UPetrel - iqhawe lezinkondlo nezingoma eziningi zomculo, inyoni ehamba njalo nemikhumbi kanye nezilwandle. Lezi zidlakela ziyizilwane eziyizidlakela eziyingozi kanye nabazingeli abayizidlakela abakwazi ukundiza ngokungakhathali izinsuku ezingaphezulu kwamanzi.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Petrel
I-petrel iyinyoni yasolwandle yokuhleleka kwama-petrels. Eqinisweni, i-oda lifaka izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni, ezihlanganiswe ngaphansi kwaleli gama. Okuvamile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo yi-physiology yazo, ezivumela ukuba zikhuphuke phezu kwamanzi isikhathi eside futhi zidle olwandle. Isici esibaluleke kakhulu amashubhu asemlonyeni lapho usawoti ugeleza khona.
Ama-petrel adinga amanzi amaningi, kepha ahlala ngaphezu kwezilwandle ezinosawoti nezilwandle, lapho kungekho khona umthombo wamanzi ahlanzekile ngenani elikhulu lamakhilomitha. Ngakho-ke, njengama-penguin, bajwayele ukuphuza amanzi anosawoti. Amanzi anosawoti adlula "kusihlungi" ngomlomo wawo bese ededelwa kumashubhu njengosawoti.
Ividiyo: Petrel
Ama-petrels ahluka ngosayizi nombala, kepha ngokuvamile makhulu kakhulu, izinyoni ezinkulu ezinamaphiko afinyelela ku-1m. Iyinyoni yesibili ngobukhulu emva kwe-albatross. Ama-Petrels asuselwe e-Oligocene - eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-30 eyedlule, yize ezinye izinsalela zezinyoni ezifanayo nezomzimba zatholwa eCretaceous - ezaqala eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-70 edlule.
Kwakungukhokho ovamile wama-petrels, ama-albatross kanye nama-storm petrel, kodwa ama-petrels yiwona aqala ukuvela. Iningi lozalo lwe-petrel lalihlala eNyakatho Nenkabazwe, kubandakanya naseNyakatho ye-Atlantic Ocean. Okwamanje, ama-petrels awekho, noma andizela lapho ngengozi, esekufuneni okusebenzayo kokudla.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani u-petrel
Ukubukeka konke kwe-petrel kufakazela ikhono lokundiza isikhathi eside emoyeni phezu kwezindawo ezinkulu zolwandle. Zinomzimba omfitjhani, iimpiko ezinamandla nemilenze emincanyana. Isembozo sezimpaphe se-petrels siminyene, sivimbela izinyoni ekuqandeni ngaphansi komoya nokumanzi emanzini anosawoti nasemvuleni.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izidladla zama-petrels zincane kakhulu futhi zisondele kakhulu emsileni kangangokuthi izinyoni azikwazi ngisho nokuma phezu kwazo - kufanele zincike emaphikweni nasesifubeni. Imilomo yalezi zinyoni ihlale ikhombe kancane, igobile ekugcineni - lokhu kuvumela izinyoni ukuthi zibambe ngempumelelo inhlanzi eshelelayo.
Ngokuya ngohlobo, ama-petrels ahlukile ngokubukeka, kufaka nosayizi.
Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zingokulandelayo:
- i-petrel enkulu yasenyakatho. Yinyoni enkulu kunazo zonke emndenini we-petrel;
- i-petrel enkulu yaseningizimu. Le nyoni incane kunesihlobo sayo esisenyakatho;
- i-antarctic petrel. Lezi yizinyoni ezinsundu eziphakathi nendawo;
- Inja yaseKapa. Babizwa nangokuthi amajuba aseKapa. Le yinyoni ekhanyayo ephakathi nendawo, efinyelela kubude obungu-36 cm;
- iqhwa petrel. Lesi yisilwane esincane esifinyelela ku-30 cm ubude;
- i-petrel eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Futhi inyoni enesilinganiso esimaphakathi enamaphiko afinyelela kuma-70 cm.
Lezi izinhlobo ezimbalwa nje zama-petrels. Umndeni uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-70 ezaziwa ngokusemthethweni.
Uhlala kuphi umfuyi?
