Imbongolo - esinye sezilwane ezidume kakhulu, safuywa ekuqaleni kwempucuko futhi sadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwaso. Izimbongolo ezinzima zenze umsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu ukuthutha abantu nezinto ezisindayo, futhi ngasikhathi sinye azidingi okuningi. Izimbongolo ezifuywayo manje seziningi emhlabeni wonke, kepha isimo sazo sasendle sisindile emvelweni.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Imbongolo
Izimbongolo zingama-equines. Okhokho babo bavela ekuqaleni kwePaleogene: lawa angama-barilyambdas futhi ayebukeka njengama-dinosaurs kunezimbongolo namahhashi - isilwane esinonile esingaphezu kwamamitha amabili ubude, sasinomlenze omfishane wezinzwane ezinhlanu, osacishe ufane nezinselo. Kusuka kubo i-eohippus - izilwane ebezihlala emahlathini alingana nenja encane, inani lezinzwane kuzo zehle laya kane emilenzeni yangaphambili nezintathu emilenzeni yangemuva. Babehlala eNyakatho Melika, futhi lapho kwavela ama-mesohippuses lapho - base benezinzwane ezintathu kuyo yonke imilenze yabo. Ngezinye izindlela, baphinde basondela kancane kumahhashi anamuhla.
Ividiyo: Imbongolo
Sonke lesi sikhathi, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwaqhubeka kancane, futhi kwenzeka ushintsho olukhulu eMiocene, lapho izimo zashintsha futhi okhokho base-equidae kwadingeka bashintshele ekudleni izimila ezomile. Kwabe sekuvela i-merigippus - isilwane esiphakeme kakhulu kunokhokho abaseduze, cishe amasentimitha ayi-100-120. Sasibuye sibe neminwe emithathu, kepha sithembele koyedwa wabo kuphela - kwavela inselo, namazinyo nawo ashintsha. Kwabe sekuqhamuka ipliohippus - isilwane sokuqala esisodwa kulolu chungechunge. Ngenxa yokuguquka kwezimo zokuphila, ekugcineni basuka emahlathini baya ezindaweni ezivulekile, baba bakhulu, futhi bazivumelanisa nokujaha nokushesha.
Ama-equine anamuhla aqala ukuwafaka eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyi-4,5 edlule. Abamele bokuqala bohlobo babenemishwe futhi benekhanda elifushane, njengembongolo. Zazilinganiselwe amaponi. Incazelo yesayensi yembongolo yenziwa nguKarl Linnaeus ngo-1758, wathola igama elithi Equus asinus. Inama-subspecies amabili: iSomalia neNubian - eyokuqala inkulu futhi imnyama. Izimbongolo ezifuywayo kukholakala ukuthi zavela ekuweleni kwalezi zinhlobo ezincane.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani ubabhemi
Ukwakheka kwembongolo yasendle kuyefana nalokho kwehhashi. Ngaphandle kokuthi aphansi kancane - u-100-150 cm, unama-vertebrae ayisihlanu angama-lumbar esikhundleni ayisithupha, ikhanda lakhe likhudlwana, futhi izinga lokushisa komzimba wakhe liphansi kancane. Izinwele zezimbongolo zivame ukuba mpunga ngokukhanyayo ziye kokumnyama. Akuvamile, kodwa abantu abanombala omhlophe bahlangana. Isifonyo silula ukwedlula umzimba, kanjalo nesisu. Echosheni lomsila kukhona ibhulashi. Imane lifushane futhi lime liqonde, ama-bangs mancane, nezindlebe zinde. Cishe njalo kunemivimbo emilenzeni - ngalesi sici, imbongolo yasendle ingahlukaniswa neyasekhaya, eyokugcina ayinayo.
Izinselo zezimbongolo ziyaphawuleka: ukwakheka kwazo kuhle kakhulu ukuhamba ezindaweni ezimbi, ngokungafani nezinselo zamahhashi, ngakho-ke zisetshenziselwa ukuwela ezindaweni zezintaba. Kepha ngokugxuma okusheshayo nokude, izinselo ezinjalo azifaneleki kangako kunalezo zamahhashi, yize izimbongolo zikwazi ukwenza isivinini esilinganayo emabangeni amafushane. Imvelaphi yezindawo ezomile yenza ukuba izwakale nasesimweni sezilwane ezifuywayo: isimo sezulu esiswakeme siyingozi ezinsikeni, imifantu ivame ukuvela kuzo, futhi ngenxa yokwethulwa kwamagciwane lapho, ukubola kwenzeka futhi izinselo ziqala ukulimala. Ngakho-ke, udinga ukubabheka njalo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: EGibhithe lasendulo, inani lezimbongolo umuntu ayenalo lalilinganiswa ngengcebo yakhe. Abanye babenamakhanda ayinkulungwane! Kwakungamadonki anikeze umfutho oqinile ekuhwebeni ngenxa yekhono labo lokuhambisa imithwalo esindayo amabanga amade.
