Ingwadla - isilwane esinezinselo ezilinganayo ezingasekho esake sahlala eNingizimu Afrika. Ingxenye engaphambili yomzimba wengwadla yayinemivimbo emhlophe, efana nedube, nangemuva - umbala wehhashi. Lolu wuhlobo lokuqala nolucishe lube ukuphela (kokungasekho) olwaluthanjiswa ngabantu futhi lwalusetshenziselwa ukuvikela imihlambi, ngoba i-quaggas kwakuyizilwane zokuqala ezifuywayo ukuzwa ukufika kwezilwane futhi zazisa abanikazi ngesikhalo esikhulu esithi "kuah", esasisebenza njengegama lesilwane ... I-quagga yokugcina endle yabulawa ngo-1878.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Quagga
I-quagga kwakuyisilwane sokuqala esingasekho esahlaziywa i-DNA. Abaphenyi baqinisekisile ukuthi i-quagga ihlobene kakhulu namadube kunamahhashi. Kakade sekudlule iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-3-4 lapho babenokhokho abafanayo nedube lentaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lomzimba lukhombisa ukuthi iQuagga yayiseduze kwamadube ahlala emathafeni.
Ividiyo: Ingwadla
Ocwaningweni lwango-1987, ososayensi baphakamisa ukuthi i-mtagna yeQuaggi yashintsha cishe ngo-2% njalo eminyakeni eyizigidi, ngokufana nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo, futhi yaqinisekisa ukuhlangana kwayo okusondelene ne-zebra ethafeni. Ukuhlaziywa kwezilinganiso ze-cranial ezenziwa ngonyaka we-1999 kukhombisile ukuthi i-quagga yehlukile kunedube elisobala njengoba nje iqhamuka nedube lentaba.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ucwaningo lwango-2004 lwezikhumba nezingebhezi lwakhombisa ukuthi ingwadla akuyona inhlobo ehlukile, kepha ingumdlwane we-zebra elicacile. Naphezu kwalokhu okutholakele, amadube asemathafeni ne-quaggas aqhubeka ebhekwa njengezinhlobo ezihlukene. Yize namuhla kubhekwa njengama-subspecies we-burchella zebra (E. quagga).
Izifundo zofuzo ezashicilelwa ngo-2005 zaphinde zakhombisa isimo se-subspecies se-quagga. Kutholakale ukuthi i-quaggas inokuhlukahluka okuncane kofuzo nokuthi umehluko kulezi zilwane awuzange uvele kuze kube phakathi kuka-125,000 no-290,000, ngesikhathi sePleistocene. Isakhiwo esihle sejazi sishintshile ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kwendawo nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezomile.
Futhi, amadube asemathafeni ajwayele ukuba nemishwe emincane eningizimu lapho ahlala khona, kanti ingulube yayiyiyona eseningizimu kunabo bonke. Amanye ama-ungulates amakhulu ase-Afrika nawo ahlukane aba yizinhlobo ezihlukene noma izinhlobo ezingaphansi ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Abantu banamuhla bama-zebra emathafeni kungenzeka ukuthi bavela eningizimu ye-Afrika, kanti i-quagga ifana kakhulu nabantu abangomakhelwane kunabantu basenyakatho abahlala enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Uganda. Amadube avela eNamibia abonakala eseduzane kakhulu kufuzo olutholakala ku-quagga.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-quagga
Kukholakala ukuthi i-quagga yayingama-257 cm ubude no-125-135 cm ukuphakama ehlombe. Iphethini yakhe yoboya yayihlukile phakathi kwamadube: kwakubukeka njengedube ngaphambili nehhashi ngemuva. Wayenemivimbo ensundu nokumhlophe entanyeni nasekhanda, ngaphezulu enombala onsundu, nesisu esilula, imilenze nomsila. Imivimbo yayibonakala kakhulu ekhanda nasentanyeni, kodwa kancane kancane yaba buthakathaka yaze yema ngokuphelele, yahlangana nombala obomvu onsundu emuva nasemaceleni.
