Izimvu zasentabeni noma i-argali, kwesinye isikhathi i-argali, kachkar, i-arkar - isilwane sasendle futhi esihle kakhulu se-artiodactyl esivela emndenini wezinkomo ezihlala ezinkangala zase-Central Asia (iHimalaya, iTibet, i-Altai). Lena yinqama enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ochwepheshe abavumelananga ngenani lezinhlobo zezinqama; izazi eziningi zentela zikhomba izinhlobo ezi-7. Igama elithi "izimvu zezintaba" uqobo lisetshenziswa maqondana nazo zonke izinhlobo nohlobo olulodwa - i-arkhara.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Izimvu zasentabeni
NgesiLatin, i-Ovis ammon isilwane esincelisayo se-artiodactyl esingeso somndeni wama-bovid. Igama "arkhar" igama lesiMongolia elisho "izimvu zasendle". Igama lesiLatini le-ammon yezinhlobo igama likankulunkulu u-Amun. Ngokwenganekwane ka-Ovid, izakhamuzi zase-Olympus, ngokwesaba iTyphon, zazalwa kabusha ngezilwane ezahlukahlukene. U-Amoni wathatha isimo senqama.
Njengamanje, ama-subspecies ayi-9 ayaziwa:
- Izimvu zase-Altai ezisezintabeni;
- IsiKazakh;
- IsiTibetan;
- Tyanshansky;
- IPamir;
- UGobi;
- Karatau;
- IsiShayina saseNyakatho;
- Izimvu zasentabeni ze-Kyzylkum.
Abanye ochwepheshe babeke i-mouflon njenge-Ovismon Musimon, kepha ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA akukuqinisekisanga lokhu. Izinhlobo ezingaphansi eziningana zezimvu ezisentabeni zahlolelwa izakhi zofuzo ukutholakala kwe-DNA, okwaholela ekutheni kutholakale izinhlobo ezintsha, futhi ezinye ezihlanganisiwe zaqoqwa zaba uhlobo olulodwa. Eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili edlule, inani lazo zonke izinhlobo ezingaphansi zezimvu ezisentabeni lehlile.
Ividiyo: Izimvu Zasezintabeni
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukwehla kwesibalo salezi zinqama kubeka engcupheni inqwaba yezilwane ezizizingelayo ezizidlayo. Ziphinde zibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekulandelaneni kwezinye izitshalo ngoba umkhuba wazo wokudla isidleke uvumela amakhambi ukuthi akhule.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Imvu yasezintabeni ibukeka kanjani
Imvu yasezintabeni yimvu enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, enesisindo esisuka ku-60 kuye ku-185 kg. Ukuphakama kwamahlombe kusuka kumasentimitha angama-90 kuya kwangu-125. Izimpondo kwabesilisa ziyisici sesilwane. Zenziwe ngesikulufo ezinemiphetho yokulwa eyindilinga. Abesifazane banezimpondo ezincane. Izimpondo zesilisa zingafika ku-190 cm ubude. Zisebenzisa izimpondo zazo ukulwa. Izinsikazi nazo zinezimpondo, kodwa zincane kakhulu, imvamisa zingaphansi kwamasentimitha angama-50 ubude.Abesifazane banesisindo esiyingxenye esilingana nesabesilisa. Izimvu zingaba nesisindo esisuka ku-43.2 kuye ku-100 kg, nezinqama zingaba nesisindo esisuka ku-97 kuye ku-328 kg.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Inqama yasentabeni iPamir, ebizwa nangokuthi iMarco Polo ram njengoba yaqala yachazwa yilo mhambi, ingamaspecies amakhulu, angaphezulu kwamasentimitha angu-180 ubude ngaphandle komsila. Le nqama yentaba inomsila omfishane wazo zonke izimbuzi zasendle noma izimvu, ezinomsila ongu-9.5-17 cm.
Umbala uyehluka ngesilwane ngasinye, kusuka kokuphuzi ngokukhanyayo kuya konsundu ngokubomvu nansundu onsundu ngokumnyama. Umugqa omnyama ugijima ngokuhamba kwesikhathi esiswini, uhlukanisa uhhafu omnyama onsundu ngaphezulu nezinwele eziphaphathekile ngezansi.
