Indlovu Yasolwandle - uphawu lwangempela, noma uphawu olungenazo izindlebe, amalungu e-suborder ephiniwe. Lezi yizidalwa ezimangalisayo: abesilisa abakhulu abakhuluphele abanamakhala alengayo, abesifazane abakhangayo ababonakala bemomotheka njalo, namazinyane amahle akhuluphele anesifiso esikhulu sokudla.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Uphawu lwendlovu
Uphawu lwezindlovu luyizijikijolo zolwandle olujulile, uhambo olude, isilwane esilamba isikhathi eside. Izimpawu zezindlovu ziyamangalisa, zihlangana ndawonye emhlabeni ukuzala, ukukhwelana kanye ne-molt, kepha zodwa olwandle. Izidingo ezinkulu zibekwa ekubukekeni kwazo ukuze ziqhubeke nomjaho wazo. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi izimvu zamanzi zezindlovu yizingane zehlengethwa ne-platypus noma ihlengethwa ne-koala.
Ividiyo: Uphawu lwendlovu
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Lezi zinzipho ezinkulu azibizwa ngokuthi izimpawu zezindlovu ngenxa yobukhulu bazo. Babizwa ngegama labo ngezifonyo ezifuthwayo ezibukeka njengesiqu sendlovu.
Umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwekoloni lezimpawu zezindlovu waqala ngoNovemba 25, 1990, lapho abantu abangaphansi kweshumi nambili balezi zilwane babalwa ethekwini elincane eliseningizimu yendlu yesibani iPiedras Blancas. Ngentwasahlobo ka-1991, kwavalwa izimpawu ezingaba ngu-400. NgoJanuwari 1992, ukuzalwa kokuqala kwenzeka. Ikholoni lakhula ngesilinganiso esimangazayo. Ngo-1993, kwazalwa cishe amawundlu angama-50. Ngo-1995, kwazalwa amanye amawundlu angama-600. Ukuqhuma kwabantu kwaqhubeka. Ngo-1996, inani lamazinyane azelwe lase lenyukele cishe ku-1 000, futhi leli koloni ladlulela emabhishi agudle umgwaqo omkhulu osogwini. Leli koloni liyaqhubeka nokukhula nanamuhla. Ngo-2015, kwakukhona izimpawu zezindlovu eziyi-10 000.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani uphawu lwendlovu
Izimpawu zezindlovu yizilwane ezithandekayo zomndeni wakwaPhocidae. Uphawu lwendlovu olusenyakatho lunombala ophuzi noma onsundu, kanti uphawu lwendlovu oluseningizimu luhlaza-mpunga. Izinhlobo zaseningizimu zinenkathi enkulu yokuchitheka, lapho kuvela khona izindawo ezibalulekile zezinwele nesikhumba. Abesilisa bazo zombili lezi zinhlobo bafinyelela kumamitha angaba ngu-6.5 (21 amamitha) ubude futhi baba nesisindo esingaba ngu-3,530 kg (7,780 lb) futhi bakhule babe bakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane, kwesinye isikhathi abafinyelela kumamitha ayi-3.5 bese bekala ama-900 kg.
Izimpawu zezindlovu zifinyelela ngesivinini esingu-23.2 km / h. Izinhlobo ezinkulu zamaphini akhona yi-elephant seal yaseningizimu. Abesilisa bangaba ngaphezu kwamamitha ayisithupha ubude futhi babe nesisindo esingamathani ayi-4.5. Izimpawu zasolwandle zinobuso obubanzi, obuzungezayo ngamehlo amakhulu kakhulu. Amantshontsho azalwa enengubo emnyama ekhipha isikhathi sokulunyulwa (izinsuku ezingama-28), esikhundleni sayo afake ijazi elimpunga elibushelelezi. Ngokuhamba konyaka, ijazi lizoba nsundu.
Izimpawu zezindlovu zesifazane zizala okokuqala ngqa eminyakeni yobudala engama-4, yize ibanga lisukela eminyakeni emibili kuya kwengu-6. Abesifazane babhekwa njengabantu abavuthiwe ngokomzimba lapho beneminyaka engu-6 ubudala. Abesilisa bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi cishe eminyakeni engu-4 lapho ikhala liqala ukukhula. Impumulo iyisici sesibili sezocansi, njengezintshevu zendoda, futhi ingafinyelela ubude obumangazayo uhhafu wemitha. Abesilisa bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokomzimba cishe eminyakeni eyi-9 ubudala. Ubudala obukhulu bokuzalela buyiminyaka eyi-9-12. Izimpawu zezindlovu ezisenyakatho zihlala ngokwesilinganiso seminyaka eyi-9, kanti izimpawu zasendlovu eziseningizimu ziphila iminyaka engama-20 kuye kwengama-22.
