Ikhayithi elimnyama eRussia kuvamile impela. Ziyi-thermophilic, ngakho-ke zindizela ezifundeni ezifudumele ebusika, kepha ehlobo ukukhala kwazo okunciphisayo kuzwakala njalo esibhakabhakeni, futhi lezi zinyoni ngokwazo zindiza kancane emoyeni isikhathi eside, zenze amaphiko azo angavamile. Abathandi ukuzingela, bakhetha ukudla izidumbu kanye nodoti.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ikhayithi Elimnyama
Ikhayithi elimnyama lachazwa nguP. Boddert ngo-1783 futhi lathola igama lesiLatini elithi Milvus migrans. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-subspecies zale nyoni, ezimbili zingatholakala eRussia: abafudukayo abanekhanda elikhanyayo, bahlala eYurophu kanye nengxenye yaseYurophu yaseRussia; I-lineatus ihlala ezindaweni ezisempumalanga ye-Urals.
Ngaphambilini, ama-kites, njengezinye izinyoni ezinkulu, ayebhekiswe ku-oda lama-falconids, kepha-ke ososayensi bathola ukuthi ukuhleleka kophondo kufanele futhi kuhlukaniswe - yize banezinto ezibasondeza kofakelifeng, enye intambo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yaholela ekuveleni kwabo. Kukule oda lapho kudluliselwa khona ama-kites. It, kanye nabanye, isibonelo, izikhova kanye rakshiformes, kungokwalapho hoard zezinyoni zase-Afrika, okuthiwa ngemuva kwendawo. Leli gatsha lavela ngokushesha ngemuva kokuqothulwa kweCretaceous-Paleogene, noma ngisho nangaphambi kwalo.
Ividiyo: Ikhayithi Elimnyama
Izinsalela ezindala kunazo zonke azikafani ne-hawk, kepha abameleli beqembu elifana ne-hawk, baneminyaka engaba yizigidi ezingama-50 ubudala futhi bangabenyoni ebizwa ngokuthi iMasiliraptor. Kancane kancane, izinhlobo zabamele i-oda zasondela kwesimanje, futhi eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-30 edlule, kwaqala ukuvela isigaba esesaziwa manje. Ama-kites ngokwawo aqhamuke muva nje: okutholwa okudala kunakho konke kuneminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-1.8 ubudala, futhi lolu uhlobo osevele lungekho lweMilvus pygmaeus - okungukuthi, ikhayithi elimnyama lavela noma kamuva.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: AmaKites angeke aguquke ngokushesha nje, kepha ngokushesha okukhulu, ngokoqobo phambi kwamehlo ethu - ngakho-ke, ngenxa yokuvela e-United States kohlobo olusha lweminenke, ama-kites adla ama-slug ahlala lapho ashintshile ngaphezu kwezizukulwane ezimbili. Iminenke emisha kuvele ukuthi ibinkulu ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunaleyo ejwayelekile, futhi bekungaphazamisi ukuthi ama-kites ayibambe ngoqhwaku lwabo - bahlala belahla inyamazane yabo.
Ngenxa yalokhu, uqhwaku lwakhuphuka, kanjalo nesisindo senyoni yonkana, okwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukwandisa kakhulu izinga lokusinda kwamachwane (kusuka ku-9 kuye ku-62%). Izinguquko zenzeka ngqo kwi-DNA yale nyoni. Ngenxa yalokhu, inani labantu abadla ama-slug, ebekade besengcupheni yokuqothulwa, likhule kakhulu esikhathini esingaphansi kweminyaka eyishumi.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani ukhayithi omnyama
Yize indiza ikhayithi ibonakala inkulu, empeleni ayiyona enkulu kangako: ingama-40-60 cm ubude, futhi inesisindo esisuka ku-800 kuye ku-1200 amagremu. Okungukuthi, ngosayizi nesisindo, kungaphansi kwamagwababa ezinhlobo ze-corvus corax. Kepha amaphiko akhe makhulu, acishe afane nomzimba wonke - 40-55 cm, futhi ubude bawo bungadlula imitha elilodwa nohhafu. Kuwo wonke umthethosisekelo wawo, ikhayithi libukeka lilula ngenxa yamaphiko alo amade nomsila. Imilenze yakhe imifushane futhi ibuthakathaka - uyisebenzisa kancane. Ama-kite amadala anombala onsundu ngombala, avela emnyama kude. Letincane tinemibala lelula kantsi tingaba nsundvu. Ikhanda lilula ukwedlula wonke umzimba, liyimpunga.