Izinqama zezintaba ezivela eHimalaya zivame ukuba mnyama, kuyilapho ama-subspecies aseRussia ekhanya kakhulu ngombala. Ehlobo, ijazi livame ukubonakala kancane. Ingemuva limnyama kunezinhlangothi, ezikhanya kancane kancane. Ubuso, umsila nezinqe zinombala ophuzi ngokumhlophe. Abesilisa bamnyama kunabesifazane futhi banekhola emhlophe emqaleni kanye ne-dorsal crest. I-Molting yenzeka kabili ngonyaka, izinwele zasehlobo zimnyama futhi izinwele zasebusika zinde.
Zihlalaphi izimvu zasentabeni?
Isithombe: Izimvu zezintaba eRussia
I-Argali ihlala ezindaweni ezifanayo ezimpilweni zabo zonke. Zitholakala emagqumeni nasemithambekeni ephezulu ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-1000. Ehlobo, lapho ukudla sekutholakala, izilwane zihamba zisondela eziqongweni zezintaba.
Izimvu zezintaba zitholakala emazweni alandelayo:
- EMongolia. Kutholakala kulo lonke elaseMpumalanga yeMongolia, ezindaweni ezinamagquma, izintaba, amadwala namathafa;
- I-Uzbekistan. Lezi zinhlobo phambilini zazisatshalaliswa endaweni enkulu yezwe. Namuhla, uhla lwezilwane ezisindile lukhawulelwe ezintabeni zaseNuratau, indawo evikelekile enyakatho yeSamarkand. Inani elincane labantu lihlala entshonalanga yezintaba zase-Aktau naseTamdytau;
- I-Tajikistan. Izimvu zezintaba zikhona engxenyeni esempumalanga, kusuka emngceleni neXinjiang, China entshonalanga, kuya eLangar eningizimu neLake Sarez enyakatho;
- ERussia. I-Argali phambilini beyitholakala ezinkalweni zaseZabaikalsky, eKuraisky, Yuzhno-Chuisky, futhi ngaphezu kwethafa lase-Ukok. Muva nje, zibhalwe kuphela kuma-republic aseTyva nase-Altai;
- Pakistan. Bahlala kuphela eKhunjerab National Park nezindawo ezizungezile, kufaka phakathi ukudlula kweHunerab neMintaka;
- ENepal. Bahlala esifundeni iDamodar-Kunda esikumngcele weTibet. Kungabuye kugcinwe esifundeni seDolpo;
- I-Kyrgyzstan. Zikhona ngasempumalanga yezwe zibheke emngceleni neChina, ukusuka eKazakhstan enyakatho kuya eTajikistan eningizimu, kanye nasezigabeni zempumalanga yeTien Shan kuya emngceleni wase-Uzbek;
- Kazakhstan. Kubhekwe enyakatho yeLake Balkash, engxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga yezwe. Abantu abancane bakhona ezintabeni zaseKara-Tau;
- India. Kubekwe ethafeni elisempumalanga yeLadakh, esifundeni esiseduze seSpiti, futhi ngokwehlukana enyakatho yeSikkim, eduzane naseTibet;
- I-China. Kusatshalaliswe ezintabeni eziningi zaseXinjiang, kufaka phakathi i-Altai Shan, i-Arjin Shan, iKara-Kunlun Shan, iTien Shan, iPamir nezindawo ezihlobene nayo;
- Afghanistan. Indawo eseNtshonalanga yeGreatir Pamir, ingxenye ebalulekile ye-Lesser Pamir, futhi etholakala esigodini saseVakhjir.
Izwe lase-Asia Ephakathi likhulu futhi livulekile kakhulu. Izintaba zigugile ukuguguleka komhlaba, futhi kunamagquma amakhulu atshekile ahlinzeka ngokubonakala okuhlukahlukene kwezilwane.
Manje uyazi lapho kuhlala khona imvu yasentabeni. Ake sibheke ukuthi i-argali idlani.
Zidlani izimvu zasentabeni?
Isithombe: Izimvu zasentabeni zasendle
I-Argali yimifino edla utshani futhi idla utshani, amakhambi kanye nama-sedges. Izinsikazi nezinqama ezisencane zidla ezindaweni eziphakeme zezintaba ezinekhwalithi yokudla engeyinhle. Bahlala ezindaweni ezingenazihlahla, kodwa ngokudla okuningi. Lezi zindawo zokudla zivikela kwizilwane ezizingelayo. Abesilisa abadala, abakhulu kunabesifazane nabancane, badla ezindaweni eziphansi ezinekhwalithi ephezulu yokudla, kuyilapho abesifazane besifazane behlala ezindaweni eziphakeme lapho ukudla kudla lubi.