Abantu bachitha izinwele nesikhumba sabo ngaso sonke isikhathi, kepha izimpawu zezindlovu zidlula ocingweni oluyinhlekelele, lapho lonke ungqimba lwe-epidermis olunezinwele ezinamathiselwe lunamathela ndawonye ngasikhathi sinye ngesikhathi. Isizathu sale molt ebukhali ukuthi olwandle bachitha isikhathi sabo esiningi emanzini abandayo ajulile. Ngesikhathi sokutshuza, igazi likhishwa esikhunjeni. Lokhu kubasiza ukonga amandla futhi bangalahlekelwa ukushisa komzimba. Izilwane zibhukuda ziye phansi ngesikhathi se-molting, njengoba igazi lingazungeza ngesikhumba ukusiza ukukhulisa ungqimba olusha lwe-epidermis nezinwele.
Uhlala kuphi uphawu lwendlovu?
Isithombe: Uphawu lwendlovu oluseningizimu
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezimpawu zezindlovu:
- enyakatho;
- eningizimu.
Izimpawu zezindlovu ezisenyakatho zitholakala enyakatho yePacific Ocean ukusuka eBaja California, eMexico kuya eGulf of Alaska nase-Aleutian Islands. Ngesikhathi sazo sokuzala, zihlala emabhishi eziqhingini ezisogwini nasezindaweni eziningi ezikude nezwekazi. Phakathi nawo wonke unyaka, ngaphandle kwezikhathi zokuncenga, izimpawu zezindlovu zihlala kude nolwandle (kufika ku-8,000 km), zivame ukucwila ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-1,500 ngaphansi kolwandle.
Izimpawu zasendlovu eziseningizimu (iMirounga leonina) zihlala emanzini angaphansi kwe-Antarctic namanzi abandayo ase-Antarctic. Zisatshalaliswe kulo lonke uLwandlekazi oluseningizimu ezungeze i-Antarctica naseziqhingini eziningi ze-subantarctic. Inani labantu ligxile eziQhingini zase-Antipode naseCampbell Island. Ebusika, bavame ukuvakashela iziqhingi zase-Auckland, i-Antipode neSnares, kungavamisile ukuthi kube iziQhingi zeChatham futhi kwesinye isikhathi kube nezindawo ezahlukahlukene ezisemaphandleni. Izimpawu zasolwandle zaseningizimu ngezikhathi ezithile zivakashela ogwini lwaseningizimu yezwe laseNew Zealand.
Ezwekazini, bangahlala kule ndawo izinyanga ezimbalwa, banikeze abantu ithuba lokubuka izilwane ezihlala emanzini angaphansi komhlaba. Umusa nesivinini sezilwane zasolwandle ezinkulu kangaka kungamangalisa, futhi izimvu zamanzi ezincane zingadlala kakhulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngokungafani nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle (njengemikhoma nama-dugong), izimpawu zezindlovu azihlali emanzini ngokuphelele: ziphuma emanzini ziyophumula, zi-molt, zihlangane futhi zizale izingane.
Udlani uphawu lwendlovu?
Isithombe: Uphawu lwendlovu lensikazi
Izimpawu zezindlovu ziyizilwane ezidla inyama. Izimpawu zezindlovu eziseningizimu yizilwane zasolwandle ezivulekile futhi zichitha isikhathi esiningi olwandle. Zondla izinhlanzi, ama-squid noma amanye ama-cephalopods atholakala emanzini ase-Antarctic. Ziza ogwini kuphela ukuzalela nokuncibilikisa. Zichitha unyaka wonke zidla olwandle, lapho ziphumula khona, zibhukuda phezulu bese zitshuza zifuna inhlanzi enkulu ne-squid. Ngenkathi besolwandle, bavame ukuthathwa ezindaweni zabo zokuzalela, futhi bangahamba amabanga amade kakhulu phakathi kwezikhathi abazichitha emhlabeni.
Kukholakala ukuthi abesifazane nabesilisa babo badla inyamazane engafani. Ukudla kwabesifazane ikakhulukazi i-squid, kanti ukudla kwamadoda kuhluka kakhulu, okubandakanya oshaka abancane, imisebe nezinye izinhlanzi ezingezansi. Lapho befuna ukudla, abesilisa bahamba eshalofini lezwekazi baya e-Alaska Gulf. Abesifazane bavame ukuya ngasenyakatho nasentshonalanga olwandle oluvulekile kakhulu. Uphawu lwezindlovu lwenza lokhu kufuduka kabili ngonyaka, futhi lubuyele erokishini.