Isithombe: Petrel ebaleka
I-petrel ichitha ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwayo izulazula olwandle nasolwandle. Izimpiko zayo zenzelwe ukubamba umzimba we-petrel izinsuku, zihamba emoyeni. Kunzima ukusho uhla oluthile lwama-petrels, ngoba, ngokungafani nama-albatross, ahlala kuwo womabili amaNingizimu NaseNyakatho Nenkabazwe. I-petrel enkulu yasenyakatho itholakala e-Atlantic, Pacific, Indian Ocean. Indawo yokwakha izidleke - Iziqhingi zaseNingizimu Georgia.
I-petrel giant yaseningizimu ihlala emanzini afanayo, kodwa izidleke kuphela eduze nase-Antarctica. Ama-petarrel ase-Antarctic neqhwa nawo ahlala lapho. I-Cape kanye ne-blue petrels bakhetha isimo sezulu esise-subantarctic, esizalela eCape Horn. I-Wetland petrel itholakala kuphela ogwini lwaseNew Zealand. Ama-petrels amancane, ahlukahlukene futhi ampunga esidlekeni e-Atlantic. Ama-petrels akhokhiswa ngama-slonders nawo anqunyelwe eTasmania ngasogwini lwase-Australia.
Ama-petrels awadingi umhlaba owomile njengendawo yawo yokuhlala unomphela. Bangathatha amakhefu amafushane khona kanye emanzini, babe nekhono lokulala khona kanye emoyeni, bamane bathembele ekusabalaliseni amaphiko nomoya. AmaPetrels ajwayele ukuhlala emikhunjini nasemikhunjini ukuze aphumule - yile ndlela lo mbono owatholwa ngayo ngabasolwandle. Ama-Petrels esidlekeni kuphela ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, lapho adinga ukubeka amaqanda futhi anakekele inzalo. Bahlale bekhetha izindawo ezifanayo zokwakha izidleke.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-petrel ezalwe esiqhingini esithile iyohlala izalela lapho kuphela.
Manje uyazi lapho i-petrel itholakala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Idla ngani i-petrel?
Isithombe: Petrel bird
I-petrel iyinyoni edla inyama. Ukugcina amandla njalo emzimbeni omkhulu osendizeni izinsuku, i-petrel idinga inani elikhulu lamaprotheni. Ngakho-ke, ngaphezu kwezinhlanzi ezincane, ukudla kwakhe kufaka zonke izinhlobo zama-crustaceans nama-cephalopods - ikakhulukazi ama-squid. UPetrels kwesinye isikhathi uxosha imikhumbi yokudoba. Lapho abakwazi ukuphumula kuphela, kodwa futhi bazuze ngezinhlanzi ezivela kumanetha. Ama-petrels nawo adla izidumbu ngokuzithandela, entshontsha ukudla kwezinye izinyoni ezidla izilwane kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo.
Izinhlobo ikakhulukazi ezinkulu zama-petrels nazo zingazingela emhlabathini. Ngokuyinhloko, babhubhisa izidleke zezinkukhu, ama-penguin nezinye izinyoni ngokudla amaqanda. Kepha kuyenzeka ukuthi bahlasele ngisho amaphuphu e-penguin noma izimvu zamanzi zoboya bezingane. Akubizi lutho ngophethiloli omkhulu ukukhotha iwundlu eliphiniwe lapho umama esazingela.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngaphandle kokuthi ama-penguin aqhekekile ayizinyoni ezincane, ama-petrels awazithinti ngenxa yemvelo yazo.
I-Krill yinto yokudla ekhethekile yama-petrels. Ngezici zazo zoqhwaku ezihlunga amanzi anosawoti, ama-petrels ashibilika khona kanye emanzini ukukha amanzi ngomlomo wawo, awasefe, futhi amunce i-krill enomsoco lapho uhamba. Lokhu kubenza bakwazi ukusinda ngisho nangezikhathi zendlala. Ama-petrels azingela ebusuku kuphela. Sebecindezele amaphiko abo emzimbeni, bona, njenge rokhethi, bacwila emanzini endaweni lapho babona khona isikole sezinhlanzi. Izinhlanzi eziningana ziyabanjwa ngokushesha, zidliwe ngaphansi kwamanzi bese zibhukuda ngenhlanzi encane ngomlomo wazo. Ukujula okuphezulu lapho lezi zinyoni zicwila khona kungamamitha ayi-8.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Petrel eRussia
Le nyoni ichitha isikhathi sayo esiningi indiza ngaphezu kwamanzi. Zindiza ngemihlambi emincane - abantu aba-5-7 ngamunye. Ngakho-ke kulula kubo ukuthi babheke inyamazane engaphansi kwamanzi futhi babalekele izingozi ezingaba khona. Amaqembu amakhulu ama-petrels abuthana ngaphezu kwesikole sezinhlanzi, isikebhe noma enye inyamazane. Ngenxa yalokhu, abanye osolwandle bababheka "njengamanqe olwandle". Abasolwandle bayalazi ikhono elimangalisayo le-petrel lokuzwa ukufika kwesiphepho. Esimweni sezulu esizolile, esingenamoya nesomile, lezi zinyoni zindiza phezulu ngokuthula esibhakabhakeni, zifuna inyamazane. Kepha uma ukuduma nomoya onamandla kusondela, ama-petrels ehlela phansi emanzini bese ememeza. Lesi sici sokuziphatha sinikeza ama-petrels igama lawo.