Lesi silwane kubukeka sengathi besinezitho ezithile zomzimba ezicishe zingenayo imivimbo, nezinye izingxenye ezinephethini, okukhumbuza idube laseBurchell elase lingasekho, imivimbo yalo yayitholakala engxenyeni enkulu yomzimba, ngaphandle komhlane, imilenze nesisu. Idube lalinomugqa ovulekile omnyama obanzi, omnyama ngemuva, owawunomhlana onemigqa emhlophe nansundu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kunezithombe ezinhlanu ze-quagga ezathathwa phakathi kuka-1863 no-1870. Ngokususelwa ezithombeni nasezincazelweni ezibhaliwe, kucatshangwa ukuthi imivimbo yayingakhanyi uma iqhathaniswa nobumnyama, obehlukile kwamanye amadube. Kodwa-ke, uReinhold Rau uthe kuyinkohliso ebonakalayo, umbala oyinhloko umhlophe osakhilimu futhi imivimbo iminyene futhi imnyama. Ukutholwa kombungu kuqinisekisa ukuthi amadube ayemnyama nomhlophe njengombala ohambisanayo.
Njengoba ihlala emaphethelweni aseningizimu kakhulu ohla lwethafa ledube, ingulube yayinejazi elicijile lasebusika elikhipha unyaka nonyaka. Ukhakhayi lwayo luchazwe njengolunephrofayili eqondile ene-concave diastema ene-nape ewumngcingo. Ucwaningo lwe-Morphological ngo-2004 lwabonisa ukuthi izici zamathambo edube laseBurchell eliseningizimu kanye ne-quagga ziyefana futhi azikwazi ukuhlukaniswa. Namuhla, ezinye i-quagga ezigxotshiwe ne-zebra yaseBurchell ziyefana kakhulu kangangokuthi akunakwenzeka ukukhomba ngokukhethekile ama-specimens njengoba kungekho datha yendawo erekhodiwe. Amasampula abesifazane asetshenziswe ocwaningweni, ngokwesilinganiso, ayemakhulu kunabesilisa.
Ihlala kuphi ingwadla?
Isithombe: Ingwadla yezilwane
Le quagga, edabuka eningizimu ye-Afrika, yatholakala emihlambini emikhulu ezifundeni zaseKaroo naseningizimu ye-Orange Free. Wayeyithafa ledube eliseningizimu ekude kakhulu, ehlala eningizimu yoMfula i-Orange. Kuyisidleke, esinendawo yokuhlala enqunyelwe yizimfunda namahlathi omile amaphakathi nezwe, namuhla akha izingxenye zezifundazwe zaseNyakatho, eNtshonalanga, neMpumalanga Kapa. Lezi zindawo zihlukaniswe ngezitshalo nezilwane zazo ezingavamile kanye nezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lezitshalo nezilwane eziqhathaniswa nezinye izingxenye ze-Afrika.
Kungenzeka ukuthi i-quaggas yayihlala kulawo mazwe:
- ENamibia;
- ECongo;
- ININGIZIMU AFRIKA;
- ELesotho.
Lezi zilwane zazivame ukutholakala emadlelweni omile nasendaweni epholile, futhi kwesinye isikhathi emadlelweni aswakeme kakhulu. Ububanzi be-quagga abuzange bubonakale bunweba enyakatho yoMfula weVaal. Ekuqaleni, lesi silwane sasivame ngokwedlulele kuyo yonke i-Afrika eseningizimu, kepha sanyamalala kancane kancane kuze kube semikhawulweni yempucuko. Ekugcineni, ibingatholakala ngamanani alinganiselwe kakhulu futhi kuphela ezindaweni ezikude, kulawo mathafa ashubile lapho izilwane zasendle zibusa ngokuphelele khona.
