Ingulube enkulu (aka architectis) mhlawumbe wakhonza njengomthombo oyinhloko wezinganekwane eziningi mayelana ne-kraken - izilo ezinkulu ezivela ekujuleni kolwandle ezicwilisa imikhumbi. Umakhi wangempela mkhulu kakhulu impela, yize kungenjalo njengakwezinganekwane, kodwa ngenxa yezici ezithile zomzimba, akakwazi ukucwilisa umkhumbi.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Giid squid
Izincazelo zakhe zaziwa kusukela endulo, futhi ezokuqala ezika-Aristotle. Ngokuqondene nencazelo yesayensi yanamuhla, yenziwa nguJ. Stenstrup ngo-1857. Uhlobo lo luthole igama lesiLatin elithi Architeuthis. Ukuvela kwesigaba sama-cephalopods okuyi-squid enkulu kungalandelwa emuva enkathini yeCambrian, eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-520-540 edlule. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho kwavela ummeleli wokuqala walesi sigaba - i-nectocaris. Yayinezimbambo ezimbili, futhi yayincane impela - ingamasentimitha ambalwa nje.
Ividiyo: Giid squid
Kodwa-ke, ukutholakala kwalesi silwane kuma-cephalopods, naphezu kokufana kwangaphandle, akubonwa yibo bonke ososayensi. Kakade abameleli be-subclass yama-nautiloid aqhamuke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bekungokwabo. Yize ingxenye enkulu ingasekho, ezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zisaphila eMhlabeni. Ingqophamlando ebalulekile ekuveleni kwesigaba kwaba ukuvela kwama-cephalopods aphakeme - igobolondo lawo lancipha kancane kancane laguqulwa laba elangaphakathi. Kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kwesikhathi seCarboniferous, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-300 edlule. Ngakho-ke, kwavela izilwane zokuqala, ezakhiwe ngendlela efanayo ne-squid yanamuhla.
Babekhona izigidi eziningi zeminyaka, kepha ukuziphendukela kwabo kancane kancane, futhi ukuqhuma okusha kwenzeka eMesozoic kuphela. Bese kuthi kube nokuhlelwa kabusha kwayo yonke imvelo yasolwandle, ebandakanya nama-cephalopods. Izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanzi ezihlanjululwe ngemisebe nezinye izindawo zolwandle zikhule kakhulu. Ngenxa yalolu shintsho, abantu abangenazicathulo kwakudingeka bazivumelanise, ngaphandle kwalokho babeyobe belahlekelwe umjaho wokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngemuva kwalokho kwavela okhokho babaningi bamanje besimanje se-gill ezimbili, njenge-cuttlefish, i-octopus ne-squid.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isigaxa esikhulu
Igama libonisa isici esiphawuleka kakhulu se-squid esikhulu - sikhula sibe sikhulu kakhulu. Ubude bayo bungamamitha ayi-8, uma ubala ngama-tentacles. Phambilini bekukhona imininingwane mayelana nezinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu, kepha bekungenakwenzeka ukukuqinisekisa ngokuqinisekile. Uma ubala ngaphandle kokubamba ama-tentacles, le cephalopod ifinyelela ku-5 m, futhi inokubukeka okumangazayo nokusabisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isisindo sayo asisihle kangako: 130-180 kg kwabesilisa, 240-290 kg kwabesifazane. Uma ubude buhola phambili phakathi kwama-cephalopods, lapho-ke ngesisindo ingaphansi kwe-squid enkulu.
Inengubo, kanye nama-stalkers amabili nama-tentament ajwayelekile ayisishiyagalombili. Ama-tentacles wokubamba made kakhulu ngokwedlulele, ngawo abamba inyamazane. Amatende anamaswidi, kanti phakathi kwawo ingwane inomlomo ofana nenyoni. Ukuhamba, i-squid idonsela amanzi engutsheni yayo ohlangothini olulodwa bese iyaphushela kolunye - okusho ukuthi, isebenzisa i-jet. Ngakho-ke uyakwazi ukubhukuda ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi unamaphiko engubeni yakhe ukulungisa indlela.