Umbono wonke wekite ucacisa kakhulu futhi uyisidlakela, ukubuka kugqame kakhulu: amehlo abheke phambili ngqo, futhi ngasikhathi sinye kubukeka sengathi kuhlala kufinyisiwe. Kulula ukulihlukanisa nezinye izinyoni ezinkulu ngisho noma ukude ngomsila wazo owemfoloko. Ngesikhathi sokundiza, amaphiko asendizeni efanayo nomzimba, imane ikhuphuka kakhulu, yenze amaphiko ayo angavamile.
Ishayela ngosizo lomsila wayo, ikwazi ukwenza izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngosayizi wayo, yize ingenakuqhathaniswa nezinyoni ezinamandla kakhulu nezilawulwa kalula. AmaKorshuns kulula ukuwabona ngezwi lawo lomculo - kwesinye isikhathi adlala i-trill ende ezwakala njenge- "yurl-yurrl-yurrrl". Ngokuyinhloko, benza umsindo ohlukile - i- "ki-ki-ki-ki" emfushane ephindaphindwayo. Kukhona lonke uhla lweminye imisindo, engazwakala kaningi kakhulu, ngoba ama-kites abenza ezimweni ezikhethekile kuphela.
Ihlala kuphi ikhayithi elimnyama?
Isithombe: Ikhayithi elimnyama lenyoni
Ububanzi bayo bufaka izindawo ezinkulu, ezingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu: izindawo abahlala kuzo unyaka wonke, izindawo zokudlela zasehlobo, nezindawo zobusika. Lokho wukuthi, amanye ama-kites awafuduki, kepha ikakhulukazi ahamba ebusika.
Bukhoma unyaka wonke ku:
- Australia;
- ENew Guinea;
- China;
- ISouth-East Asia;
- India;
- Afrika.
Zindizela kuphela ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke ePalaearctic - ebusika ziyabanda lapho. Ehlobo, ama-kites ahlala ezindaweni:
- ingxenye enkulu yeRussia;
- I-Asia Ephakathi;
- Igalikuni;
- iningi lamazwe aseYurophu;
- enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika.
Ngokwengxenye, izindawo abahlala kuzo ebusika zihambisana nalezi ezihlala amakhayithi unomphela, kepha kaningi ziyehluka ngenxa yesidingo sokufuna indawo yamahhala. Ngakho-ke, iningi lama-kites andizela ebusika emazweni ase-Afrika aseningizimu yeSahara, lapho inani elihlala njalo lincane kakhulu. Okufanayo kusebenza eMpumalanga Ephakathi: ISyria, i-Iraq, eningizimu ye-Iran - ehlobo awekho ama-kite amnyama noma kukhona ambalwa. Iningi labantu abasha abachitha ihlobo lapho, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nabo baqala ukundiza baye enyakatho.
ERussia, bahlala ezindaweni ezinkulu, kodwa ngokungalingani: enyakatho ye-taiga abavamile, engxenyeni esentshonalanga nase-Urals bavame kakhulu, futhi bahlala ezindaweni ezinamathafa ikakhulukazi. Akuvamile ngezinyoni ezinkulu ezidla izinyamazane ukuthi ama-kite abuthane ngemihlambi emikhulu ukuze afuduke. Bakhetha ukuhlala ezindaweni ezixubekile, okungukuthi, lezo lapho kukhona amahlathi nezihlahla, kodwa futhi nezikhala ezivulekile. Futhi bahlala emahlathini. Njengomthetho, ama-kites angatholakala eduze nemizimba yamanzi, avame ukuhlala eduze nemizana. Bangakha izidleke ngqo emadolobheni, kufaka phakathi amakhulu.
Manje uyazi lapho ikhayithi elimnyama litholakala khona. Ake sithole ukuthi yini le edliwayo.
Udlani ukhayithi omnyama?
Isithombe: Ikhayithi elimnyama endizeni
Inyoni ingazingela kahle, kepha imvamisa ikhetha ukungakwenzi lokhu futhi ifune ezinye izindlela zokuzitholela ukudla. Unobuhlakani obukhulu, ngokwesibonelo, uvame ukuhlola abantu noma izilwane, futhi aqaphele ukuthi bakutholaphi ukudla. Ngakho-ke, ama-kite angalandela abadobi, futhi awaqondisa ezindaweni zokudoba. Kepha noma sebethole indawo yokusanhlamvu, imvamisa abajahi ukuzingela bodwa, kepha balinda kuze kube yilapho sebesalelwe okuthile.