I-Quaggas yahamba ngemihlambi, futhi yize ingazange ihlangane nozakwabo abanomusa ngokwengeziwe, babetholakala endaweni yasendle nomsila omhlophe. Amaqembu ambalwa ayevame ukubonakala ethuthela emathafeni amnyama, ayincithakalo akha indawo yawo eyimfihlo, efuna amadlelo aluhlaza lapho ayegcwele khona utshani obuhlukahlukene phakathi nezinyanga zasehlobo.
Manje uyazi ukuthi isilwane se-quagga sasihlala kuphi. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Idlaleni ingulube?
Isithombe: Ingwadla yeZebra
I-quagga yaphumelela kakhulu ekukhetheni amadlelo kunezihlobo zayo eziningi. Yize wayevame ukuncintisana nezinkonkoni eziningi kakhulu ezazihlala ezindaweni ezifanayo. I-Quaggas kwakuyizitshalo zokuqala ezidla utshani obude noma amadlelo amanzi. Babedla cishe amakhambi ngokuphelele, kepha kwesinye isikhathi babedla izihlahla, amahlumela, amaqabunga nokukhonkotha. Isistimu yabo yokugaya ukudla yavumela ukudla kwezitshalo ezinekhwalithi ephansi yokudla okunempilo kunamanye ama-herbivores adingekayo.
Izimbali eziseningizimu ye-Afrika zicebe kakhulu emhlabeni. I-10% yazo zonke izinhlobo zomhlaba zikhula lapho, okuyizinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-20 000. Ezindaweni ezinkulu amakhambi amangalisayo, amahlathi, izimbali (80%) anephunga elimnandi, elingatholakali kwenye indawo. Izimbali ezicebe kakhulu eNtshonalanga Kapa, lapho kukhula khona izitshalo eziqhakazayo ezingaphezu kwezi-6,000.
Ngokusobala, i-quaggas yondliwe ezitshalweni ezinjenge:
- umnduze;
- amaryllidaceae;
- iris;
- i-pelargonium;
- ama-poppies;
- Cape boxwood;
- ficuses;
- iziphuzo;
- heather, enezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-450, njll.
Phambilini, imihlambi eminingi ye-quaggas inyakazise ubukhulu bezindawo ezingama-savanna aseNingizimu Afrika ngesitembu sezinselo. Ama-Artiodactyls ahola impilo yokuzulazula, ehamba njalo efuna ukudla. Lezi zilwane ezidla imfuyo zivame ukufuduka zenze imihlambi emikhulu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ingquza yesilwane esingapheli
I-Quaggas kwakuyizidalwa ezinobungane kakhulu, zakha imihlambi emikhulu. Umnyombo weqembu ngalinye wawunamalungu omndeni ahlala nomhlambi wawo wemvelo ezimpilweni zabo zonke. Ukuqoqa amalungu omphakathi ahlakazekile, owesilisa ovelele weqembu wenza umsindo okhethekile amanye amalungu eqembu aphendula kuwo. Abantu abagulayo noma abakhubazekile bebenakekelwa yiwo wonke amalungu eqembu, abehlisa ijubane ukuze afane nesihlobo esinejubane kakhulu.
Ngayinye yale mihlambi yayilawula indawo encane kakhulu engama-30 km². Lapho zifuduka, zazingahamba ibanga elide ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-600. I-Quaggas yayijwayele ukushona, ichitha ubusuku bayo emadlelweni amancane lapho ingabona khona izidumbu. Ebusuku, amalungu eqembu avuka ngamunye ngamunye eyodla isikhathi esingangehora, ngaphandle kokuhamba kude neqembu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babehlala benelungu elilodwa lomhlambi okungenani elilodwa lokuqapha izinsongo ezingaba khona ngenkathi iqembu lilele.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-Quaggas, njengamanye amadube, ibinomkhuba wansuku zonke wokuhlanzeka lapho abantu bema bendawonye, belumana bodwa ezindaweni okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo njengentamo, umhlwenga kanye nokubuyela emuva ukuze kukhishwe amagciwane.