Ihlala kuphi imbongolo?
Isithombe: Imbongolo yasendle
Ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu, kakade ezikhathini zomlando, izimbongolo zasendle zazihlala cishe kuyo yonke iNyakatho Afrika naseMpumalanga Ephakathi, kepha ngemuva kokufuywa, uhla lwazo lwaqala ukwehla ngokushesha. Lokhu kwenzeke ngenxa yezici eziningana: ukuqhubeka nokufuya, ukuxuba abantu basendle nabasekhaya, ukufuduka ezindaweni zokhokho ngenxa yokuthuthuka kwabo ngabantu.
Ngesikhathi samanje, izimbongolo zasendle zazisele ezindaweni ezingafinyeleleki kakhulu ezinesimo sezulu esomile nesishisayo ngokweqile. Lezi zilwane ziyazijwayeza kahle, futhi la mazwe awahlalwa, okwenza izimbongolo zisinde. Yize ukwehla kwamanani abo nokwehla kobubanzi babo kuqhubekile, futhi kungazange kume ngisho nasekhulwini lama-21, sekuvele sekwenzeka kancane kakhulu kunakuqala.
Ngo-2019, uhla lwabo lubandakanya amazwe atholakala ezindaweni zamazwe anjenge:
- I-Eritrea;
- ITopiya;
- I-Djibouti;
- ISudan;
- ESomalia.
Kufanele kugcizelelwe: izimbongolo azitholakali kuyo yonke insimu yalawa mazwe, futhi hhayi nasengxenyeni ebalulekile, kepha kuphela ezindaweni ezikude endaweni encane. Kunobufakazi bokuthi isibalo esake saba sikhulu sezimbongolo zaseSomalia, esesivele sehliswe kakhulu, sagcina ngokuqothulwa ngesikhathi sempi yombango kuleli. Abaphenyi abakakaqinisekisi ukuthi ngabe kunjalo yini.
Njengoba kunamanye amazwe asohlwini, isimo asingcono kakhulu: zimbalwa izimbongolo zasendle kuzo, ngakho-ke ukwehluka okuphansi kofuzo kuyanezelwa ezinkingeni ezidale ukuthi inani lazo lehle phambilini. Okuwukuphela kokuhlukile yi-Eritrea, esenenqwaba yezimbongolo zasendle. Ngakho-ke, ngokusho kokubikezela kososayensi, emashumini eminyaka azayo ububanzi nobunjalo bazo buzoncishiselwa ku-Eritrea eyodwa kuphela.
Ngasikhathi sinye, kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa nezimbongolo zasendle ezibaleke zasendle: lezi sezivele ziyizilwane ezifuywayo nezishintshiwe, bese ziphinda zizithola zinganakiwe futhi zimpande endle. Kuneziningi zazo emhlabeni wonke: ziyaziwa eYurophu, e-Asia naseNyakatho Melika. E-Australia, baphindaphindeka ngokweqile, futhi manje sebengaba yizigidi eziyi-1.5 zazo - kepha ngeke babe izimbongolo zasendle zangempela.
Manje uyazi lapho imbongolo yasendle ihlala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Idlani imbongolo?
Isithombe: Imbongolo yezilwane
Kwezokudla, lezi zilwane azithobeki njengakho konke okunye. Imbongolo yasendle idla cishe noma yikuphi ukudla kwezitshalo engakuthola endaweni ehlala kuyo.
Ukudla kufaka:
- utshani;
- amaqabunga esihlahlana;
- amagatsha namaqabunga ezihlahla;
- ngisho nomtholo onameva.