Zondla kalula kudoti ohlukahlukene kanye nokudla okushisayo - lesi yisisekelo sokudla kwazo. Imvamisa, ama-kite amaningi azungeza emadeleni ngasikhathi sinye, alinde udoti, noma aze afike kudoti. Izilwane ezinosayizi ofanayo azizingelwa ngenxa yokuthi izidladla zazo zibuthakathaka, futhi azikwazi ukuthwala inyamazane enkulu: kunzima ukuyibamba ngezinzwani zayo ezimfushane. Ikhayithi lingabamba intshontsho noma inhlanzi elingana nepherch kuphela.
Kusuka ekubanjweni okuphilayo ababamba:
- amagundane;
- inhlanzi;
- izilwane zasemanzini;
- izibankwa;
- ezingenamgogodla emanzini;
- izinambuzane;
- ama-crustaceans;
- izibungu.
Iningi lalawa ahlala emanzini noma eduze nawo. Yingakho ama-kites ahlala eduze kwezidumbu zamanzi, ngoba kukhona inyamazane lapho, futhi kulula ukuyibamba - into esemqoka yale nyoni. Futhi nangesikhathi sokuzingela, babamba ikakhulukazi izilwane ezigulayo nezibuthakathaka. Lokhu kuphawuleka kakhulu ngama-kites kunezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye: zibheka eduze inyamazane kusengaphambili, bese zinquma ukuthi ngubani ozosebenzisa umzamo omncane ekubambeni. Ngakho-ke, zilusizo kakhulu, futhi inani lezilwane ezihlala eduze kwazo alihlupheki kakhulu, ngoba azizingeli ezinempilo, ngenkathi zithuthuka ngekhwalithi.
Ngasikhathi sinye, kwesinye isikhathi kubhekwe njengezilokazane: uma kukhona ama-kites amaningi endaweni, izinkukhu, amadada, kanye namazinyane angahlupheka. Lezi zinyoni ezinobuqili zingabuye zihlole izivakashi futhi, lapho nje zisuka kude nempahla, zizama ukweba okuthile ngokushesha. Futhi cishe yonke into kusuka kumasoseji nama-cutlets kuya kokoma i-pasta nokusanhlamvu kufanelekile kubo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ikhayithi elimnyama esibhakabhakeni
AmaKites ayakwazi ukundiza esibhakabhakeni isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokushaya amaphiko awo nhlobo - futhi lokhu kuhambisana kakhulu nobuntu bawo, ngoba bayahamba kancane futhi abathandi ukwenza ukunyakaza okungadingekile. Bachitha ingxenye enkulu yosuku kanjena, behamba kancane nangokuvilapha emoyeni. Kwesinye isikhathi zikhuphukela endaweni ephakeme kangangoba azikwazi ukwahlukaniswa nomhlabathi. Enye ingxenye yosuku izinikele ekufuneni ukudla: bandiza bezungeza yonke indawo yabo futhi babheke kuqala izidumbu, ngoba asikho isidingo sokuzingela. Noma ngabe kwafa igundane, abadobi bashiya izinhlanzi ngaphakathi ogwini, noma umfula waphonsa isidumbu sesilwane kuwo - konke lokhu kungukudla kwekayiti.
