UVicuna - isilwane esihle, ngasikhathi sinye sifana nama-llamas namakamela (kuphela ngosayizi abancane). Lolu uhlobo lwasendulo lwezilwane ezincelisayo. Ukukhulunywa ngaye okwaziwayo, kusuka ku-1200. Lesi silwane besingcwele kubantu abaningi basezintabeni zase-Andes. Lapha ama-vicunas ayephethe isihloko esihlonishwayo se- "Golden Fleece". Ngasikhathi sinye, uboya bakhe babubaluleke kakhulu (njengoba kwenzeka manje) futhi babuhloselwe ukuthunga izingubo zobukhosi. Kodwa-ke, ukubulawa kwezilwane kwakungavunyelwe.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Vicuña
Ama-Vicua angama-oda wezilwane ezincelisayo (ama-artiodactyls). Leli qembu lifaka cishe izinhlobo ezingama-220 zesimanje, iningi lazo elibaluleke ngokomnotho esintwini. Umndeni lapho lezi zilwane zingezansi kwawo ubizwa ngokuthi ama-camelids (lokhu kufaka namakamela uqobo, kanye nama-llamas). I-suborder yalezi zilwane ngama-callus. Bonke abamele leli qembu bangama-artiodactyls we-herbivorous. Ama-vicuña ngokwawo angawohlobo lwe-monotypic lwegama elifanayo.
Ividiyo: Vicuña
Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, lesi silwane sasibhekwa njengesiyigugu kakhulu, futhi kwezinye izizwe singcwele. Ngawo-1200s wesikhathi sethu, uboya bala makamela babusetshenziselwa ukudala okokugqoka kwamakhosi, amakhosi nemindeni yawo. Ukusetshenziswa okubanzi koboya besilwane kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngo-1960. Maphakathi nama-60s, izazi zezilwane zaphawula ngokwethuka ukuthi abantu abedlula ama-50 000 abasele bengama-vicunas. Lokhu kwaba yisizathu sokungenelela kohulumeni bamazwe amaningi esimweni semvelo. Kwavinjelwa ngokuqinile ukubanjwa nokubulawa kwezilwane. Umkhawulo uphinde wanweba nasekuthengisweni koboya be-vicuna obuhlukile. Lolu hlobo luye lwabelwa nesimo sokusengozini. Isivumelwano sokuvikelwa kwakhe sisayinwe eChile, ePeru, eBolivia, e-Argentina.
Izinyathelo ezinzima kangaka zibe nomthelela omuhle kakhulu ekukhuleni kwezilwane. Ngemuva nje kweminyaka engama-30 kwethulwe ukuvinjelwa (ngo-1995), inani laleli qembu lamakamela lenyuka laya ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-98. Lapho befika kuleli banga, iziphathimandla zasusa ukuvinjelwa kokuthengiswa koboya. Namuhla uvolo weVicunia ungathengwa kusizinda somphakathi. Izilwane azihlushwa yilokhu. Inombolo yabo yangempela ingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-200.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-vicuna
Abamnene bama-camelid abathambile, abacijile, abacishe babe ngamadolo bathandana nawo wonke umuntu owake wababona bukhoma.
