Inhlanzi emhlophe - izinhlanzi ezivela kwinani le-salmon, zihlala ikakhulukazi emanzini ahlanzekile - imifula namachibi. Uthanda amanzi abandayo futhi ahlanzekile, ngakho-ke iningi lazo zonke izinhlanzi ezimhlophe zihlala emigodini yemifula egeleza kakhulu endaweni yaseRussia futhi igelezela olwandle i-Arctic Ocean: Pechora, Northern Dvina, Ob. Inyama yale nhlanzi yaziswa kakhulu; kwenziwa ngenhloso yokudoba okusebenzayo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Sig
I-Whitefish ingeyesigaba sezinhlanzi ezihlanjululwe nge-ray ezavela emhlabeni ekugcineni kwesikhathi se-Silurian. Ekuqaleni, bakhula ngesivinini esincane, futhi kuphela ngemuva kweminyaka ecishe ibe yizigidi eziyi-150-170, ngesikhathi seTriassic, kwavela umcebo wamathambo - yilokho okwakungu-whitefish okungekwabo. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuvela kwazo zombili lezi zinhlobo uqobo kanye nokuhleleka kwama-salmonid, okuyingxenye yazo, kwakusekude kakhulu. Kuphela ekuqaleni kwenkathi ye-Cretaceous kwavela ukuhleleka okuhlukile - okufana ne-herring. Babengokhokho bama-salmonid, futhi bavela maphakathi neMel.
Kepha maqondana nalezi zamuva, ososayensi banezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene: izinsalela ezitholakele zezinsalela zangaleso sikhathi azikatholakali, ngakho-ke ukwenzeka kwazo ngaleso sikhathi kuseseyinkolelo-mbono. Okutholakale kokuqala kuvela ku-Eocene, baneminyaka engaba yizigidi ezingama-55 ubudala - kwakuyinhlanzi encane ehlala emanzini ahlanzekile.
Ividiyo: Sig
Ekuqaleni, kwakukhona ama-salmonid ambalwa ngokusobala, ngoba ayikho eminye imivubukulo isikhathi eside kakhulu, futhi kuvela ezingxenyeni zasendulo zeminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-20-25, futhi ngokushesha inani elikhulu impela. Ukwehlukahluka kwezinhlobo kuyanda njengoba sisondela ezikhathini zanamuhla - futhi kulezi zingqimba sekuvele i-whitefish yokuqala.
Igama lohlobo - uCoregonus, livela emagameni asendulo esiGriki athi "angle" nelithi "umfundi" futhi lihlotshaniswa neqiniso lokuthi umfundi kwezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezimhlophe ubonakala emile ngaphambili. Incazelo yesayensi yenziwa nguKarl Linnaeus ngo-1758. Sekukonke, uhlobo luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingama-68 - kepha, ngokwezigaba ezahlukahlukene, kungahle kube nenani elihlukile lazo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-whitefish
I-Whitefish ihlukaniswa ngezinga eliphakeme lokuhlukahluka: izinhlobo zingahluka kakhulu komunye nomunye, kwesinye isikhathi izinhlobo ezinhlanu ze-whitefish zibanjwa emzimbeni owodwa wamanzi ngokungafani komunye nomunye ukuthi zingabhekwa njengabamele uhlobo oluhluke ngokuphelele. Ngokuvamile, umuntu angakhomba kuphela impumulo eqhutshiwe, kanye nezinye izici zesakhiwo somlomo: ubukhulu obuncane bomlomo womlomo, ukungabikho kwamazinyo ethanjeni le-maxillary nokufinyezwa kwawo. Konke okunye kuyashintsha, kwesinye isikhathi kuyaphawuleka. Isibonelo, ezinye izinhlanzi ezimhlophe zinama-gill raker ayi-15, kanti ezinye zinama-60. Zona zombili zibushelelezi futhi zinezigaxa, kanti nomzimba wezinhlanzi mfushane noma uhlanganisiwe ngokusobala.