Izimvu zezintaba ziye zajwayela ukuhlala endaweni eyomile, enomoya nomoya owedlulele ekhaya labo eliphakeme elisezintabeni. I-argali yabantu abadala idla ukudla okungu-16-19 kg ngosuku. Izimila ezithandwa yizinhlobo ziyahlukahluka ngobude nendawo. Ezindaweni eziphakeme eziphakeme, zidla kakhulu utshani kanye ne-sedge. Ezindaweni zokuhlala eziphakathi nendawo, zondla njalo ezihlahleni notshani be-mesophytic. Emaphethelweni aphansi nasezinhlamvwini zezingwadule, kugcwele utshani nama-sedge, kepha ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene kunezindawo eziphakeme.
E-Kazakhstan, amahlumela, amaqabunga, izithelo, izimbali kubalulekile ekudleni kwezimvu ezisezintabeni unyaka wonke, kanti kulo lonke uhla, ziba isengezo esingajwayelekile ekudleni. I-Argali idinga amanzi, okungeyona inkinga yezinqama ezihlala ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu, lapho iqhwa lincibilika khona njalo futhi kunemifudlana emincane yamanzi. Ezindaweni ezomile, bangahamba amabanga amade befuna amanzi. Izimvu zasezintabeni zisebenzisa nenhlabathi kasawoti ngokuzithandela.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Izimvu zasentabeni zase-Asia
I-Argali ilusa izilwane futhi ivame ukutholakala ngamaqembu ezilwane ezi-2 kuya kweziyi-100. Imihlambi yehlukaniswe ngobulili, ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalanisa. Iningi labantu likhombisa inani elikhulu labantu abadala, elakha ngaphezu kwesigamu sabantu, elinama-20% kuphela wabantu besilisa abadala kanye namanye ama-20% we-argali yezingane.
Ezinye izimvu zesilisa ezisentabeni zizulazula zodwa, kepha eziningi zitholakala emihlambini emincane. Abesifazane abanezingane bahlala emaqenjini amakhulu, imvamisa abantu abangafika kuma-92, ngaphandle kwemihlambi yezilwane ezifika ku-200.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Zizolile kakhulu, azinalo ulaka maqondana nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, nezilwane zomphakathi. Amalungu omhlambi azolandelana, futhi avame ukufuna ukuxhumana nezinye izinqama.
Imihlambi kwesinye isikhathi iyathutha, ikakhulukazi nabesilisa. Okuningi kokufuduka kuhlotshaniswa nokwehliswa kwemithombo yokudla ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka, yize ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezinambuzane ezilumayo, isomiso esinzima noma imililo, ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kanye nenani elikhulu lemfuyo nakho kungadala ukufuduka.
Izimvu zezintaba, njengomthetho, zikhuphukela ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu ehlobo. Izimpondo ziyisici esivelele kwabesilisa. Ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa, abesilisa bagoqana amakhanda, kodwa abavamile ukuthola ukulimala kanzima. Yize izimpi ezinjalo mhlawumbe zibanikeza ikhanda elibuhlungu!
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Umhlambi wezimvu ezisentabeni
Ukuqhaqhazela kungenzeka kusukela ngo-Okthoba kuya maphakathi noJanuwari, kuvame ukuba kude ezindaweni eziphansi. Ukukhwelana kuyisithembu. Ukulwa nabesilisa abavuthiwe ibhizinisi elibucayi. Izinqama zishayana zodwa ngezimpondo zazo, kanti imilenze yazo yangaphambili isemoyeni, zisebenzisa amandla anele emthelela ukuze uzwakale ebangeni elifinyelela ku-800 m.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Abesifazane bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi beneminyaka emi-2 ubudala nabesilisa beneminyaka engu-5. Lokhu kwehluka kunengqondo ngoba abesilisa kufanele bakhule kakhulu kunabesifazane ngaphambi kokuba bakwazi ukuzala.
Abesilisa abaqinisiwe (abangaphezu kweminyaka eyisithupha ubudala), abakhulu kunabo bonke emhlambini, baba namandla, futhi abesilisa abancane baxoshwa ngenkathi abesifazane beshushu. Lapho ukubusa sekusunguliwe, owesilisa usondela kowesifazane futhi agibele kuye ngenkani. Ukukhwelana kuqala cishe amasonto amabili kuya kwamathathu ngemuva kokuqala komkhuhlane. Abesilisa bangahlala enkampanini yabesifazane izinyanga ezimbili ngemuva kokuphela kwesikhathi se-rutting.