Imihlambi yayihamba njalo kusuka ezindaweni zokulala kuya emadlelweni nasemuva, imisa ukuphuza amanzi emini. Kodwa-ke, kuncane imininingwane esasele ngokuziphatha kwengulube endle, futhi kwesinye isikhathi akucaci ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwedube okukhulunywa ngalo emibikweni yakudala. Kuyaziwa ukuthi i-quaggas ibuthene ngemihlambi yezingcezu ezingama-30-50. Abukho ubufakazi bokuthi bawela nezinye izinhlobo zamadube, kepha kungenzeka ukuthi babelana ingxenye encane yobubanzi babo nodube lwezintaba lukaHartmann.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Quagga Cub
Lezi zilwane ezincelisayo zazinohlelo lokukhwelana ngesithembu olusekelwe kubantu besifazane, lapho owesilisa oyedwa omdala elawula iqembu labesifazane. Ukuze ibe yiduna elikhulu, owesilisa kwakudingeka ashintshane ngokuheha abesifazane abavela kweminye imihlambi. AmaStallion ayengabuthana azungeze umhlambi okwakukhona kuwo ihhashi elishisayo, futhi amlwela nomhlambi wesilisa kanye nomunye. Lokhu kwenzeka izinsuku ezi-5 njalo ngenyanga unyaka wonke, yaze yagcina ikhulelwe imbuzi. Yize amathole engazalwa nganoma iyiphi inyanga, kwakukhona ukuphakama okuthile konyaka wokuzalwa / ukukhwelana ekuqaleni kukaDisemba-Januwari, okwakuhambisana nenkathi yemvula.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Sekuyisikhathi eside i-quagga ibhekwa njengomuntu ofanelekayo ukuba afuyelwe ekhaya, njengoba yayibhekwa njengelalela kakhulu amadube. Amahhashi omsebenzi angenisiwe awenzanga kahle ezimweni sezulu esibi kakhulu futhi abekhonjwa njalonjalo yisifo esibi sehhashi lase-Afrika.
Abesifazane beQuaggi, ababenempilo enhle, bakhuliswa ngezikhathi zeminyaka emi-2, baba nengane yabo yokuqala eneminyaka engu-3 kuye kwengu-3.5. Abesilisa abakwazi ukuzala baze babe neminyaka emihlanu noma eyisithupha ubudala. Omama beQuaggi banakekela inkonyane kuze kube unyaka. Njengamahhashi, ama-quaggas amancane ayekwazi ukuma, ukuhamba, nokumunca ubisi ngemuva nje kokuzalwa. Amawundlu ayekhanya ngokukhanyayo ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kunabazali bawo. Amathole ayegadwe ngomama bawo, kanye nenkunzi yamahhashi ekhanda nezinye izinsikazi eqenjini labo.
Izitha zemvelo zengwadla
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-quagga
Ekuqaleni, izazi zezilwane zasikisela ukuthi umsebenzi wokushintshanisa imivimbo emhlophe nokumnyama emadube kwakuyindlela yokuzivikela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. Kepha sekukonke, akucaci ukuthi kungani insaka yayingenayo imivimbo emhlane. Kuphinde kwafundwa ukuthi amadube athuthukisa amaphethini ashintshanayo njenge-thermoregulation yokupholisa, nokuthi ingulube yalahleka ngenxa yokuhlala ezindaweni ezipholile. Inkinga nokho ukuthi idube lentaba nalo lihlala ezindaweni ezifanayo futhi linephethini enemigqa emboza wonke umzimba wayo.