Usayizi we-whitefish nawo ungahluka kakhulu, kusuka kwezincane kakhulu kuye kwezinkulu izinhlanzi - kufika ku-90 cm ubude no-6 kg ngesisindo. Kukhona i-lacustrine, umfula kanye ne-anadromous whitefish, izilwane ezidla ezinye futhi ezondla nge-plankton kuphela: ngamafuphi, ukwehluka kuyisici sabo esiyinhloko. Noma kunjalo, ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo, lezi zimpawu ezilandelayo ziyisici: umzimba u-oblong, ucindezelwe ezinhlangothini, izikali ziminyene, ziyisilivere, futhi nomphetho omnyama we-dorsal. Umhlane uqobo nawo ubumnyama, ungaba nombala oluhlaza okotshani noma onsomi. Isisu sikhanya ukudlula umzimba, mpunga okhanyayo usakhilimu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Indlela elula yokudoba inhlanzi emhlophe isentwasahlobo, lapho inhlanzi elambile igijimela kuyo yonke into. Kunzima ngokwengeziwe, kepha hhayi kakhulu, ukuyibamba ekwindla, kepha umvuzo mkhulu - ehlobo ikhula ikhuluphale, iba nkulu futhi ibe mnandi. Ehlobo, i-whitefish iluma kakhulu, lapha udinga ukukhetha ngokucophelela isiheho, sebenzisa isiheho.
Ihlala kuphi i-whitefish?
Isithombe: Whitefish eRussia
Ububanzi bayo buhlanganisa cishe yonke iYurophu, kufaka phakathi ingxenye yaseYurophu yaseRussia. Uhlala nasenyakatho ye-Asia naseNyakatho Melika.
EYurophu, kuvame kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho neziphakathi, kufaka phakathi:
- EScandinavia;
- I-Great Britain;
- EJalimane;
- ISwitzerland;
- AbaseBaltic;
- IBelarus.
ERussia, ihlala emigodini yemifula emikhulu egelezela olwandle lwase-Arctic Ocean, kanye nasemachibini amaningi: kusuka eMfuleni iVolkhov entshonalanga kuze kufike eChukotka uqobo. Kubuye kwenzeke eningizimu, kepha akuvamile. Isibonelo, ihlala eBaikal nakwamanye amachibi aseTransbaikalia. Yize iningi lobubanzi be-whitefish e-Asia buwela endaweni yaseRussia, lezi zinhlanzi zihlala ngaphandle kwemingcele yayo, ngokwesibonelo, emachibini ase-Armenia - ngokwesibonelo, i-whitefish iyadotshwa enkulu kunazo zonke, iSevan. ENyakatho Melika, le nhlanzi ihlala emanzini aseCanada, e-Alaska, nase-US eduze komngcele osenyakatho. Phambilini amaGreat Lakes ayehlalwa kakhulu yizinhlanzi ezimhlophe, kanye namachibi asezintabeni eYurophu - kepha lapha nalaphaya iningi lezinhlobo ebezihlalwa phambilini seziphelile, ezinye seziyivelakancane kakhulu.
I-Whitefish ihlala ikakhulu emifuleni nasemachibini asenyakatho ngoba ihlanganisa zonke izimfanelo eziyithandayo: amanzi akuyo ngasikhathi sinye apholile, ahlanzekile futhi acebile nge-oxygen. I-Whitefish ifuna konke lokhu okungenhla, futhi uma amanzi engcola, asuka ngokushesha echibini noma afe. Le nhlanzi isha, kepha kukhona nezinhlobo ezichitha isikhathi sazo emanzini anosawoti, njenge-omul ne-venace yaseSiberia: zingakhuphukela emilonyeni yemifula zichithe isikhathi emabhishi, noma zibhukude ziye olwandle oluvulekile - kepha kusamele zibuyele emanzini amasha ...