Isikhathi sokukhulelwa sihlala ngaphezu kwezinsuku eziyi-165. Ukubeletha kwenzeka ekupheleni kukaMashi noma ngo-Ephreli. Iningi lama-subspecies lizala iwundlu elilodwa, yize amawele angavamile kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ngisho namacala okuzalwa ngasikhathi sinye kwamawundlu amahlanu. Lapho izalwa, amawundlu anesisindo esingu-2.7-4.6 kg. Iwundlu elisanda kuzalwa kanye nonina wezimvu bahlala isikhashana lapho kuzalwa khona, futhi ngakusasa bahamba ndawonye.
Ukuzuza kwesisindo kwenzeka ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi ngosuku lokuqala lokuzalwa, amawundlu anesisindo esiphindwe kashumi kunangesikhathi sokuzalwa. Abesifazane ngokuvamile bafinyelela isisindo sabo esiphezulu ngeminyaka emibili, kepha abesilisa bayaqhubeka bekhula eminye iminyaka emibili. Amazinyo obisi akhula cishe ezinyangeni ezintathu ubudala, enamazinyo aphelele ezinyangeni eziyisithupha. Ngaleso sikhathi, amawundlu aqala ukondla, kepha omama izimvu bayaqhubeka nokuwondla ngobisi. Izimvu eziningi ezisentabeni ziphila iminyaka emihlanu kuya kweyishumi.
Izitha zemvelo zezimvu zasentabeni
Isithombe: Izimvu zasentabeni, noma i-argali
Isu lokuphepha lezimvu ezisezintabeni liningi. Amadoda amadala makhulu futhi ashesha ukwedlula abesifazane futhi anesidingo esincane sokugwema izilwane ezizingelayo. Ngakho-ke, bakhetha izindawo zokuhlala eziphansi kunalezo ezikhethwa ngabesifazane nezinqama ezisencane zezintaba. Akuvamile ukuthi zisebenzise izimpondo zazo ukuzivikela ezilwaneni ezizingelayo. Inzuzo enkulu esetshenziswa i-argali lapho izidalwa zibahlasela wukubaleka ngokushesha. Yethukile, imvu eyodwa ingahlala inganyakazi kuze kube yilapho usongo lungasekho. Lokhu kwehluke kakhulu ekuziphatheni kwalezi zimvu emhlambini, lapho ingozi izenza zigijime futhi zigxume.
Ngenxa yobukhulu bazo obukhulu, izinqama zezintaba zesilisa ziyeqa ngokungafanele futhi imvamisa azisebenzisi ukweqa ukweqa, yize le ndlela isetshenziswa ngokuzikhandla ngabesifazane abancane nezilwane ezisencane. Imilenze emide enamandla isiza izinqama zezintaba ukuzulazula kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezwe. Bahlala etindzaweni letingafinyelelwa tilwane letitingelako, sibonelo, etulu etintsabeni noma etindzaweni letinemandla letinetimphahla letinhle tekubuka.
Lezi zilwane ezilandelayo zizingela izimvu zasentabeni:
- izimpisi ezimpunga (C. lupus);
- izingwe zeqhwa (P. uncia);
- izingwe (P. pardus);
- izingwe zeqhwa (U. uncia);
- izingulule (A. jubatus).
Izimvu ezincane zezintaba zithathwa ngama-coyotes nezinyoni ezinkulu ezifana nokhozi nokhozi lwegolide. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimvu ezisezintabeni zizingelwa ngabantu ababulala ngenkuthalo izilwane ezinamaqatha ukuze zithole izimpondo ezibizayo, inyama nezikhumba. Phakathi kwezilwane, izimpisi zibeka kuqala ukulimala kwezimvu ezisezintabeni, ezivame ukusebenzisa izimo ezinzima zasebusika (isibonelo, iqhwa elijulile) ukubamba izimvu zasentabeni. Ukugwema ukuzingelwa, izilwane emhlambini zihamba ndawonye futhi zihlale njengeqembu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Imvu yasezintabeni ibukeka kanjani
Sonke isibalo sabantu kanye nobubanzi bezinhlobo sehlile. Ukuncipha kwenani le-ibex kubeka engcupheni imiphefumulo yabazingeli babo njengezingwe zeqhwa, ezincike kakhulu ekuzinzileni kwalezi zimvu.