Mhlawumbe lokhu kungenxa yokubukeka kwabo okuhlukile:
- ubukhulu obungabalulekile (ngokuqhathaniswa nawo wonke umndeni). Ama-vicuña amadala afinyelela ubude obuyimitha elilodwa nohhafu, nobubanzi obungu-110 cm (emahlombe). Isisindo esijwayelekile salezi zilwane singama-50 kilograms. Vumelana nabamele ama-camelids, lokhu kuncane kakhulu (isisindo esimaphakathi sekamela elilodwa-eliswamu elilodwa ngamakhilogremu angama-500, kanti i-llama ingama-150 kilograms);
- ubuso obuncane obuhle. Amehlo alaba bantu amnyama kakhulu, afana nezinkinobho ezimbili ezinkulu. Cishe akunakwenzeka ukubabheka ngokuningiliziwe. Zifihliwe ngemuva kwemibani ejiyile. Izindlebe zezilwane zicijile, ziqondile, zinde;
- izitho ezinde ezacile. Ngenxa yalezi zici, umusa okhethekile wama-camelids (ikakhulukazi abantu abagundiwe) uyatholakala. Umsila wezilwane awudluli ngamamilimitha angama-250 ubude;
- ijazi eliwugqinsi. Ithambe kakhulu ekuthinteni futhi ibe silky. Umbala wemvelo ubomvu ngokubomvu. Ukusatshalaliswa kwamabala ansundu emzimbeni kungenzeka (imvamisa imilenze nesifonyo sezilwane kumnyama). Ngaphezu kwalokho, isisu sezilwane sihlala simhlophe njalo. Uboya busindisa izilwane kuzo zonke izinhlekelele zesimo sezulu;
- imisipha intamo ende. Ivumela ama-vicua ukuthi anwebe amakhanda awo phezulu ukuze athole izitha. Entanyeni yezilwane, kwakhiwa izinwele ezinde ikakhulukazi, ezibizwa ngokuthi imihlobiso elengayo. Ubude bayo bufinyelela cishe kumasentimitha angama-30;
- amazinyo abukhali. Lesi ngesinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhlukanisa ama-vicunas. Ngenxa ye-incisors ebukhali, izilwane azinalutho lokudla izitshalo ezinezimpande. Bahlwitha kalula nje utshani bese bebugaya emlonyeni.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngenxa yendawo abahlala kuyo (ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu), ama-vicuñas athuthukise kahle ukuzwa nokubona. Ngenxa yomoya wezintaba osegazini labo, kukhona okuqukethwe okwandayo kwe-hemoglobin, kanye ne-oxygen.
Ngenxa yedatha enjalo, ama-vicua (ikakhulukazi esemncane) afana kakhulu nekhophi enkulu yethoyizi eliphambili. Lokhu kufana kugcinwa ngamehlo ayo anjengezinkinobho nejazi elithambile, elijiyile.
Uhlala kuphi uVicuña?
Isithombe: UVicuña emvelweni
Kusukela ekubukekeni kwawo kuze kube namuhla, ama-vicua ahlala endaweni efanayo - i-Andes. Indawo enezintaba iyilungele kangcono impilo ephelele yalezi zilwane ezinhle.
Ungahlangana nezilwane eziphakeme ezindaweni eziningi zaseNingizimu Melika ngasikhathi sinye:
- I-Chile yisifunda esiseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeNingizimu Melika. Inomugqa omncane phakathi kwe-Andes nePacific Ocean. Lapha, ukuhlonipha izilwane zamakamela eziphakeme, sonke isiFunda Sokuphatha, esiyingxenye yesifundazwe sase-Elqui, saqanjwa igama;
- I-Argentina ingelinye lamaRiphabhuliki amakhulu aseNingizimu Melika. I-Argentina imingcele e-Andes engxenyeni esentshonalanga. Izinhlobonhlobo zezakhiwo zokwakheka komhlaba ziphawuliwe emngceleni;
- IBolivia iyizwe lezizwe eziningi elisenkabeni yeNingizimu Melika. Yabelana ngemingcele neChile nePeru (entshonalanga), i-Argentina (eningizimu), iParaguay (empumalanga) neBrazil (enyakatho). Izinkangala ezisentshonalanga zeriphabhuliki zise-Andes;
- IPeru yiriphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Melika emngceleni we-Ecuador, eColombia, eBrazil, eBolivia naseChile. Imithambeka ye-Andes, etholakala kule ndawo, kwezinye izindawo iqala eduze kakhulu nolwandle. Iphuzu eliphakeme kakhulu lezintaba zombuso yiNtaba iHuascaran (ukuphakama - cishe amamitha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-7);
- I-Ecuador iyisifundazwe esisenyakatho nentshonalanga yeNingizimu Melika. Kugezwe yi-Pacific Ocean. Yabelana ngemingcele nePeru neColombia. Izintaba zaseAndes zinwebela ngasogwini olusentshonalanga yezwe. Engxenyeni emaphakathi kunezintaba ezimbili ngasikhathi sinye: i-Eastern Cordillera ne-Western Cordillera;
Akunakwenzeka ukuhlangana nama-vicunas emhlabathini olele. Izilwane zikhetha ukuhlala ezintabeni. Ukuphakama "kokuhlala" kwabo kuqala kusuka kumamitha ayi-3500. Ukuphakama okuphezulu okuhlala ama-vicunas kungamamitha ayi-5500.
Manje uyazi ukuthi i-vicuña ihlala kuphi. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Idlani i-vicuña?
