalo ngemizuzu engama-50. Ngesilinganiso sempumelelo sika-60%, amakati anezinyawo ezimnyama aphumelela cishe kathathu kunengonyama, ngokwesilinganiso okuholela ekubulaweni okuphumelelayo cishe ku-20-25% wesikhathi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama ezivela e-Afrika
Amakati anezinyawo ezimnyama ikakhulukazi izakhamuzi zomhlaba. Ziyizilwane zasebusuku nezizodwa, ngaphandle kwezinsikazi ezinamazinyane ancike kuzo, kanye nangesikhathi sokukhwelana. Asebenza ubusuku bonke futhi ahamba isilinganiso esilinganiselwa ku-8.4 km efuna ukudla. Emini, azivamile ukubonwa njengoba zilele emifantwini enamadwala noma eduze kwemigodi eshiyiwe yezidleke zasentwasahlobo, ama-gopher noma izingungumbane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kwezinye izindawo, amakati anezinyawo ezimnyama asebenzisa izindunduma ezifile ezinemigodi - ikoloni lomuhlwa elanikeza lezi zilwane igama elithi "izingwe zezintuthwane."
Ubukhulu bemizi buyahlukahluka phakathi kwezifunda kuya ngezinsizakusebenza ezitholakalayo futhi bukhulu impela kwikati elincane elinosayizi olinganiselwa ku-8.6-10 km² wabesifazane no-16.1-21.3 km² kwabesilisa. Imindeni yabesilisa ihlangana nabesifazane abangu-1-4, futhi imindeni engaphakathi kwabantu ivela emingceleni engaphandle phakathi kwabesilisa abahlala kuyo (3%), kepha ngokwesilinganiso ama-40% phakathi kwabesifazane. Abesilisa nabesifazane bafutha iphunga futhi ngaleyo ndlela bashiye umaki wabo, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokukhwelana.
Ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama lijaha inyamazane yalo phansi noma lilinde emnyango wesigaxa segundane. Uyakwazi ukubamba izinyoni emoyeni lapho zisuka, njengoba kuyi-jumper enkulu. Ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama lisebenzisa zonke izindawo zokucasha ezifanele. Ukumaka iphunga ngokufafaza umchamo emahlathini otshani nezihlahla kukholakala ukuthi kudlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni nasekuhleleni umphakathi. Amakati anezinyawo ezimnyama axhumana ngokweqile. Bazogijima bakhombise ukusikisela okuncane ukuthi othile noma okuthile kumele kusondele.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umsindo wamakati ezinyawo ezimnyama uphakeme kakhulu kunamanye amakati osayizi wawo, mhlawumbe ukuze akwazi ukubiza amabanga amade ngokuqhathaniswa. Kodwa-ke, lapho zisondelene, zisebenzisa ama-purr ethulile noma ama-gurgles. Uma bezizwa besongelwa, bazokwethula ikhwelo futhi babhonge.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama elivela eRed Book
Isikhathi sokuzala samakati anezinyawo ezimnyama asikaqondakali kahle. Amakati asendle ahlangana kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi kuya kuMashi, kusale izinyanga ezine kuphela ngaphandle kokukhwelana. Isikhathi esikhulu sokukhwelana siqala ngasekupheleni kobusika, ngoJulayi nango-Agasti (ukukhishwa okungu-7 kokungu-11 (64%)), okuholela ekutheni kube nodoti abazalwa ngoSepthemba / Okthoba. Eyodwa noma ngaphezulu kwabesilisa balandela insikazi, etholakala izinsuku ezingama-2.2 kuphela futhi ihlangana kuze kube izikhathi eziyishumi. Umjikelezo we-estrus uhlala izinsuku eziyi-11-12, kanti isikhathi sokukhulelwa siyizinsuku ezingama-63-68.