Uma engazitholi izipho ezinjalo, khona-ke ubhekisisa izilwane eziphilayo. Uthanda kakhulu ukubheka izilwane ezilimele ezishiye abazingeli, kodwa zenziwa buthaka. Yize izilwane ezinempilo nazo zisengozini - umuntu kufanele avele futhi, futhi ikhayithi liyibambe ngokushesha: liyashesha futhi lishesha kakhulu. Ikhayithi liyinyoni yendawo futhi kufanele libe nendawo yalo yokuzingela. Kepha imvamisa azanele wonke umuntu, ezinye zishiywa zingenawo umhlaba wazo futhi kufanele zibheke ukudla "emasimini" abanye abantu. Lokhu kungaholela ekulweni phakathi kwezinyoni. I-kite iphila iminyaka eyi-14-18 ubudala, futhi ungahlangana nezinyoni ezindala ezelule iminyaka engama-25-28, futhi ekuthunjweni zingaphila kuze kufike ku-35-38.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ubukhona bemihlobiso esidlekeni sekhayithi kufakazela amandla ayo: uma iba ningi, futhi ikhanya ngokwengeziwe, inamandla lenyoni. Kepha amanye ama-kites ahlasela abanikazi bezidleke ezinhle kakhulu ngobudlova, uma bezama ukwenza kanjalo. Uma inqe libuthakathaka futhi lingafuni ukulwa, lapho-ke lishiya isidleke lingahlotshisiwe.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ikhayithi Elimnyama
Isikhathi sokuzalisa siqala entwasahlobo - masinyane ngemuva kokubuya kwezinyoni ezifudukayo enyakatho. AmaKites akha izidleke ezihlahleni ezinde futhi akhethe izindawo eziphakeme ngamamitha ayi-10-12. Azama ukuhlela isidleke ukuze singabonakali, sikhetha izindawo ezithule zehlathi, lapho kungavamile ukuba khona komuntu. Bangakwazi futhi ukwakha izidleke emadwaleni. Isidleke ngokwaso singaba sikhulu impela - sibe ngu-0.6-1.2 m ububanzi, size sifinyelele kwesigamu semitha ukuphakama, ezimweni ezingavamile noma ngaphezulu. Le nyoni ikhumbula indawo yesidleke bese ibuyela kuyo eminyakeni elandelayo ize ibe mdala kakhulu futhi ingathembeki. Ngasikhathi sinye, unyaka nonyaka, isidleke siyaqedwa futhi siya ngokuya sikhula.
Izindwangu, izinduku, utshani kanye nemfucumfucu ehlukahlukene esikwazile ukuzithola kuyasetshenziswa njengezinto zayo. Izidleke zingatholakala kude nakwezinye futhi ziziningi, amashumi ambalwa ezihlahleni ezingomakhelwane - lokhu kuvame kakhulu ezindaweni zokuhlala unomphela. Ku-clutch eyodwa, imvamisa kusuka emaqanda ama-2 kuye kwayi-4, igobolondo limhlophe, cishe njalo amabala ansundu kulo. Amaqanda afukanyelwa insikazi, kanti eyeduna ithwala ukudla ivikele isidleke.
Isikhathi sokufukamela amasonto ama-4-5. Ngalesi sikhathi, owesifazane uzama ukuziphatha kahle. Uma umuntu evela eduze kwakhe, angacasha ukuze angamniki ukudlula nje. Noma isuka kusengaphambili izungeze ebangeni elincane, uyibuke, kwesinye isikhathi imemeza ngokuthusayo. Uma ethatha isinqumo sokuthi bazohlasela isidleke, uba nolaka futhi ahlasele umenzi wobubi: ucwilisa kuye ngokusobala noma azame ukuklebhula ubuso bakhe ngozipho futhi akhonze ngemuva kwekhanda lakhe. Uma umuntu ngokusobala eza ngqo esidlekeni futhi wakwazi ukusibona, ama-kites amkhumbula futhi angalandela.
Kunezimo ezaziwayo lapho izinyoni zedolobha usuku nosuku zilalela abantu abanjalo futhi zizama ukuhlasela, yize zingazange zidale monakalo esidlekeni nakubantu baso. Kepha abantu baseNdiya nabase-Afrika, abahlala njalo eningizimu, nabakha izidleke eRussia abanomoya opholile, bahlukaniswa ngonya olunjalo. Okokuqala phansi kwamachwane kubomvu ngokubomvu, okwesibili kube mpunga. Masinyane ngemuva kokuzalwa, banolaka kakhulu, bayalwa bodwa, okungaholela ekufeni kwalabo ababuthakathaka - lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka uma bebaningi babo.
Emasontweni ama-5-6 aqala ukuphuma esidlekeni, futhi kungekudala enza imizamo yawo yokuqala yokundiza. Ngezinyanga ezimbili ziba zikhulu ngokwanele ukuba zihlale zodwa, futhi ekwindla sezivele zikhula zibe cishe ngangenyoni endala futhi zivame ukundiza ziye eningizimu phakathi kwalezi zamuva - ama-kites aqala ukundiza abuye ngo-Agasti futhi ahlala kuze kube phakathi nasekwindla.