Kufanele badle cishe noma yibuphi utshani obutholakala kuphela, ngoba abanandlela. Imvamisa kufanele bayifune isikhathi eside endaweni empofu lapho behlala khona: lezi izingwadule nezindawo ezinamadwala omile, lapho kutholakala khona izihlahla ezingathi shu ezingamakhilomitha ambalwa. Onke ama-oases namabhange emifula kuhlala abantu, nezimbongolo zasendle ziyesaba ukusondela ezindaweni zokuhlala. Ngenxa yalokhu, kufanele badlule ukudla okuncane okunomsoco omncane kakhulu, futhi kwesinye isikhathi bangadli nhlobo isikhathi eside - futhi bayakwazi ukubekezelela ukumelana nakho.
Idonki ingabulawa indlala izinsuku futhi ngasikhathi sinye ngeke iphelelwe ngamandla - ngezinga elincane, ukumelana okufuywayo, kepha futhi kuyimvelo, ezicini eziningi bayaziswa ngalokhu. Bangakwazi futhi ukwenza ngaphandle kwamanzi isikhathi eside - kwanele ukuthi badakwe kanye ezinsukwini ezintathu. Ezinye izilwane zasendle e-Afrika, njengezinhlwathi namadube, yize nazo zihlala ezindaweni ezomile, zidinga ukuphuza nsuku zonke. Ngasikhathi sinye, izimbongolo zingaphuza amanzi ababayo emachibini asogwadule - iningi labanye abangasetshenziswanga abakwazi lokhu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isilwane singalahlekelwa yingxenye yesithathu yomswakama emzimbeni futhi singabi buthakathaka. Ngemuva kokuthola umthombo, uphuzile, ngokushesha ukhokhela ukulahleka futhi ngeke uzwe imiphumela emibi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Imbongolo yesifazane
Isikhathi somsebenzi sitshelwa yimvelo uqobo - emini kuyashisa, ngakho-ke izimbongolo zasendle ziyaphumula, zithola indawo emthunzini futhi, uma kungenzeka, zipholile. Bashiya indawo yokukhosela baqala ukufuna ukudla sekuqala ukuhwalala, bakwenza lokhu ubusuku bonke. Uma bekungenakwenzeka ukudla, bangaqhubeka entathakusa. Kunoma ikuphi, lokhu akuhlali isikhathi eside: kusheshe kushise, futhi kusadingeka bafune indawo yokukhosela ukuze bangalahlekelwa umswakama omningi ngenxa yelanga elishisayo.
Idonki ingakwenza konke lokhu yodwa noma njengengxenye yomhlambi. Imvamisa, ubusuku nobusuku, zihamba zisiya ohlangothini olulodwa, izimbongolo zasendle zizulazula amabanga amade. Benza lokhu befuna izindawo ezinotshani obuningi kakhulu, kepha ukuzulazula kwabo kunqunyelwe impucuko: bethubekile ezindaweni ezakhiwe ngumuntu, babuyela emazweni abo asendle. Ngasikhathi sinye, zihamba kancane, ukuze zingashisi kakhulu futhi zingasebenzisi amandla amaningi.
Isidingo sokonga amandla sigxilile ezingqondweni zabo kangangokuba nezizukulwane zezilwane esezifuyile isikhathi eside zihamba ngendlela efanayo yokuzilibazisa, futhi kunzima kakhulu ukuyenga imbongolo ukuthi inyuse ijubane, noma ngabe iphakelwa kahle futhi iyaniselwa ngesikhathi sezulu esipholile. Banamehlo abukhali nokuzwa, phambilini babedingeka ngokumelene nezilwane: izimbongolo zabona abazingeli bekude futhi bangabalekela. Kwakunezikhathi ezingavamile lapho bethuthukisa isivinini esikhulu - kufika ku-70 km / h.
Cishe azikho izilwane ezizingelayo ebangeni labo manje, kepha bahlala beqaphele kakhulu. Abantu abahlala bodwa banendawo: imbongolo ngayinye imboza indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-8-10 futhi imaka imingcele yayo ngezinqwaba zomquba. Kepha noma ngabe isihlobo sephula le mingcele, umnikazi imvamisa akakhombisi ubudlova - noma kunjalo, kuze kube yilapho umhlukumezi ethatha isinqumo sokuhlangana nowesifazane wakhe.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Izimbongolo
Izimbongolo zasendle zihlala zombili zodwa nasemhlambini wabantu abayishumi nambili. Izilwane ezinesizungu zivame ukuhlangana ngamaqembu aseduze nemizimba yamanzi. Kukhona njalo umholi emhlambini - omkhulu kunabo bonke futhi onamandla kunabo bonke, usevele uyimbongolo endala. Naye, kuvame ukuba nabesifazane abaningi - kungaba khona abangaba yishumi nambili kubo, nezilwane ezincane. Abesifazane bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili ngeminyaka emithathu, nabesilisa ngeminyaka emine. Bangakhwelana nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka, kepha imvamisa bakwenza entwasahlobo. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, abesilisa baba nolaka, abantu abangashadile ("ama-bachelors") bangahlasela abaholi bomhlambi ukuze bawabuyisele - kuphela lapho bengakwazi ukuhlangana nabesifazane bomhlambi.