Izinsikazi zivame ukuzala amazinyane amabili, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kuzalwa amantshontsho amathathu noma izinyane elilodwa kuphela. Lokhu akuvamile, kepha kwenzeka ukuthi kwakukhona amazinyane amane kudoti. Izinyane lekati linesisindo esingamagremu angama-50 kuya kwangama-80 lapho lizalwa. Amakati ayizimpumputhe futhi ancike ngokuphelele konina. Amakati azalwa akhulele emgodini. Omama bavame ukuhambisa izingane ezindaweni ezintsha ngemuva kokuthola cishe isonto.
Amantshontsho avula amehlo ezinsukwini eziyi-6-8, adle ukudla okuqinile emavikini ama-4-5, abulale inyamazane ephilayo emasontweni ayisithupha. Balunyulwe ebeleni emavikini la-9. Izinyane lekati elinezinyawo ezimnyama likhula ngokushesha kunamantshontsho asekhaya. Kumele bakwenze lokhu ngoba indawo abahlala kuyo ingaba yingozi. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezinhlanu, amawundlu ayazimela, kepha ahlala lapho umama engakwazi ukufinyelela khona isikhathi eside. Ubudala bokuthomba kwabesifazane benzeka ezinyangeni eziyi-7, kanti i-spermatogenesis kwabesilisa yenzeka ezinyangeni eziyi-9. Isikhathi sokuphila samakati ezinyawo ezimnyama endle singafika eminyakeni eyi-8, futhi ekuthunjweni - kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-16.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinga eliphakeme ngokungajwayelekile le-creatinine litholakale egazini lekati elinemilenze emnyama. Kubukeka futhi kudinga amandla amaningi kunamanye amakati asendle ase-Afrika.
Izitha zemvelo zamakati ezinyawo ezimnyama
Isithombe: Ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama
Izinsongo ezinkulu emakati ezinyawo ezimnyama ukwehliswa kwendawo okuhlala kuyo nezindlela zokulawula izinambuzane ezingakhethi njengokusebenzisa ubuthi. Abalimi baseNingizimu Afrika naseNamibia babheka i-wildcat efanayo yase-Afrika njengesilwane esidla imfuyo encane futhi bahlela izicupho kanye nesithiyo sobuthi ukuze baziqede. Iphinde isongele ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama, elifela ngephutha ezingibeni ezixakile kanjalo nasemisebenzini yokuzingela.
Ukufaka ushevu esidunjini ngenkathi ulawula ujakalase nakho kungaba yingozi kuye, njengoba ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama lilanda udoti kalula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunentshisekelo ekhulayo emakati ezinyawo ezimnyama embonini yokuzingela indebe, njengoba kufakazelwa izicelo zezimvume nemibuzo kubalimi bentela.
Usongo olufanayo ukufakwa ushevu kwesikhonyane, okuwukudla okuthandwayo kwala makati. Banezitha ezimbalwa zemvelo ezindaweni zezolimo, ngakho-ke amakati ezinyawo ezimnyama angajwayeleka kakhulu kunokulindelekile. Kukholakala ukuthi ukulahleka kwezinsizakusebenza ezibalulekile njengezindawo zokuzingela kanye nemihume ngenxa yomthelela we-anthropogenic kungaba yingozi enkulu kakhulu yesikhathi eside kwikati elimnyama. Ikakhulu ukwehla kwesibalo sabantu ngenxa yokuzingela inyama yemahlathi kusongela lolu hlobo.
Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo, ezolimo nokwalusa ngokweqile kuyadlanga, okuholela ekuwohlokeni kwendawo, futhi kungaholela ekwehlisweni kwesisekelo sezilwane ezinomgogodla omncane emakati anezinyawo ezimnyama. Ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama nalo lishayisana nokushayisana kwezimoto futhi lingaphansi kwezinyoka, izimpungushe, izinyoni zezinja nezikhova, kanye nokufa kwezilwane ezifuywayo. Ukunyuka komncintiswano we-interspecies kanye ne-predation kungasongela izinhlobo. Amakati asekhaya nawo angasongela amakati ezinyawo ezimnyama ngokudluliswa kwezifo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Libukeka kanjani ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama
Amakati ezinyawo ezimnyama yizona ezidla kakhulu izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo ezindaweni zazo, ngaleyo ndlela zilawula inani lazo labantu. Ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama libhekwa kwiRed Data Book njengezinhlobo ezisengozini, ayijwayelekile kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo ezincane zamakati ahlala eningizimu ye-Afrika. Lawa makati angatholakala ezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwabo kubhekwa njengokulinganiselwe futhi okucwebezelayo. Ukuqoqa amarekhodi kule minyaka emihlanu edlule, kufaka phakathi nokusetshenziswa kwezingqwembe, kukhombisile ukuthi inani lekati elinezinyawo ezimnyama lifinyelela inani lalo eliphakeme kakhulu ebhande lokusabalalisa elisenyakatho-ningizimu lingena phakathi kweNingizimu Afrika. Kunokuqoshwa okumbalwa kwaleli qembu empumalanga nasentshonalanga.