Izimvu zamanzi zezindlovu ziyathutha ziyofuna ukudla, zichithe izinyanga olwandle, futhi zivame ukucwila ngokujulile zifuna ukudla. Ebusika, babuyela ema-rooker abo ukuze bazale futhi bazale. Yize izimvu zamanzi zezinduna nezinsikazi zichitha isikhathi olwandle, izindlela zazo zokufuduka nemikhuba yazo yokudla iyahluka: abesilisa balandela indlela engaguquguquki, bazingela eshalofini lasezwenikazi kanye nefolishi phansi olwandle, kuyilapho abesifazane beguqula imizila yabo befuna inyamazane ehambayo futhi ukuzingela okuningi olwandle oluvulekile. Njengoba zingenayo i-echolocation, izimpawu zezindlovu zisebenzisa amehlo nentshebe yazo ukuzwa ukunyakaza okuseduze.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Bamba indlovu ngokwemvelo
Izimpawu zezindlovu ziza ogwini bese zakha amakoloni izinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela ngonyaka ukuzala, ukuzala nokuzala. Ukuphela konyaka, amakoloni ayahlakazeka, futhi abantu ngabanye basebenzisa isikhathi sabo esiningi befuna ukudla, behamba izinkulungwane zamamayela futhi bejula ekujuleni okukhulu. Ngenkathi izimvu zamanzi zezindlovu zisolwandle zifuna ukudla, zitshuza ziye ekujuleni okumangalisayo.
Imvamisa zitshuza ziye ekujuleni okungaba ngamamitha ayi-1,500. Isikhathi esimaphakathi sokuntywila yimizuzu engama-20, kepha bangangena ngehora noma ngaphezulu. Lapho izimvu zamanzi zezindlovu zifika ngaphezulu, zichitha imizuzu engu-2-4 kuphela ngaphambi kokuphindela emanzini - bese ziqhubeka nale nqubo yokutshuza amahora angama-24 ngosuku.
Emhlabathini, izimpawu zezindlovu zivame ukushiywa ngaphandle kwamanzi isikhathi eside. Ukugwema ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, izinso zabo zingakhiqiza umchamo omningi, oqukethe imfucuza eningi namanzi amancane ngokoqobo kudoti ngalinye. I-rookery yindawo enomsindo kakhulu ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, njengoba abesilisa bekhulumela phezulu, amawundlu amemeza ukuze ondle, kuthi abesifazane baxabane bodwa ngendawo enhle namazinyane. Ukububula, ukuhhemula, amabhande, izishwapha, ukukhala, ukukhala nokubhonga kwabesilisa kuyahlangana kwakha ukuvumelana komsindo wophawu lwendlovu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Uphawu Lwezindlovu Zengane
Uphawu lwendlovu oluseningizimu, njengophawu lwendlovu olusenyakatho, luyazala futhi lincibilike emhlabathini, kepha luthambisa ubusika olwandle, mhlawumbe eduze ne-pack ice. Izimpawu zasolwandle zaseningizimu zizalela emhlabathini kodwa zichitha ubusika emanzini abandayo ase-Antarctic eduze neqhwa lase-Antarctic. Izinhlobo zasenyakatho azifuduki ngesikhathi sokuzala. Lapho kufika inkathi yokuzalanisa, izimpawu zamaduna endlovu zichaza futhi zivikele izindawo futhi zibe nolaka komunye nomunye.
Baqoqa izidleke zezinsikazi ezingama-40 kuye kwezingama-50, ezincane kakhulu kunabalingani bazo abakhulu. Abesilisa balwa bodwa ngokubusa kokukhwelana. Okunye ukuhlangana kuphetha ngokubhonga nokuma okunamandla, kepha okunye okuningi kuphenduka izimpi ezinesihluku nezichitha igazi.
Isikhathi sokuzalisa siqala ekupheleni kukaNovemba. Abesifazane baqala ukufika maphakathi noDisemba futhi baqhubeke nokufika kuze kube maphakathi noFebhuwari. Ukuzalwa kokuqala kwenzeka ngosuku lukaKhisimusi, kepha iningi lokuzalwa livame ukwenzeka emasontweni amabili edlule kaJanuwari. Abesifazane bahlala olwandle cishe amasonto amahlanu kusukela lapho befika ogwini. Ngokumangazayo, abesilisa bahlala olwandle izinsuku ezingafika kwikhulu.
Lapho bondla ngobisi, abesifazane abadli - bobabili umama nengane baphila ngamandla anqwabelene emafutheni akhe anele. Kokubili abesilisa nabesifazane balahlekelwa cishe isisindo esingu-1/3 ngesikhathi sokuzala. Abesifazane bazala izinyane elilodwa ngonyaka ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-11 zokukhulelwa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Lapho owesifazane ezala, ubisi alukhipayo lunamafutha acishe abe yi-12%. Emasontweni amabili kamuva, lelo nani lenyuka laba ngaphezu kuka-50%, linika uketshezi ukungaguquguquki okufana nepudding. Uma kuqhathaniswa, ubisi lwenkomo luqukethe amafutha angama-3.5% kuphela.