Izimbuzi zezintaba ngezwe:
- Afghanistan. Izinqama zezintaba ezingama-624 (ama-87% azo atholakele kwi-Lesser Pamir. Inombolo ephelele ilinganiselwa ukuthi ingabantu abayi-1000. I-argali eyi-120-210 ngayinye nayo yabonwa engxenyeni esentshonalanga yeGreatir Pamir);
- I-China. Ngokusho kwabanye ochwepheshe, inani eliphelele le-argali eChina lisuka ku-23 285 kuya ku-31 920. Kodwa-ke, abanye abacwaningi bacaphuna isibalo esiphansi kakhulu. Zonke izibalo zisuselwa ekulinganisweni kobuningi, futhi akekho noyedwa ongafuna ukunemba;
- India. Izimvu zezintaba azivamile eSikkim futhi kuyaqabukela zifudukele endaweni yaseSpiti. Abantu abayi-127 basendaweni yesiqiwu nangaphezulu kwe-argali engaphezudlwana kwama-200 eLadakh;
- Kazakhstan. Balinganiselwa ku-8 000 kuya ku-10 000 engxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga yezwe, abangama-250 ezintabeni zaseKara-Tau, kanye nenani elingaziwa eTien Shan;
- I-Kyrgyzstan. Kunabantu abangama-565 engxenyeni esentshonalanga yebanga nezimvu zezintaba ezingama-6000 engxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga yeKyrgyzstan. Ucwaningo lukaHulumeni lilinganise ukuthi inani lilinganiselwa ku-15 900;
- EMongolia. Ngokuya kocwaningo lwango-2001 olwenziwa yi-Academy of Sciences, cishe izimvu zezintaba ezingaba ngu-10 000 kuya ku-12,000 zazihlala esifundeni saseGobi eMongolia kanye nezingu-3 000 kuya ku-5 000 kwezinye izingxenye zezwe;
- ENepal. Isibalo sabantu sincane futhi azikho izilinganiso eziqondile ezenziwe;
- Pakistan. Isibalo sezilwane ezweni asikaziwa, kepha mhlawumbe singaphansi kuka-100;
- ERussia. Ezintabeni ze-Altai eningizimu yeRussia, kunezilwane ezingama-450-700 ezisatshalaliswa ngaphezulu kwabantu abaningi, okungekho kuzo ezidlula izilwane ezingama-50. Futhi nezimvu zezintaba ezingama-80-85 ngaphakathi kwe-Altai reserve yemvelo, i-150-160 ezindaweni eziphezulu zemifula ye-Sailugem ridge, nabantu abangama-40-45 emithambekeni yommango weChikhachev eTuva Republic;
- I-Tajikistan. Inani eliphelele eTajikistan lilinganiselwa ku-13,000-14,000. Ubuningi babantu ngabanye nge-km² buphakeme kakhulu eduze komngcele neChina;
- I-Uzbekistan. Kuze kube ngabantu abangu-1 800 abasindile, okuyi-90% yabo etholakala ogwini lweKaratau.
Ukuvikelwa kwezimvu zasentabeni
Isithombe: Izimvu zezintaba ezivela eNcwadini Ebomvu
I-Argali isengozini kulo lonke uhla lwayo, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala ngokweqile nangokuzingela. Njengenqama enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, iyindebe efiselekayo phakathi kwabazingeli. Badutshulwa ngenxa yenyama yabo, izimpondo, ezisetshenziswa emithini yendabuko yamaShayina, nezikhumba. Ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kuyaqhubeka nokuba yinkinga enkulu (futhi enzima ukuphatha). Izimvu zezintaba zaqothulwa enyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina, eningizimu yeSiberia nasezingxenyeni zaseMongolia.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izimvu zezintaba zivikelwe yonke indawo yizinhlangano zokongiwa kwemvelo futhi ziseRed Book yamazwe omhlaba njengezilwane ezisengozini. Futhi kufakwe eRed Book laseRussia.
Izimvu zasentabeni kufakwe naku-CITES Isithasiselo II, ngaphandle kuka-O. a. nigrimontana no-O. a. I-hodgsonii, efakwe kuSithasiselo I. Ukuze kulondolozwe lezi zinhlobo, izinqolobane ziyakhiwa, lapho ukuzingela kuvinjelwe ngokuphelele. Izinqama zezintaba zikubekezelela ukuthunjwa kahle futhi ziveze inzalo. Ukudluliswa kwezifo kusuka emfuyweni kuyinto ebalulekile ethinta usayizi wabantu. Lezi zinsongo zibukeka zehluka kancane emaqenjini ahlukene, noma ngabe izindawo zokuhlala zehlukile.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 25.07.2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 09/29/2019 ngo-20: 00