I-whitefish esencane ibhukuda eduze kwamanzi futhi imvamisa isondele ngasogwini, kepha abantu abadala bavame ukuhlala bajule, imvamisa ekujuleni okungama-5-7 m, futhi kwesinye isikhathi bayakwazi nokuntywila emigodini engezansi komfula futhi babhukude basondele phezulu kuphela ukuze bondliwe. Bathanda ukuhlala eduze kwemifantu eneziphethu ezipholile.
Manje uyazi lapho i-whitefish itholakala khona. Ake sibheke ukuthi yini edliwa yinhlanzi.
Idlani i-whitefish?
Isithombe: Pisces whitefish
I-Whitefish ingaba okuphakelayo komhlaba noma okuphansi - kanti ezinye zihlanganisa zombili. Lokho wukuthi, bangazingela izinhlanzi ezincane, noma badle iplankton.
Imvamisa, izinhlanzi ezimhlophe zidla:
- i-roach;
- mfiliba;
- izimbotshana;
- phunga;
- ama-crustaceans;
- izimbaza;
- izinambuzane;
- izibungu;
- caviar.
Imvamisa bafuduka beyofuna izindawo zokudla eziningi emifuleni, bangaya ezindaweni ezisezansi ukuthola ukudla, kuthi ekupheleni kwesizini babuyele ezindaweni eziphezulu zemifula, befuna izindawo lapho kuthosa khona ifry. Zijwayele ukudla i-caviar, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo zazo, futhi zidla nefry lohlobo lwazo. Izinhlanzi ezinkulu ezimhlophe ezidla ezinye zithanda ukuhlasela kungalindelekile, ngaphambi kokuthi zibuke inyamazane yazo lapho ziqamekele. Izinhlanzi ziyaqaphela, futhi ngeke zigijimele ekubambeni ngokushesha - ekuqaleni izobona ukuziphatha kwayo. Imvamisa zihlasela ngokushesha ngomhlambi, ngakho-ke izisulu zinamathuba amancane okubaleka. Imvamisa, i-whitefish enkulu imane icashe emgodini ngezansi bese ilinda ngesineke kuze kube yilapho ezinye izinhlanzi zibhukuda ziye kubo, kuthi ngemuva kwalokho zenze okuncane ukuyiphonsa ziyibambe. Kokubili inhlanzi encane nenkulu kunokuba yisisulu, bangadla ngisho nama-congener. I-whitefish encane idla kakhulu emfuleni i-plankton, equkethe ama-crustaceans amancane ahlukahlukene, ama-molluscs, izibungu nezinye izilwane ezincane. I-whitefish ehlala phansi idla ama-benthos - izinto eziphilayo ezansi nomfula njengezikelemu nama-molluscs.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Enyakatho, kudla kakhulu isidlo esimhlophe njenge-sugudai. Kulula kakhulu ukulungiselela: izinhlanzi ezintsha kufanele zihlanjululwe ngezinongo futhi ngekota lehora uzokwazi ukuzidla esiqandisini.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi ezimhlophe ngaphansi kwamanzi
Nge-whitefish, ukufihla kuyisici: bahlala bekhombisa ukuqaphela futhi bezama ukuqhelelana nezinye izinhlanzi ezifanayo, futhi nangaphezulu, zidlula ubukhulu bazo. Ngasikhathi sinye, banolaka futhi bathambekele ekususeni izinhlanzi ezincane kunabo emizimbeni yamanzi. Lokhu kuvame ukusetshenziswa ngabadobi: babamba izinhlanzi ezimhlophe ezindaweni lapho izinto ezincane ziqongelela khona entwasahlobo, lapho zingatholwa khona njalo, zibhubhisa ngokungenasihawu gazinga. Zilala emigodini, zivame ukuqoqa eziningi zazo. Ukudoba ubusika kuzo kungenzeka, udinga nje ukuthola umgodi onjalo.