Kepha ukuze athuthukise isivinini esikhulu, udinga ukusebenzisa amandla amaningi, ngakho-ke akakwazi ukwenza lokhu isikhathi eside. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ichitha cishe lutho ekubhukudeni okulula: ine-zero buoyancy ngenxa ye-ammonium chloride ezicutshini zayo. Njengoba ilula kunamanzi, ikwazi ukunamathela ngokukhululeka kuyo, futhi ayidingi ukubhukuda kwesinye. Kepha ngenxa yale nto, inyama yayo ayinambitheki kubantu - noma kunjalo, kwi-squid enkulu uqobo lena ukuhlanganiswa nje.
Futhi, lesi silwane sivelele ubuchopho baso obuyinkimbinkimbi nesistimu yezinzwa. Ukutadisha kwabo ngokujwayelekile eminyakeni yamuva sekube ngenye yezindawo ezibalulekile zokucwaninga kososayensi bezinto eziphilayo. Indlela ubuchopho be-architeutis obuthuthukise ngayo inesithakazelo esikhulu, ngoba inhlangano yayo iphakeme ngezindlela eziningi kunaleyo yomuntu. Ngenxa yalokho, i-squid, ngokwesibonelo, inenkumbulo enhle kakhulu. Amehlo alesi silwane makhulu kakhulu, ayakwazi ukubamba ngisho nomthombo wokukhanya obuthakathaka kakhulu - futhi izakhamizi eziningi zokujula kwe-fluoresce. Ngasikhathi sinye, abahlukanisi imibala, kepha amehlo abo akwazi ukwahlukanisa izithunzi ezimpunga kangcono kakhulu kunabantu - ekujuleni kolwandle kuyasiza kakhulu.
Ihlala kuphi ingwane enkulu?
Isithombe: I-squid enkulu olwandle
Zihlala kuzo zonke izilwandle. Bathanda amanzi okushisa aphakathi nendawo, ngakho-ke bavame ukuhlala ezindaweni ezishisayo noma ezinamazinga aphansi. Emanzini afudumele kakhulu, kanye nasemanzini abandayo kakhulu, angatholwa kaningi kakhulu - kepha futhi abhukuda lapho. Ngakho-ke, bahlangatshezwa olwandle olubandayo olusenyakatho olusogwini lwaseScandinavia ngisho naseSpitsbergen. E-Pacific Ocean, bangahlangana nazo zisuka ogwini lwase-Alaska ziye ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu ye-Oceania.
Ama-squid amakhulu atholakala ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba, kepha imvamisa asogwini:
- EJapan;
- E-New Zealand;
- ININGIZIMU AFRIKA;
- ENewfoundland;
- Iziqhingi zaseBrithani.
Lokhu kungenxa yokudoba okusebenzayo kulezi zindawo, noma imisinga ehambisa izilwane ogwini. Bangakwazi ukubhukuda bobabili ekujuleni okungajulile - amamitha ambalwa nje, nekhilomitha ukusuka ebusweni. Imvamisa, ama-squid amancane abonakala ngokuphila ekujuleni okungajulile - 20-100 m, futhi abantu abadala bavame ukutholakala bajule. Kepha akukho ukwahlukana okusobala: noma ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-400-600, umakhi osemusha angahlangana naye.
Ngokufanayo, abantu abadala kwesinye isikhathi bayantanta baye phezulu. Kepha imvamisa bahlala ekujuleni kwamamitha angamakhulu amaningana, futhi banamandla okudonsela ku-1500-2000 m, bangene embusweni wobumnyama wangempela - lapho futhi bazizwa benethezekile. Ngisho nalokho kukhanya okubuthakathaka, okungafinyeleleki esweni lomuntu, okungena lapho, kubanele.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Le cephalopod inezinhliziyo ezintathu negazi eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Manje uyazi lapho i-squid enkulu itholakala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Idlani ingwane enkulu?