Ama-petrels yizinyoni ezinolaka nezinobuqili. Behla emikhunjini ngamaqembu amancane, babelana ngemithwalo yemfanelo: abanye abantu baphazamisa amatilosi ngokuzenza ukweba inhlanzi, kanti amanye ama-petrels empeleni enza ukweba nokondla. Ezikebheni zokudoba, ama-petrels angagcwalisa kahle isisu sawo. Kepha kukhona okubi lapho ama-petrels engathandi ukugibela imikhumbi. Akukhona nje ukuthi izidladla zabo azivumelaniswanga ukuba zihambe ngokujwayelekile, kodwa futhi azikwazi ukusuka, ziwele phansi kakhulu.
Iqiniso ngukuthi ngesilinganiso esinjalo samaphiko nobukhulu bomzimba, ungasuka kuphela ngokutshuza usuka endaweni ephakeme futhi ubambe ukuvunguza komoya. Ngakho-ke, ama-petrels andiza ngokuzithandela ezivunguvungwini, lapho bekwazi ukuhamba ngokuphepha phakathi kwemimoya eminingi yomoya. Ubudlova bukaPetrels busakazekela nakwezinye izilwane. Ukubona uphawu loboya bezingane noma i-penguin njengesisulu, kungenzeka zingalindi umzali ayozingela, kepha ahlasele endaweni evulekile. Imvamisa ukuhamba kwephengwini noma uphawu loboya akwanele ukuxosha uphethiloli kude, futhi ubulala ithole, alondle phambi komzali.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Grey Petrel
I-dimorphism yezocansi ayivezwa kuma-petrels. Kwezinye izinhlobo zezinsikazi zincane kancane kuneduna, kepha kwesinye isikhathi awukho ngisho umehluko onjalo. Ngakho-ke, ama-petrels ngokwawo akhomba owesilisa noma owesilisa ngamasiginali athile womsindo nokunyakaza komzimba.
Izinyoni ziyahlangana emakoloni amakhulu, lapho zifuna umlingani. Amakholoni anjalo angafinyelela kubantu abayisigidi. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukuthola indawo enhle yokwakha izidleke, ngakho-ke ama-petrels alwa kakhulu phakathi kwawo endaweni enethezekile. Ukulwa phakathi kwama-petrels kuyaqhubeka nelungelo lokuhlangana nowesifazane. Kuyinto engavamile kakhulu ukuthi ama-petrels akhe amabhangqa azinzile angahlukani iminyaka eminingana.
Ngemuva kokuba owesifazane esezikhethele owesilisa, imidlalo yokukhwelana iyaqala. Indoda iletha izipho kowesifazane - amatshe namagatsha okwakha isidleke. Ngokubambisana bakha isidleke, ngemuva kwalokho ukukhwelana kwenzeka bese kubekwa iqanda elilodwa. Insikazi ishiya iqanda linakekelwe eyeduna, kuyilapho indiza ihambe inyanga yonke futhi iyondla olwandle. Ngesikhathi sokubuya kwayo, iphuphu selivele lichanyuselwe, ngakho-ke liqala ukumfunza ngokudla okugayiwe kusuka ku-goiter yabo ekhethekile. Ubaba angandiza olwandle ayodla, kepha ubuya njalo ezokondla insikazi kanye nephuphu elikhulayo.