Izitha zemvelo zezimpawu zezindlovu
Isithombe: Uphawu lwendlovu
Izimpawu ezinkulu zezindlovu eziseningizimu zinezitha ezimbalwa, phakathi kwazo:
- imikhomo ebulalayo ekwazi ukuzingela amawundlu nezimpawu ezindala;
- izingwe zezimpawu, kwesinye isikhathi ezihlasela futhi zibulale amawundlu;
- abanye oshaka abakhulu.
Amalungu abantu bawo ngesikhathi sokuzala angabhekwa njengezitha zezimpawu zezindlovu. Izimpawu zezindlovu zakha ama-harems lapho owesilisa ovelele noma we-alpha ezungezwe iqembu labesifazane. Ezingxenyeni zabesifazane, abesilisa be-beta balinda ngethemba lokuthi bazothola ithuba lokuhlangana. Basiza abesilisa be-alpha ukuthi bagcine abesilisa abangaphansi kwamandla abo. Ukulwa phakathi kwamadoda kungaba yinto yegazi, nabesilisa bema ngezinyawo bazishaye bodwa, bazinqume ngamazinyo amakhulu e-canine.
Izimpawu zezindlovu zisebenzisa amazinyo azo ngesikhathi sokulwa ukuklebhula izintamo zabaphikisi. Abesilisa abakhulu bangalimala kanzima ngokulwa namanye amaduna ngesikhathi sokuzala. Izimpi eziphakathi kwabesilisa abadumile nabaphikisi zingaba zinde, zichithe igazi futhi zibe nobudlova ngokweqile, futhi ohlulwayo uvame ukulimala kanzima. Noma kunjalo, akuzona zonke izingxabano ezigcina empini. Kwesinye isikhathi kwanele ukuthi bakhuphuke ngemilenze yabo yangemuva, baphonse amakhanda abo emuva, bakhombise ubukhulu bamakhala abo nezinsongo ezibhongayo zokwesabisa abaphikisi abaningi. Kepha lapho izimpi zenzeka, kuyaqabukela kufiwe.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Zibukeka kanjani izimpawu zezindlovu
Zombili lezi zinhlobo zezimpawu zezindlovu zazizingelwa amafutha azo futhi zacishe zaqedwa ngokuphelele ngekhulu le-19. Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kokuvikelwa okusemthethweni, inani labo liyanda kancane kancane futhi ukusinda kwabo akusasongelwa. Ngawo-1880, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi izimpawu zasenyakatho zezindlovu zazingasekho, njengoba zombili lezi zinhlobo zazizingelwa ama-whalers asogwini ukuze zithole amanoni awo angaphansi, okungawesibili kuphela kunamafutha omkhomo wesidoda asezingeni. Iqembu elincane lezimpawu zezindlovu ezingama-20-100 ezafakwa esiQhingini saseGuadalupe, ngaseBaja California, lithole imiphumela emibi yokuzingelwa kwezimpawu.
Kuvikelwe okokuqala yiMexico bese kuba yi-United States, bahlala bekhulisa inani labo labantu. Avikelwe yi-1972 Marine Mammal Protection Act, andisa ibanga lawo kude neziqhingi eziqhelile futhi njengamanje ahlanganisa amakolishi akhethiwe asezwekazini njengePiedras Blancas, engxenyeni eseningizimu yeBig Sur, ngaseSan Simeon. Isilinganiso jikelele sesibalo sezindlovu ngo-1999 sasizungeze i-150,000.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izimpawu zezindlovu yizilwane zasendle futhi akufanele zisondele. Akulindelekile futhi kungadala ingozi enkulu kubantu, ikakhulukazi ngenkathi yokuzalanisa. Ukungenelela komuntu kungaphoqa izimvu zamanzi ukuba zisebenzise amandla ayigugu awadingayo ukuze aphile. Amantshontsho angahlukaniswa nonina, okuvame ukuholela ekufeni kwawo. INational Marine Fisheries Service, okuyinhlangano ebumbene yokuphoqelela uMthetho Wezokuvikela Izitho Zolwandle, itusa ibanga eliphephile lokubuka amamitha ayi-15 kuye kwangama-30.
Indlovu Yasolwandle Ingabe isilwane esimangalisayo. Zinkulu futhi zinkulu emhlabeni, kepha zihle kakhulu emanzini: zingacwila ekujuleni kwamakhilomitha ama-2 futhi zibambe umoya ngaphansi kwamanzi kuze kube ngamahora ama-2. Izimpawu zezindlovu zizulazula kulo lonke ulwandle futhi zingabhukuda amabanga amade ziyofuna ukudla. Balwela indawo elangeni, kepha kuphela abanesibindi kakhulu abafezekisa izinhloso zabo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 07/31/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 01.08.2019 ngo-8: 56