Isithombe: Giant squid architeutis
Okuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo ngokudla kwama-architeutis: kunzima ukukubona ezilwaneni zasendle, ngakho-ke iziphetho zihlala zithathwa kokuqukethwe yizisu zabo kanye nezimpawu ezahlukahlukene ezingaqondile.
Badla:
- inhlanzi yokudoba i-pelagic;
- izinhlanzi zasolwandle ezijulile;
- octopus;
- i-cuttlefish;
- imithambeka;
- enye ingwane.
Uziba izinhlanzi ezincane kakhulu nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo, kepha izinhlanzi ezino-10 cm noma ngaphezulu zingamthakazelisa. Njengoba babanjwa oyedwa ngesikhathi, kucatshangwa ukuthi bahlala futhi bazingele bodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bavame ukubanjwa ngasogwini lwaseNew Zealand - bahlangabezana nama-trawls abamba ama-macruronus. Ngasikhathi sinye, ama-architeutis awayidli le nhlanzi uqobo - kulokhu singaphetha ngokuthi ukudla kwabo kuyafana.
I-squid enkulu ayikwazi ukuzingela ngenkuthalo: cishe ayinayo imisipha yokuhamba ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke, uzama ukuqamekela isisulu bese amhlasela ngokungalindelekile. Ngalokhu, i-cephalopod icasha ebumnyameni ekujuleni okukhulu futhi, lapho enye ingwane noma inhlanzi ibhukuda, yelula izintambo zayo zokubamba - kuphela zinemisipha enamandla.
Ngama-tentacles ayo, ibamba ngokuqinile inyamazane, bese iyiletha emlonyeni wayo obukhali futhi ngosizo lwayo iyayihlephula ibe yizicucu, bese iyayigaya ibe ngolimi olunolaka - lokhu kwenza ukugaya okuqhubekayo kube lula kakhulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Uma i-squid ilahlekelwe ithenda ngenxa yokuhlaselwa yisilwane esidla inyama, izokwazi ukuyikhulisa.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Antarctic Giant Squid
Ngenxa yokuqina kwawo kokungathathi hlangothi, ama-squid amakhulu agcina amandla amaningi - awadingi ukuwasebenzisela ukugcina isikhundla sawo emanzini. Ngasikhathi sinye, ngenxa yobuningi be-ammonium chloride, izicubu zabo ziyabhibha, zona ngokwazo ziyavilapha futhi azihambi kancane.
Lezi yizidalwa ezihlala zodwa, zichitha iningi lesikhathi sazo zodwa - zimane ziyakhukhuleka, zingenzi mzamo kulokhu, noma zilenga emanzini zilinde isisulu esizobhukuda size kuzo. Ngenxa yalokho, isimilo sabo sizolile, futhi sivilapha: azikho neze izindaba zokuhlaselwa kwemikhumbi eziyiqiniso ngempela.
Kwesinye isikhathi ama-squid amakhulu aphonswa ogwini, lapho afela khona. Lokhu kungenxa yokwehla okucijile ekushiseni kwamanzi - umzimba wabo awubekezeleleki neze. Amandla amane awashiye, ngokuvamile alahlekelwa yikhono lokunyakaza futhi abanjwa yisikhathi samanje, esizobaletha osebeni, lapho kamuva abhubha khona.
Ngokuvamile, amanzi abandayo ngokulinganisela ayingozi kubo, bayayithanda, ngakho-ke bangabhukuda olwandle olusenyakatho. Ukwehla kokushisa okubukhali okubathinta konakalisayo. Ngakho-ke, i-squid ivame ukuphonswa ogwini eduze nezindawo lapho imisinga efudumele nebanda khona ihlangana khona. Lapho i-Architeutis ifika ekulahlekelweni ngabaphenyi, kwaba sobala ngokwengeziwe: bahlala isikhathi eside njenge-squid ejwayelekile, bakhula ngokushesha okukhulu, ikakhulukazi abesifazane.