Isithombe: Animal vicuña
Abamele i-Fluffy ama-camelids (njengabo bonke abafowabo emndenini) bangama-herbivores. Zondla kuphela ngokudla kwezitshalo. Ngakho-ke, e-Andes, ama-vicua angaba nesikhathi esinzima kakhulu. Izimila ezincane zezintaba azikwazi ukunikeza izilwane ukudla okwanele. Ngakho-ke, izilwane ziyaneliseka nganoma iziphi izimila ezidonsa amehlo azo.
Ama-vicua adla amaqabunga, utshani, amagatsha amancane. Ubumnandi obuthandwa kakhulu yilezi zilwane amahlumela ezitshalo zokusanhlamvu. Izitshalo ezinjalo ziyivelakancane kakhulu endleleni yezilwane. Kodwa ama-vicunas awadla ngenjabulo, anelisa indlala yawo.
Ngenxa yamazinyo abukhali, ama-vicua angakwazi “ukusika” kalula amaqabunga namagatsha futhi agaye izitshalo emilonyeni yawo. Zidla njengazo zonke ezinye izilwane ezi ruminous. Ukunyakaza kwemihlathi kuhamba kancane kodwa kuyaqaphela. Ama-Vicuñas awasebenzisi izimpande zezitshalo njengokudla, kepha aneliseka ngezithelo zawo. Ngasikhathi sinye, lawa ma-camelids asebenzisa amatshe e-lime (anothe ngosawoti) njengama "vithamini". Izilwane nazo ziphendukela ekusetshenzisweni kwamanzi anosawoti.
Izilwane ezifuywayo zondliwa ngendlela efanayo (izimila eziluhlaza). Izilwane ziphinde zondliwe ngokudla okwenziwe ngokufakelwa, okunikezwe wonke amavithamini namaminerali adingekayo kuma-vicunas.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Vicuña
AmaVicua akhetha ukuhlala emindenini. Kunzima kakhulu ukuhlangabezana nama-camelid enesizungu. Imvamisa izilwane zihlangana ngamaqembu wabantu abayi-6-15 bese zikhetha umholi wazo - owesilisa. Kusemahlombe akhe lapho kubekwa khona iningi lokunakekelwa komndeni.
Umholi uqaphe ngelungu ngalinye leqembu. Imisebenzi yakhe ihlanganisa nokuxwayisa umndeni ngengozi ezayo. Ukwenza lokhu ngosizo lwesici esithile sesiginali kuphela kulesi simo. Uma ebona umuntu angamazi endaweni, uzogijimela kuye aqale ukukhafula isilwane esigaywe ngogamu. Imihlangano enjalo cishe njalo iphelela empini. Izilwane ziyadudulana futhi zilwe ngezinyawo zazo.
Wonke amalungu omndeni akhombisa ukuthobela kwabo umholi ngokubeka amakhanda abo emhlane. Kunabesifazane abahlanu kuya kwabangu-15 owesilisa ngamunye eqenjini lama-vicua. Ubukhulu bensimu ehlala ama-vicuñas buxhomeke kubukhulu bomndeni nohlaza. Ngokwesilinganiso, amaqembu atholakala ezindaweni ezingamakhilomitha-skwele angama-15-20. Kulokhu, sonke isikhala sihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili ezinkulu: "igumbi lokulala" kanye nedlelo (kukhona indlu yangasese enendawo engamamitha ama-2, eyenzelwe ukukhomba indawo yomndeni).
AmaVicua yizilwane ezizolile nezinokuthula. Bahola impilo esebenzayo ikakhulukazi emini. Ebusuku, izilwane zithatha ikhefu ekudleni emini nasezintabeni ezintabeni. Laba bantu bahlukaniswa ngokwanda kokwesaba nokulalelisisa. Ngokwesaba, baqonda masinyane endaweni yokukhosela - egqumeni. Ngasikhathi sinye, lapho bekhuphuka izintaba, ama-vicuña afinyelela isivinini esifinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-47 ngehora.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Vicuna Cub
AmaVicua azala entwasahlobo (ikakhulukazi ngoMashi). Owesifazane ovundisiwe uthwala inzalo yesikhathi esizayo kuye izinyanga eziyi-11. Ekupheleni kwalesi sikhathi, kuzalwa ithole elilodwa. Isisindo sengane sisuka ku-4 kuye ku-6 kilograms.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-vicuna wezingane angahamba ngokuzimela kungakapheli imizuzu eyi-15 emva kokuzalwa kwawo! Izilo zihlukaniswa ngokudlala, ilukuluku, isisa.