Izitha zemvelo zama-kites amnyama
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani ukhayithi omnyama
Azikho izilwane ezizingelayo ezizingela ngokuzingela ama-kites. Izinyoni eziningi ezidla ezinye, uma zihlala eduze kwazo, zizwana kahle, ngokwesibonelo, ama-buzzards, izinkozi ezinamabala, ama-goshawks. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuhlaselwa kwama-kites yizinyoni ezinkulu, njengezinkozi noma ama-gyrfalcons, nakho kungenzeka, kepha akuvamile. Imvamisa kuba nezingxabano phakathi kwamanqe ngokwawo, ezimpini ezinjalo zingadala umonakalo omkhulu komunye nomunye.
Noma ngabe zombili izinyoni zisindile, amanxeba angawavimba ekuzingeleni futhi aqhubeke nokufa - ama-kites amaningi abulawa ngozipho bezinye izizwe kunamanye amafu. Kepha lokhu kusebenza kubantu abadala, amatshwele namaqanda kusongelwa hhayi kuphela, futhi hhayi kakhulu yizilwane ezinkulu ezidla ezinye, kepha ikakhulukazi ngamagwababa. Lezi zinyoni zinomkhuba omkhulu wokucekela phansi izidleke, futhi hhayi ngaso sonke isikhathi ngenxa yokudla, kwesinye isikhathi zikwenza kugcwele.
Lapho nje ama-kites ephazamiseka isikhashana, amagwababa asevele ekhona. Futhi, ama-weasel kanye nama-martens angasebenza njengosongo ezidlekeni zawo. Kodwa-ke, inani elikhulu kakhulu lama-kites libulawa yimisebenzi yabantu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yobuthi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kunama-kites amaningi ikakhulukazi eNdiya, futhi adume ngokuzikhukhumeza kwabo. Eziningi zalezi zinyoni zisemsebenzini ngaso sonke isikhathi ezimakethe, kuthi lapho nje umuntu ephonsa ukudla, angene bese ehlwitha inyamazane. Futhi abaneliseki ngalokhu, kepha bahlwitha ukudla ngqo emathileyi kuma-diners, kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nasezandleni zabantu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ikhayithi elimnyama endizeni
Izinhlobo azisona isizathu sokukhathazeka - ububanzi bayo bubanzi kakhulu, futhi inani eliphelele lama-kites amnyama ahlala emhlabeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani labo liyancipha, futhi ngesivinini esisheshayo. Uma kwezinye izindawo inani labantu lihlala lizinzile, kokunye izinto eziholela ekwehleni kwalo zidlala - imvamisa zihambisana nemisebenzi yabantu.
Ngakho-ke, ukwehliswa okuphawulekayo kwenani elikhulu langaphambili lama-kites amaShayina kwaphawulwa - lokhu kungenxa yokuwohloka kwemvelo ezweni, kanye neqiniso lokuthi izinyoni zimane zifakwe ubuthi njengezilokazane. Bazifaka ubuthi ngokwengeziwe ngengozi ngenxa yomsebenzi wemboni yamakhemikhali: emizimbeni yezinyoni eziningi ezifile, kutholakala inani eliphakeme kakhulu le-mercury.
Lokhu kuthinta nenani lama-kites kulawo mazwe lapho andizela ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke, ikakhulukazi eRussia. Ikakhulu, inani labo labantu lehlile engxenyeni yezwe laseYurophu, ebeliningi phambilini - ngenkathi kunezinsongo ezimbalwa ezinyoni ngqo eRussia, futhi ezinye izindlela zokuzivikela ngeke zilethe umthelela omubi. Kuyadingeka ukuthi lezi zinyathelo zithathwe kulawo mazwe lapho izinyoni zasebusika, kepha kuze kube manje kwenye indawo azikho nhlobo, futhi kwenye indawo azanele. Kuze kube manje, ukwehliswa okuqhubekayo kwenani lama-kites kungenzeka kakhulu ngethemba lokuba yizinhlobo ezingavamile emashumini ambalwa eminyaka.
Noma ikhayithi elimnyama futhi kwesinye isikhathi iyakwazi ukweba izinkukhu namasoseji kubavakashi, kepha azilimazi kakhulu abantu, futhi inzuzo yazo ikwedlula: zidla izidumbu futhi zibamba izilwane ezigulayo. Abakhombisi ubudlwangudlwangu kubantu, okungenani baze bazame ukufika ezidlekeni zabo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/05/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09.09.2019 ngo-12: 39