Ngokuvamile, indlela abaziphatha ngayo nendlela yabo yokuphila yehluka kakhulu kuye ngefomu. I-Lacustrine, umfula kanye ne-anadromous whitefish kuyabonakala, futhi isimilo sabamele lawa mafomu sihluke ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlanzi ezihlala emachibini amakhulu, zona zihlukaniswe ugu, ipelagic kanye namanzi ajulile. Ngakho-ke, i-whitefish yasogwini ihlala eduze nogu futhi iseduze nobuso bamanzi - imvamisa ingabameleli bezinhlobo ezincane noma izinhlanzi ezisencane nje; ipelagic - endaweni ephakathi kobuso nangaphansi; amanzi ajulile - ezansi impela, imvamisa emigodini, imvamisa lezi kuyizinhlanzi ezimhlophe ezinkulu kakhulu.
Lokhu kunquma ukusebenza kwezinhlanzi, kanti i-whitefish yasolwandle olujulile incane kakhulu ifana ne-whitefish yasogwini emikhubeni yabo; kufanele kubhekwe ngokwehlukana. Isikhathi se-whitefish singaba yiminyaka eyi-15-20, kepha ngokwesilinganiso siphansi, futhi imvamisa izinhlanzi ezineminyaka engu-5-10 ubudala ziyabanjwa. Izinhlanzi ezimhlophe ezinesiqu esincane zikhulu ngokwesilinganiso kunama-barnacle amaningi futhi ziphila isikhathi eside.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani inhlanzi emhlophe
Abesilisa be-Whitefish bavuthwa ngokocansi ngonyaka wesihlanu wokuphila, bese kuthi abesifazane kube unyaka noma emibili kamuva. Isikhathi sokuzala siqala ekwindla, engxenyeni yesibili kaSepthemba, futhi singahlala kuze kube sekupheleni kwekwindla noma ekuqaleni kobusika. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-whitefish ihamba ngemihlambi emikhulu kusuka emachibini kuya emifuleni, noma ezindaweni eziphezulu noma imifula yemifula emikhulu.
Zizalela ezindaweni ezifanayo lapho zazalelwa khona uqobo. Imvamisa kungamanzi angajulile, izinga lokushisa lamanzi elihamba phambili ngama-2-5 degrees. Insikazi izalela amaqanda ayizinkulungwane eziyi-15-35, imvamisa kulokhu ikhetha amanzi angemuva athule acebile ngohlaza. Ngemuva kokuzala ama-whitefish, akufi abesilisa noma abesifazane - bangazala minyaka yonke.
Kepha abazali ababambiqhaza ekuvikeleni amaqanda futhi - ngemuva kokuqedwa kokuzala, bamane babhukude bahambe. Izibungu ezichanyuswayo zincane kakhulu - zingaphansi kwesentimitha ubude. Isigaba sezibungu sithatha inyanga nengxenye. Ekuqaleni, izibungu zihlala eduze nendawo yokuzalwa emhlambini bese zondla ngeplankton, uma kuyichibi noma amanzi angasemuva athule. Uma zivela emfuleni, khona-ke umsinga uyawabeka, uze ushaye indawo ethule.
Lapho zikhula ziye ku-3-4 cm, ziba gazinga, ziqale ukudla izibungu zezinambuzane nama-crustaceans amancane. Ngonyaka izinhlanzi ezimhlophe sezivele ziqala ukuhamba ngokukhululeka emfuleni, ziqala ukuzingela inyamazane enkulu - kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke zinezimpawu eziyinhloko zomuntu omdala, yize zifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili ngemuva kwesikhathi.