Kakade u-3-4 usenciphile ngemuva kokubeletha, abesifazane baqala imidlalo emisha yokukhwelana. Inzalo yeVicuna ikhiqizwa minyaka yonke. Amathole asondele kumama aze afike ezinyangeni eziyishumi ubudala. Sonke lesi sikhathi, isisekelo sokudla ubisi lwebele. Okuhambisana nalokhu, amathole aklaba eduze kukanina, okulungiselela abantwana ukuba babe abantu abadala. Lapho ifinyelela ezinyangeni eziyishumi, injabulo yowesifazane iyaxoshwa emhlambini.
Abesifazane babelwa emaqenjini amasha. Lokhu akwenzeki ngokushesha, kepha kuphela ngemuva kokuthomba (eminyakeni emi-2). Abesilisa baxoshwa ngenyanga edlule. Ngokushesha bangena empilweni yamahhala. Isikhathi sokuphila sama-vicuna sincike kakhulu ezintweni zangaphandle (uhlaza, izenzo zomuntu). Emvelweni wazo wemvelo, izilwane ziphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-15-20.
Izitha zemvelo zama-vicunas
Isithombe: Vicuña eChile
Endle, ama-vicunas anezitha ezimbili kuphela:
- impisi enomhlwenga (kusuka esiGrekini "inja yegolide emfishane"). Lesi silwane esidliwayo yizinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu ze-canine ezihlala eNingizimu Melika. Ngaphandle, lesi silwane sibukeka njengempungushe enkulu. Uyehluka emilenzeni ephakeme nasemzimbeni omfishane. Izingela ikakhulukazi izilwane ezincane. E-Andes, izisulu zalesi sidlakela kuvame ukuba yizingane ze-vicuna, kanye nabamele asebekhulile (abagulayo) bezinhlobo;
- puma (omele isigaba se-feline). Lezi zidalwa zihlukaniswa ngobukhulu bazo obumangazayo futhi zingabamele abakhulu bohlobo lwe-cougar. Ububanzi babo buhluke kakhulu. Bakhuphuka ngesibindi izintaba ezifika kumamitha angama-4700 ukuphakama. Yilapho bezingela khona ama-vicuna. Ngenxa yejubane nokugijima kwazo okukhulu, ama-cougars adlula ngokushesha inyamazane ayishaye.
Kepha i-puma noma impisi enesiphepho ayilona usongo olunjalo kuma-vicuna, njengendoda uqobo. Namuhla, ukuqedwa okusebenzayo nokufuya lolu hlobo lwama-camelids kuyaqhubeka. Lokhu kwenzeka ngesizathu esisodwa - isifiso sokuthola uboya obubizayo bezilwane zase-Andes. Ngenxa yalokhu, uhulumeni wezindawo lapho kuhlala khona ama-vicuñas, wethule imithetho ekhethekile yokuvikelwa kwalolu hlobo. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukugunda izilwane akuvunyelwe.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: UVicuñas angaxosha umholi "ehhovisi" lakhe. Ngasikhathi sinye, owesilisa oxoshiwe akavunyelwe ukuhlala emndenini. Isilwane sigwetshwe ukuhlala ngaphandle impilo yonke. Impilo yakhe yonke uyichitha yedwa yedwa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Abukeka kanjani ama-vicua
Inani labantu base-vicuna selishintshe kakhulu ngokuqhubeka kwabo. Uma ngesikhathi sama-Inca lolu hlobo lwalunabantu ababalelwa ezigidini eziyi-1.5, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu elidlule lesi sibalo safinyelela ezingeni elibucayi - izinkulungwane eziyisithupha. Ngenxa yokwehla okukhulu kwesibalo sohulumeni e-Ecuador, eChile, e-Argentina nakwamanye amazwe sebethule ukuvinjelwa okuqinile ekubanjweni kwalezi zilwane, ukubulawa kwazo nokuthengiswa koboya obuthambile be-vicuña. Izinyathelo ezinjalo zikhombisile ukuthi ziyasebenza. Inani lezilwane lenyuke laya ku-2000 ayizinkulungwane.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-90s (ikhulu leminyaka elidlule), ukuvinjelwa kokusika ama-vicunas kwasuswa. Namuhla, abaseNyakatho Melika, abenza imali ngoboya obuthambile balezi zilwane ezimangalisayo, benza ngezindlela ezimbili:
- imihlambi yonke yama-vicunas ifuyiwe (indlela eyingozi yezilwane, izilwane zithanda inkululeko futhi azijwayele ukuhlala ekuthunjweni);
- baqhubela umhlambi wasendle ocingweni, bagunde izilwane bazikhulule (indlela emnene yokuthola uboya, eyaziwa njenge "esemthethweni").