Kakade ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila, zingakhula zisuke kwisibungu esincane kakhulu ziye kumamitha amaningana ubude. Ekupheleni konyaka wesibili, zifinyelela usayizi womuntu omdala, cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo noma kamuva kancane zifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili. Ngemuva kokuzala, bayafa - futhi kuyaqabukela umakhi wezakhiwo emgwema iminyaka eminingi ngakho-ke uyaphila.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Amehlo we-Giant Squid
Kuncane okwaziwayo ngokuthi i-squid esikhulu sikhiqiza kanjani. Owesilisa unomthondo osuka engubeni lapho kukhishwa khona isidoda, kepha ngenxa yokuthi la ma-cephalopods awanayo i-hectotyl (itende elithwala isidoda), indlela yokulethwa kwaso ihlala ingaziwa. Amaqanda amaningi avela kwabesifazane abavundisiwe - kubalwa amashumi ezigidi. Ngayinye incane kakhulu, cishe imilimitha. Kubukeka kungakholeki ukuthi isilwane esikhulu kangaka singakhula siphume kuye.
Ngenxa yenani elikhulu lamaqanda, isisindo sazo sonke singaba ngu-10-15 kg, kodwa ukuthi ncamashi owesifazane uwaphonsa namanje akwaziwa, kanjani futhi kwenzekani kubo ngemuva kwalokho. Kunezinketho ezimbili eziyinhloko: okokuqala, abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi bavalelwe ekwakheni ubuciko obukhethekile obubavikela ezimweni zangaphandle. Kuwo, amaqanda antanta eduze ezansi kuze kube yileso sikhathi, kuze kube yilapho gazinga lidinga ukuqanduselwa, okuthi ngemuva kwalokho kusabalale - akwaziwa ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka isikhathi esingakanani. Ososayensi abakaze bahlangabezane nezikole ezinjalo zezibungu, futhi impela ukutholwa kwe-giant squid gazinga akuvamile.
Ngoba, futhi futhi ngenxa yokuthi ama-squid amadala atholakala emhlabeni wonke, kuyilapho zofuzo zonke zihlobene ngokusondelene, abanye ososayensi bavikela umbono wokuthi amaqanda awahlali ku-clutch eyodwa, kepha anikezwa mahhala ukunisela, futhi imisinga ibathwala ibanga elide ngisho nangaphambi kokuzalwa kwamafry.
Kulokhu, iningi lamaqanda kufanele life ngenxa yokuqhamuka kokudalelwa nemisinga yolwandle. Kwabambalwa abasindile, kuvela izibungu - nazo zincane kakhulu futhi azikwazi ukuzivikela, ukuze ezinyangeni zokuqala zokuphila, ngisho nenhlanzi encane ingasongela isilwane esikhulu esizayo. Futhi abazali babo ngemuva kokuzala bakhathele futhi bavele babhubhe, ngemuva kwalokho bavame ukugezwa ogwini. Ngesizathu esingakasungulwa, laba cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi bangabesifazane, kodwa kukholakala ukuthi nabesilisa bayafa, ngemuva nje kwalokho bayaminza bacwile phansi.
Izitha zemvelo zama squid amakhulu
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isigaxa esikhulu
Umkhomo wesidoda kuphela ongahlasela ngempumelelo i-architeutis yabantu abadala. Lesi yisitha sakhe esibi kunazo zonke futhi, uma phambilini bekukholelwa ukuthi izimpi zangempela zasolwandle bezidlalwa phakathi kwalezi zilwane ezimbili, lapho eyodwa noma enye inganqoba khona, manje kusobala ukuthi akunjalo.
Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi umkhoma wesidoda mkhulu, i-squid enkulu nayo inemisipha embalwa kakhulu, futhi ingakwazi ukusebenzisa izintambo ezimbili kuphela ngokugcwele. Ngokumelene nomkhomo wesidoda, lokhu akwanele, futhi cishe awekho amathuba wokuwina uma sekuvele kukhule kwaba ngosayizi womuntu omdala. Ngakho-ke, imikhomo yesidoda ehlasela njalo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-squid, awakwazi ngisho nokubalekela kuwo - phela umkhoma wesidoda uyashesha kakhulu, futhi okusele nje ukuzibandakanya empini ngamathuba amancane kakhulu wokuwina, futhi nokuncane - ukusinda. Kwesinye isikhathi lezi zimpi ziphela ngokufa kwezinhlangothi zombili: uma nje umkhumbi waseSoviet ubuke okunjalo, kuwo ingwane, igwinywa, isivele isifa, yakhipha izintambo esiswini somkhomo wesidoda futhi yayiklinya.
Esinye isidalwa esikwazi ukubulala i-architeutis uphawu lwendlovu. Kepha uma kungenjalo, abantu abadala kabasabi lutho, kepha izingane ziyindaba ehluke ngokuphelele. Noma iziphi izinhlanzi ezidlayo zingadla ezincane kakhulu, futhi nalabo asebevele bekhulile bayakwazi ukubulala oshaka abajulile basolwandle, i-tuna, i-swordfish kanye nezinye izilwane zasolwandle ezinkulu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Giid squid
Ososayensi banolwazi oluncane kakhulu mayelana nokuthi mangaki ama-Architeutis ahlala emanzini olwandle lomhlaba - ngenxa yendawo abahlala kuyo ekujuleni, akunakwenzeka ukubala inani eliphelele noma cishe. Ungagxila kuphela kuzimpawu ezingaqondile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ukutholwa kwama-squid amakhulu sekuye kwanda, kuvame ukubanjwa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthuthuka kokudoba okujule olwandle, kepha kulokhu singaphetha ngokuthi awekho ama-architeutis ambalwa.
Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA kwe-squid enkulu ebanjwe ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zoMhlaba kukhombise ukwehluka kohlobo lwabo oluphansi kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, ososayensi benza iziphetho ezimbili. Okokuqala, munye kuphela umuntu we-squid omkhulu ohlala emhlabeni wethu, ngaphandle kokuthi ububanzi bawo buhlanganisa iningi loMhlaba.
Kepha noma unalesi simo, ukwehluka kofuzo kusesephansi kakhulu, ngakho-ke isiphetho sesibili senziwa: uhlobo luyafa. Phakathi kwazo zonke izilwane zasolwandle, zisendaweni yesibili ngokuya ngokufana kofuzo, futhi lokhu kungenzeka kuphela uma uhlobo luphela ngokushesha. Izizathu zalokhu azikakasungulwa, ngoba akukho ukudotshwa okusebenzayo kwe-architeutis, futhi isitha sayo esikhulu, i-sperm whale, nayo seyande kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, i-architeutis kwakuwukuphela kwesilwane esikhulu esingakaze sithwetshulwe siphila - kulabo labo ubukhona babo babaziwa ngokuqinisekile. Kuphela ngo-2001, kwathathwa amavidyo okuqala lapho kwakwazi ukuthwebula khona izibungu zawo.
Ingulube enkulu empeleni, akulimazi abantu, futhi ngokuvamile abahlangani nabo - ngaphandle kwalapho, uma abantu bezithola bona uqobo. Banezici eziningi ezithakazelisa kakhulu abazifundayo, ikakhulukazi, ososayensi banentshisekelo enkulu yokuthi ubuchopho babo busebenza kanjani. Kepha kunzima kakhulu ukutadisha lesi silwane endaweni yaso.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 07/27/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/29/2019 ngo-21: 26