Ocwaningweni lwesikhathi eside lwama-60 km² amakati ezinyawo ezimnyama eBenfontein, eNyakatho Kapa, eMaphakathi Ningizimu Afrika, ukuminyana kwamakati ezinyawo ezimnyama kulinganiselwa ku-0.17 / km² ngo-1998-1999 kepha kwaba yi-0.08 kuphela / km² ngo-2005-2015 ENewyars Fountain, ubukhulu babulinganiselwa kumakati / ngezinyawo ezimnyama eziyi-0.06.
Kodwa-ke, inani lamakati ezinyawo ezimnyama lilinganiselwa ku-13,867, okuyi-9,707 yawo kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngabantu abadala. Ayikho indawo engaphansi komhlaba okukholakala ukuthi iqukethe abantu abadala abangaphezu kuka-1000 ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa kwamachashazi ezinhlobo.
Ukuqapha amakati ezinyawo ezimnyama
Isithombe: Ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama elivela eRed Book
Ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama lifakiwe kusiCasiselo I seCITES futhi livikelwe ngaphezu kobubanzi balo bokusatshalaliswa. Ukuzingela akuvunyelwe eBotswana naseNingizimu Afrika. Ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama lingenye yezinkukhu ezincane ezifundwa kakhulu. Eminyakeni eminingi (kusukela ngo-1992) izilwane ezine-radar ziye zabonwa eduze kwaseKimberley eNingizimu Afrika, ngakho-ke kuningi okwaziwayo ngemvelo nokuziphatha kwazo. Indawo yesibili yocwaningo isungulwe ngaseDe Aar, ngamakhilomitha angama-300 eningizimu, kusukela ngo-2009. Ngoba kunzima ukuthi ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama libhekwe, kusenolwazi oluncane olutholakalayo mayelana nokusatshalaliswa kwalo kanye nesimo salo sokongiwa kwemvelo.
Izinyathelo zokuncoma ezinconyiwe zibandakanya izifundo ezinemininingwane eminingi ngokusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo, izinsongo nemibandela, kanye nezifundo ezengeziwe zemvelo ezindaweni ezahlukene. Kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sezinhlelo zokongiwa kwekati elimnyama, elidinga imininingwane eminingi yezinhlobo.
IBlackfoot Working Group ifuna ukonga lezi zinhlobo ngocwaningo oluphakathi kwemikhakha yezinhlobo ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezindaba ezinjengokuqoshwa kwamavidiyo, i-radio telemetry, nokuqoqwa nokuhlaziywa kwamasampula ezinto eziphilayo. Izinyathelo ezinconyiwe zokongiwa kwemvelo zifaka phakathi izifundo ezilinganiselwe zokwabiwa kwabantu, ikakhulukazi eNamibia naseBotswana.
Ikati elinezinyawo ezimnyama zimane nje ziluhlobo olulodwa emndenini wezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ngokweqile, iningi lazo okunzima ukuzibona endle futhi azicaci ngokuphelele kithi. Ngenkathi amakati amaningi ebhekene nezinsongo ezinkulu zokulahleka kwendawo nokucekelwa phansi ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu, imizamo yokuvikela isengagcina lolu hlobo lwabantu lusengozini.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/06/2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/28/2019 ngo-22: 20