Noma ngabe kubuyiswa inani labantu balezi zilwane, uboya be-vicunas bubaluleke kakhulu. Iqhathaniswa nosilika futhi ilungele ukunikela ngemali engasile ngento ehlukile. Kodwa-ke, ukuze ukwazi ukuhweba ngoboya, kufanele kutholakale imvume ekhethekile.
Inani loboya beVicunia kungenxa yemicu yalo, okuyizinto ezaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Ububanzi bawo bungu-microns ayi-12 kuphela (uma kuqhathaniswa, izinwele zabantu zicishe ziphindwe kasishiyagalombili). Izingubo ezenziwe ngoboya be-vicunas (imvamisa amajuzi, ama-pullovers, ama-capes, amasokisi) zihlukaniswa ngezinga eliphezulu lokugcina ukushisa nokukhanya okuthile.
Vicuna ukuvikelwa
Isithombe: UVicuña ovela eRed Book
Ngaphandle kokuthuthuka kwesibalo se-vicuna, ukwethulwa kwemvume yokucheba kwabo, ukuzalanisa kwabo ngokufuywayo kanye nokufuya, izilwane zibalwe kuRed Book le-International Union for Conservation of Nature. Izindlela zokuvikela ukulondoloza lolu hlobo zisasebenza nanamuhla. Kulokhu, ikakhulu zithinta ukuqedwa ngokuphelele (kokubulawa) kwezilwane. Impilo yalezi zilwane eziphapheme yazingelwa izakhamuzi zase-Andes ngenhloso yokwethula inyamazane njengomhlatshelo konkulunkulu. Inyama yezilwane ayaziswa. Ngakho-ke, ukubulala akwenziwanga namuhla (kunenzuzo enkulu ukuvikela izidalwa ezinikeza uboya obuyingqayizivele nobubizayo).
Namuhla, ama-vicuna atholakala ema-zoo ahlukahlukene kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Kukhona izilwane esifundeni saseMoscow. Lapha ama-camelids agxile kahle futhi abeletha unyaka nonyaka. Inani lamanje lezingane ezizalwe endaweni ye-zoo cishe ngabantu abangama-20. Abaningi babo bashiya isifunda saseMoscow baqhubeka bayohlala ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba.
Akuwona wonke ama-menageries anganikeza izimo ezidingekayo zalezi zilwane. AmaVicua adinga indawo enkulu ukuhola impilo esebenzayo. Ama-zoo angashadile anganikeza indawo enjalo. Ngakho-ke, ngenkathi yokuzalanisa (lapho ibanga lidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ezilwaneni), imindeni yama-vicunas ithunyelwa ezikhungweni ezikhethekile ezibanzi zezilwane ezinemithambeka ephezulu.
Amancane ngosayizi, ama-vicuñas ayafana ngasikhathi sinye namathoyizi amahle amahle ofuna ukuwagona ezandleni zakho, nezingane ezincane ezidinga kakhulu ukuvikelwa nokunakekelwa kubantu abadala. Ngenxa yokuthi iziphathimandla zaseNingizimu Melika zasiqonda isiphetho salawa ma-camelids ngesikhathi, lo mndeni awuzange ufe ngokuphelele.Ukuvimbela lokhu ukuthi kungenzeki nhlobo, abantu kudingeka bacabange manje ukuthi kufanele yini ukubulala lezi zilwane. UVicuna ayisiyongo kubantu, inika uboya obuhle kakhulu futhi ihlala inobungani Akunakwenzeka ukubabhubhisa futhi asikho nje isidingo!
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 30.07.2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 07/30/2019 ngo-22: 22