Izitha zemvelo zenhlanzi emhlophe
Isithombe: Sig
Inani lezitha zenhlanzi emhlophe esekhulile lingahluka ngokuya ngosayizi wayo kanye nedamu elihlala kulo. Kwesinye isikhathi le nhlanzi ixosha zonke ezinye izilwane ezinkulu, bese iphila ngokukhululeka kakhulu. Kwezinye izimo, aziziningi kangako, futhi nazo ngokwazo azizikhulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke zizingelwa izinhlanzi ezinkulu ezidlayo, njengama-pikes, i-catfish, ama-burbots.
Noma kunjalo, zimbalwa izinsongo ezivela emanzini ezinhlanzi ezimhlophe ezindala. Abantu bayingozi kakhulu kubo, ngoba lezi zinhlanzi zingukudoba okusebenzayo, kwesinye isikhathi isicupho sikhethelwa bona, ikakhulukazi kaningi - ebusika, lapho i-whitefish iphakathi kwezinhlanzi ezilumayo kakhulu. Kunezingozi eziningi kakhulu echibini lefry futhi ikakhulukazi kumaqanda. Amabhungane abhukuthayo ayakuthanda ukuwadla, ngisho nezibungu zawo zondla nge-caviar. Lesi sinambuzane siba yisithiyo esikhulu esivimbela i-whitefish ekuzalelaneni echibini futhi isuse ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi kuyo. Futhi abaphikisana nefry ngama-striders wamanzi, ofezela amanzi, izimbungulu. Lezi zamuva azikwazi ukubulala hhayi kuphela ukuzalwa okuncane, kodwa futhi nezinhlanzi ezimhlophe ezikhule kancane - ukulunywa kwazo kunobuthi bezinhlanzi. Izibungu ze-Dragonfly nazo zondla kuphela ku-fry echanyuselwe.
Ama-Amphibians, njengamaxoxo, ama-newt, nawo ayingozi - adla zombili izinhlanzi nezinyoni ezincane, kanti nonoshobishobi bawo bayawathanda amaqanda. Kukhona nezinyoni eziyingozi: amadada azingela ama-gazinga, kanti ama-loon nama-gulls angahlasela ngisho nabantu abadala uma beyizinhlobo ezincane. Okunye ukuhlaselwa yi-helminths. I-Whitefish ihlushwa i-helminthiasis kaningi kunezinye izinhlanzi eziningi, imvamisa izimuncagazi zihlala emathunjini nasemigodini yazo. Ukuze ingatheleleki, inyama kufanele icutshungulwe ngokucophelela okukhulu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Whitefish yomfula
Uhlobo luhlanganisa inani elikhulu lezinhlobo, futhi isimo sazo singahluka kakhulu: ezinye azisongelwa futhi azikho imikhawulo ekubambeni kwazo, ezinye zisengcupheni yokuqothulwa. Ezingxenyeni zamanzi zaseRussia, lapho i-whitefish iningi kakhulu, kuye kwavela inkambiso ejwayelekile: izinombolo zayo zehla cishe yonke indawo. Kweminye imifula namachibi, lapho phambilini bekukhona khona inhlanzi eningi, manje inani labantu alinakuqhathaniswa nalokho okwedlule likhona. Ukudoba okusebenzayo kuthinte i-whitefish, futhi nangaphezulu - ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, ngoba ubumsulwa bamanzi kubaluleke kakhulu kubo.
Kepha ngenxa yezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo, lesi simo kufanele sihlaziywe ngokwehlukana ngakunye kwazo. Isibonelo, i-vendace yaseYurophu isabalele, futhi kuze kube manje akukho okusongela abantu bayo emifuleni yaseYurophu. Kungokufanayo nange-omul, ehlala ikakhulukazi emifuleni yaseSiberia naseNyakatho Melika. Baqhubeka nokudoba ngenkuthalo i-pyzhyana emifuleni esenyakatho yeRussia - kuze kube manje azikho izinkinga ezivele ngenombolo yayo; empumalanga - eSiberia, eChukotka, eKamchatka, kanye naseCanada, bayaqhubeka nokudoba ngenkuthalo izinhlanzi ezimhlophe, futhi akukho okusongela lokho.