Kepha izimpi azinonya kakhulu: phakathi nenkambo yabo, abaphikisi abavamisi ukuthola amanxeba okufa, futhi olahlekile uyahamba ukuze aqhubeke nempilo eyedwa futhi azame inhlanhla ngokuzayo lapho eba namandla. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, emva kwalokho kuzalwa elilodwa noma amabili amawundlu. Umama ondla izimbongolo ezincane ngobisi kuze kube izinyanga eziyi-6-8, bese ziqala ukuzondla zodwa. Zingahlala emhlambini uze ufinyelele ebusheni, bese kuthi abesilisa bayishiye - babe neyabo noma bazule bodwa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Lesi yisilwane esinomsindo omkhulu, ukukhala kwaso ngesikhathi sokukhwelana kuzwakala buqamama ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ama-3.
Izitha zemvelo zezimbongolo
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani ubabhemi
Esikhathini esedlule, izimbongolo zazizingelwa ngamabhubesi nezinye izinyoni ezinkulu. Kodwa-ke, endaweni abahlala kuyo manje, azitholakali izingonyama noma ezinye izidumbu ezinkulu. La mazwe ampofu kakhulu futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ahlala inani elincane lokukhiqiza. Ngakho-ke, emvelweni, imbongolo inezitha ezimbalwa kakhulu. Akuvamile, kodwa noma kunjalo, kungenzeka ukuthi izimbongolo zasendle zihlangane nezidliwayo: ziyakwazi ukubona noma ukuzwa isitha kude kakhulu, futhi zihlala ziphapheme, ngakho-ke kunzima ukuzibamba zingalindele. Ibona ukuthi iyazingelwa, imbongolo yasendle ibaleka ngokushesha, kangangokuba namabhubesi akuthola kunzima ukuhambisana nayo.
Kepha akakwazi ukugcina isivinini esikhulu isikhathi eside, ngakho-ke, uma zingekho izindawo zokukhosela eduzane, kufanele ahlangane ubuso nobuso nomzingeli. Esimweni esinjalo, izimbongolo ziyalwa kanzima futhi ziyakwazi ukulimaza umhlaseli. Uma umhlaseli ehlose umhlambi wonke, khona-ke kulula kakhulu kuye ukuthola izimbongolo ezincane, kepha izilwane ezindala zivame ukuzama ukuvikela umhlambi wazo. Isitha esikhulu sezimbongolo zasendle umuntu. Kungenxa yabantu ukuthi inani labo lehle kakhulu. Isizathu salokhu kwakungekhona nje ukufuduselwa emazweni ayizithulu nangenalutho, kepha futhi nokuzingela: inyama yembongolo iyadliwa impela, ngaphandle kwalokho, izakhamizi zase-Afrika zikubona kuphulukisa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Inkani ibhekwa njengobubi bezimbongolo, kodwa empeleni isizathu sokuziphatha kwabo ukuthi ngisho nabantu abafuywayo basenomuzwa wokuzivikela - ngokungafani namahhashi. Ngakho-ke, imbongolo ayikwazi ukuqhutshwa ibulawe, izwa kahle ukuthi umkhawulo wamandla ayo ukuphi. Ngakho-ke imbongolo ekhathele izoma ukuze iphumule, futhi ngeke ikwazi ukuyihambisa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Imbongolo emnyama
Izinhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane sekukade zifakwe ohlwini lweRed Book njengezisengozini ebucayi, kanti isibalo sabantu sebenqabe ngokuqhubekayo kusukela lapho. Kunezibalo ezahlukahlukene: ngokusho kwedatha ethembayo, izimbongolo zasendle zingafika ku-500 isiyonke kuzo zonke izindawo lapho zihlala khona. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi isibalo sabantu abangama-200 sinembe kakhudlwana. Ngokwesilinganiso sesibili, bonke abantu ngaphandle kwase-Eritrea sebephelile, futhi lezozimbongolo zasendle ezingabonakali kakhulu e-Ethiopia, eSudan, njalo njalo, empeleni, azisekho endle, kepha inzalo yazo inezilwane zasendle.