Ukumshiya yedwa kuyingozi - ezinye izingqungqulu, ngezizathu ezingenangqondo, zingayibulala inkonyane. Amafutha amancane avuthwa ngezinyanga ezimbili, amakhulu amakhulu ngamane. Amantshontsho avuthiwe andiza asuke esidlekeni akhohlwe abazali bawo. Sekukonke, lezi zinyoni ziphila okungenani iminyaka eyi-15, kepha ezinde kunazo zonke zihlala ekuthunjweni kuze kufike ku-50.
Izitha zemvelo ze-petrel
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani u-petrel
Ama-petrels yizinyoni ezinkulu ezikwazi ukuzimela, ngakho-ke zinezitha ezimbalwa zemvelo. ISouth Pole Skua imvamisa ichitha izidleke, idla amaqanda namachwane angavuthiwe uma abazali sebethathe umhlalaphansi kwenye indawo. Lezi zinyoni nazo zincintisana nama-petrels ngokudla, ngakho-ke izingxabano ezinkulu zingenzeka phakathi kwazo.
Amagundane namakati angeniswe endaweni yendawo yokwakha izidleke nawo ayingozi ezidlekeni nasemantshweleni. Kepha amawundlu e-petrel nawo anokuzivikela kwawo. Izwa ukwesaba, iphuphu lidubula umsele oketshezi olumuncu emlonyeni, okwethusa khona manjalo noma yiziphi izilwane ezidla ezinye. Lolu ketshezi lunamafutha, kunzima ukugeza nokuhogela isikhathi eside, okuyinkimbinkimbi ngokuzingela okuqhubekayo komzingeli.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Njengama-penguin, ukudideka kobulili kwesinye isikhathi kuholela emibhangqwaneni yobulili obufanayo kulezi zinyoni.
Izinhlobo ezincane zama-petrels nazo zingasongelwa ezinye izinhlanzi namabhubesi olwandle. Zingahlaselwa ngoshaka noma ezinye izimpilo zasolwandle ezinkulu lapho i-petrel igxumela emanzini inyamazane noma lapho intanta nje kumagagasi. Lezi zinyoni azikwazi ukuzivikela ngaphansi kwamanzi, ngakho-ke ziyisisulu esilula.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Petrel bird
Ama-petrels maningi kakhulu. Njengoba zidla kakhulu, azinantshisekelo kwezinye izinyoni ezidla izilwane nezilwane. Njengoba zingenanzuzo yokuhweba, azikaze zibe yinto yokuzingelwa okunenjongo ngabantu. Inani lama-petrels e-Atlantic kuphela angaba yizigidi ezi-3. I-Pacific Ocean inabantu abangaba yizigidi ezine. Ama-petrels ase-Antarctic abalelwa kubantu abacishe babe yizigidi ezingama-20 bebonke. Inani labantu lizinzile.
Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinhlobo zibhekwa njengezingajwayelekile, yize zingafakwanga eRed Book.
Lezi yizinhlobo ezilandelayo:
- i-balearic petrel;
- i-petrel yezinyawo ezibomvana;
- isiphepho esimhlophe;
- Isiphepho saseMadeira;
- Isiphepho saseHawaii.
Ukwehla kwamanani kudalwa kuphela yizici ze-anthropogenic, ezinezimbangela eziningi, enye yazo ukungcola kwezilwandle zomhlaba. Ama-petrels avamise ukwehla lapho kuchitheke khona uwoyela, abakuthathe njengezikole zezinhlanzi, ezizofa maduzane ngenxa yobuthi. Ngakho-ke izinyoni zingabambeka kupulasitiki ngenkathi zibhukuda futhi zife, zingakwazi ukuphuma noma ukusuka. Futhi, ukudoba ngobuningi. Izinhlanzi zibanjwa ngezinga lokuhweba ezindaweni zokuhlala zama-petrels. Baphucwa ukudla, yingakho bedinga ukufuduka isikhathi eside befuna ukudla. Kubuye kuthinte inani labantu.
UPetrel - inyoni enkulu, eyesibili ngosayizi we-albatross kuphela. Usayizi wabo, indlela abaphila ngayo kanye nezimpawu zabo zobuntu kuye kwabavumela ukuba babe olunye lwezinhlobo zezinyoni eziningi kakhulu. Zisahamba ngenkuthalo nemikhumbi ohambweni lwasolwandle futhi zazisa amatilosi ngezivunguvungu ezisondelayo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: unyaka we-02.08.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 28.09.2019 ngo-11: 35