Kepha i-Atlantic whitefish yizinhlobo ezisengozini, ngoba inani labantu lehle kakhulu ngenxa yokudoba okusebenzayo, ngakho-ke kuye kwafakwa imikhawulo. I-whitefish ejwayelekile, eyamukelwa njengommeleli ojwayelekile wohlobo, nayo ingeyabantu abasengozini. Kukhona nezinhlanzi ezimhlophe ezingajwayelekile, ezinye izinhlobo zaze zaphelela eRed Book.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-Whitefish iyinhlanzi ebolayo, enamafutha, ngakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iyintsha: i-whitefish emile noma egcinwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi ingafakwa ubuthi.
Ukuvikelwa kwe-Whitefish
Isithombe: I-Whitefish evela eBhuku eliBomvu
Lapha isimo siyefana nesibalo sabantu: ezinye izinhlobo zivunyelwe ukubanjwa ngokukhululeka, ezinye zivikelwe ngumthetho. Lokhu kuphinde kubekwe engxenyeni yemingcele yombuso: ngisho nezinhlobo ezifanayo zingavunyelwa ukuthi zibanjwe ezweni elilodwa, futhi zivinjelwe kwelinye, yize zihlala emfuleni owodwa.
Kunezinhlobo eziningana ezivikelwe eRussia. Ngakho-ke, inani labantu baseVolkhov whitefish lacekelwa phansi kakhulu ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwezikhungo zamandla kagesi emfuleni emfuleni emuva ngonyaka we-1926 - ukufinyelela ezindaweni zokuzalela kwavinjelwa izinhlanzi, futhi kusukela lapho inani labantu kumele ligcinwe ngosizo lokuzalisa okufakelwayo. I-Bounty whitefish ehlala eTransbaikalia nayo iyavikelwa: ngaphambili, bekukhona indawo yokudoba esebenzayo, futhi amakhulu amathani ale nhlanzi abanjwa, kepha ukuxhashazwa okunjalo kubukela phansi inani labantu bayo. Inhlanzi emhlophe ejwayelekile nayo ivikelwe kwezinye izifunda zaseRussia.
Emizimbeni yamanzi e-Koryak Autonomous Okrug, izinhlobo ezinhlanu zihlala ngasikhathi sinye, ezingatholakali kwenye indawo, futhi zonke futhi zivikelwe ngumthetho: zazibanjwa ngenkuthalo phambilini, ngenxa yalokho inani lazo zonke lezi zinhlobo lehle kakhulu. Ukube phambilini bezivikelwe kuphela endaweni yesigcini, manje ukulawula kuyaphinde kuqiniswe ngaphezu kwezizathu zokuzala kwalezi zinhlanzi ngaphandle kwaso.
Ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezimhlophe nazo zivikelekile kwamanye amazwe: kunezinhlobo eziningi kakhulu futhi zisho ukuthi ziphi insimu ezihlala kuyo ukubhala konke. Izindlela zokugcina inani labantu lingahluka: ukuvinjelwa noma ukuvinjelwa kokubamba, ukwakhiwa kwezindawo ezivikelwe, ukulawula ukukhishwa okuyingozi, ukufuywa kwezinhlanzi okungezona.
Inhlanzi emhlophe - inhlanzi iyinambitheka kakhulu, ngenkathi ihlala ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho, lapho kungekho khona ezinye izilwane eziningi, ngakho-ke ibaluleke kakhulu. Ngenxa yokudoba okusebenzayo, ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezimhlophe seziyivelakancane kakhulu, ngakho-ke, kudingeka izindlela zokuvikela nokubuyisa inani labantu. Ukwehla kwawo okuqhubekayo akunakuvunyelwa, ngaphandle kwalokho amadamu asenyakatho azolahlekelwa izakhamuzi ezibalulekile.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 28.07.2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/30/2019 ngo-21: 10