Ukwehluka kwemigqa kungasiza nokuqashelwa kwezinhlobo ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa komhlambi ukuze amalungu ezinhlobo ezifanayo noma izinhlobo zezilwane zikwazi ukubona futhi zilandele izihlobo zazo. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwango-2014 lwasekela umbono wokuzivikela ekulunywa yizimpukane, kanti kungenzeka ukuthi insangu yayihlala ezindaweni ezinomsebenzi omncane wezimpukane kunamanye amadube. I-Quaggas yayinezilwane ezimbalwa endaweni yazo.
Izilwane eziyinhloko ebezibeka ingozi kuzo yilezi:
- izingonyama;
- amahlosi;
- izingwenya;
- izimvubu.
Abantu baba izinambuzane eziyinhloko ze-quaggas, ngoba kwakulula ukuthola nokubulala lesi silwane. Babhujiswa ukuhlinzeka inyama nezikhumba. Izikhumba zazithengiswa noma zisetshenziswe endaweni. I-quagga kungenzeka ukuthi yacishe yaphela ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa kwayo okulinganiselwe, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, yayingancintisana nemfuyo ngokudla. Ingwadla yanyamalala ebangeni layo elikhulu ngo-1850. Abantu bokugcina endle, i-Orange, baqothulwa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1870.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Quagga
Ingulube yokugcina yafa e-Amsterdam Zoo eHolland ngo-Agasti 12, 1883. Umuntu wasendle wabhujiswa eNingizimu Afrika ngabazingeli eminyakeni embalwa edlule, esikhathini esithile ngo-1878. Encwadini Ebomvu YaseNingizimu Afrika, i-quagga kukhulunywa ngayo njengesilwane esingasekho. Kunezilwane ezingama-23 ezidumile emhlabeni wonke, kufaka phakathi amathole amabili nombungu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhanda nentamo, unyawo, amathambo ayisikhombisa aphelele namasampula wezicubu ezahlukahlukene kusale. Umfuziselo wama-24 wabhujiswa eKönigsberg, eJalimane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, futhi kwalahleka amathambo namathambo ahlukahlukene. Omunye wama-scarecrows usemnyuziyamu waseKazan University.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngemuva kokutholakala kobudlelwano obusondelene phakathi kwequaggas namadube ahlala emathafeni, uR. Rau waqala iphrojekthi yeQuagga ngonyaka we-1987 ukudala inani lamadube afana ne-quag ngokuzalanisa ngokukhetha emgqeni owehlisiwe osuka kubantu bamadube angenalutho, ngenhloso yokuwabeka kokwedlule ububanzi be-quagga.
Umhlambi wokuhlola wawunabantu abangu-19 abavela eNamibia naseNingizimu Afrika. Babekhethwe ngoba banciphisa inani lemivimbo ngemuva komzimba nasemilenzeni. Imbuzi yokuqala yephrojekthi yazalwa ngonyaka we-1988. Ngemuva kokwakhiwa komhlambi ofana ne-quagg, ababambiqhaza bephrojekthi bahlela ukubadedela eNtshonalanga Kapa. Ukwethulwa kwala madube afana ne-quagga kungaba yingxenye yohlelo oluphelele lokutakula abantu.
Ingwadla, izinkonkoni nezintshe ezazihlangana ndawonye emadlelweni ezinsukwini zakudala zazingahlala ndawonye emadlelweni lapho izimila zomdabu kumele zisekelwe khona ngokudla. Ekuqaleni kuka-2006, izilwane zesizukulwane sesithathu nesesine esatholakala ngaphakathi kohlaka lwephrojekthi zafana kakhulu nezithombe kanye ne-quagga esindile. Ukuzilolonga kuyimpikiswano, ngoba amasampuli atholakele empeleni angama-zebra futhi afana nama-quaggs ngokubukeka kuphela, kepha ahlukile ngokwezakhi zofuzo. Ubuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa i-DNA yokwenza i-cloning abukakhiwa.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 07/27/2019
Idethi yokubuyekeza: 09/30/2019 ngo-21: 04