Ukwehla kwenani labantu kubangelwe ukuthi abantu bahlala kuzo zonke izindawo zokunisela kanye namadlelo kulezo zindawo lapho izimbongolo zazihlala khona ngaphambili. Naphezu kokuzivumelanisa nezimbongolo ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu, kunzima ukuhlala ezindaweni abahlala kuzo manje, futhi wayengeke akwazi ukondla inani elikhulu lalezi zilwane. Enye inkinga yokongiwa kwezinhlobo: inani elikhulu lezimbongolo zasendle.
Futhi bahlala onqenqemeni lobubanzi bezinhlobo zasendle zangempela, futhi bahlangana nazo, ngenxa yalokho izinhlobo eziwohlokayo - inzalo yabo ingasakwazi ukubalwa nezimbongolo zasendle. Kwenziwe umzamo wokujwayela ogwadule lakwa-Israyeli - kuze kube manje kuphumelele, izilwane sezimpande kuwo. Kukhona amathuba okuthi inani labantu lizoqala ukukhula, ikakhulukazi njengoba le ndawo iyingxenye yobubanzi babo bomlando.
Unogada wembongolo
Isithombe: Imbongolo Encwadini Ebomvu
Njengenhlobo ebalwe kwiRed Book, imbongolo yasendle kumele ivikelwe yiziphathimandla zamazwe ezihlala kuwo. Kepha wayengenayo inhlanhla: iningi lalezi zifundazwe, abacabangi ngisho nangokuvikela ukuvikela izinhlobo zezilwane ezingandile. Hlobo luni lwezinyathelo zokulondoloza imvelo ngokujwayelekile esingakhuluma ngalo ezweni elifana neSomalia, lapho iminyaka eminingi umthetho ungasebenzi nhlobo futhi nezinxushunxushu zibusa?
Phambilini, bekuhlala abantu abaningi lapho, kepha kucishe kwabhujiswa ngokuphelele ngenxa yokushoda kwezindlela ezithile zokuvikela. Isimo emazweni angomakhelwane asihlukile ngokuyisisekelo: azikho izindawo ezivikelwe ezenziwe ezindaweni zezimbongolo, futhi zisengazingelwa. Zivikelwe ngempela kwa-Israyeli kuphela, lapho zazizinze khona esiqiwini, nasemazu. Kuzo, izimbongolo zasendle ziyafuywa ukuze zilondoloze izinhlobo - zizala kahle lapho zithunjwa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: E-Afrika, lezi zilwane ziyaqeqeshwa zisetshenziselwe ukushushumbisa. Balayishwa izimpahla futhi bavunyelwa ezindleleni ezingabonakali ezibonakalayo eziya ezweni elingumakhelwane. Impahla uqobo lwayo ayenqatshelwe, imvamisa imane ibiza kakhulu komakhelwane, futhi ithuthwa ngokungemthetho ukuze kugwenywe imisebenzi lapho yeqa umngcele.
Imbongolo uqobo lwayo ihamba ngomgwaqo ojwayelekile futhi ihambise izimpahla lapho zidingeka khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, angaqeqeshwa ngisho nokufihla konogada basemngceleni. Uma esabanjiwe, khona-ke akukho lutho oluthathwayo esilwaneni - hhayi ukusitshala. Abashushumbisi bazoyilahla, kepha bazohlala bekhululekile.
Izimbongolo - izilwane ezihlakaniphe kakhulu futhi eziwusizo. Akumangazi ukuthi noma sekuneminyaka yezimoto, abantu bayaqhubeka nokuzigcina - ikakhulukazi emazweni asezintabeni, lapho kuhlala kungenakwenzeka ukushayela ngemoto, kepha kulula ngembongolo. Kepha zimbalwa izimbongolo zangempela zasendle ezisele emvelweni kangangokuthi zisongelwa nangokuqothulwa.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 26.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/29/2019 ngo-21: 03
