Chinook salmon Ingabe inhlanzi enkulu eyomndeni wama-salmon. Inyama ne-caviar yayo kubhekwa njengebalulekile, ngakho-ke ikhiqizwa ngenkuthalo kwamanye amazwe anesimo sezulu esifanele. Kepha endaweni yokuhlala, eMpumalanga Ekude, ihlala incane. Yize inhlobo iyonke ingekho engozini, ngoba inani labantu baseMelika lihlala lizinzile.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Chinook
Izinhlanzi ezenzelwe iRay zavela eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-400 edlule, ngemuva kwalokho zaqala ukusabalala kancane kancane kuyo yonke iplanethi, izinhlobo zazo zezinhlobo zanda kancane kancane. Kodwa ekuqaleni lokhu kwenzeka ngesivinini esincane, futhi kuphela ngesikhathi seTriassic kwavela umcibisholo wezingcingo, okubandakanya ama-salmonids.
Ekuqaleni kwesikhathi seCretaceous, izinhlobo zokuqala ezinjenge-herring zavela - zazisebenza njengefomu lokuqala lama-salmonids. Ososayensi abavumelani mayelana nesikhathi sokuvela kwalokhu okulandelayo. Ngokuya ngokuhlola okujwayelekile, bavele ngesikhathi seCretaceous, lapho kwakukhona ukuvela okusebenzayo kwezinhlanzi ze-teleost.
Ividiyo: Chinook
Kodwa-ke, ukutholwa kokuqala okunokwethenjelwa kwama-salmonids ezinsalela kubuyela emuva esikhathini sokuqala: ekuqaleni kwe-Eocene, inhlanzi encane yamanzi angenasawoti phakathi kwabo ebivele ihlala emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke, ubunzima lapha bulele kuphela ekunqumeni ukuthi lo khokho weSalmon wanamuhla waba yifomu lokuqala yini, noma ngabe babekhona abanye ngaphambi kwakhe.
Ngeshwa, akukho okutholakele kwezinsalela ezingasikhanyisela ekuziphendukeleni okuqhubekayo emashumini ambalwa eminyaka ezayo. Ngokusobala, ama-salmonid asendulo ayengasakazeki futhi ayehlala ezimeni ezingabanga nomthelela ekulondolozweni kwezinsalela zawo.
Futhi kuphela kusukela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-24 BC kunenani elikhulu lezinsalela, okukhombisa ukuvela kwezinhlobo ezintsha ze-salmon, kufaka phakathi i-chinook salmon. Kancane kancane, kuneziningi ngokwengeziwe zazo, ekugcineni, ezingqimbeni ezineminyaka eyizigidi ezi-5 ubudala, cishe zonke izinhlobo zesimanje sezingatholakala. I-salmon yakwaChinook yathola incazelo yesayensi ngo-1792, eyenziwe nguJ. Walbaum. NgesiLatin, igama layo yi-Oncorhynchus tshawytscha.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi ze-Chinook
I-chinook salmon yizinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu zama-salmon oLwandlekazi iPacific. Abamele abantu baseMelika bakhule bafike ku-150 cm, futhi eKamchatka kunabantu abangaphezu kuka-180 cm, abanesisindo esingaphezu kwama-60 kg. Izimo ezinjalo azivamile uma kuqhathaniswa, kepha i-chinook salmon ejwayelekile ikhula icishe ibe imitha.
Noma ubukhulu basolwandle, le nhlanzi kungaba nzima ukuyibona: umhlane wayo omnyama oluhlaza uyifihla kahle emanzini. Isisu silula, size sifike emhlophe. Umzimba umbozwe izikali eziyindilinga. Amaphiko esiswini atholakala kude nekhanda kunezinye izinhlanzi zasemanzini angenasawoti. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, izinhlobo ze-chinook salmon ziyashintsha, njengakwamanye ama-salmon: iba bomvu, kuthi emuva kube mnyama. Kodwa-ke, iphansi ekukhanyeni kwengubo yomshado ku-salmon epinki noma i-chum salmon.
Futhi, izici zangaphandle zezinhlanzi zingahlukaniswa:
- umzimba omude;
- inhlanzi icindezelwe kusuka ezinhlangothini;
- amabala amnyama amancane emzimbeni ongenhla;
- isigaba sekhanda sikhulu ngokuhlobene nomzimba wonke;
- umlomo omkhulu;
- amehlo amancane;
- izimpawu ezimbalwa ezikhethelwe lezi zinhlobo kuphela - ulwelwesi lwe-branchial kubamele bayo zingu-15 lulunye, kanti izinsini zomhlathi ongezansi zimnyama.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Igama lizwakala lingajwayelekile ngoba linikezwe ama-Itelmens. Ngolimi lwabo, kwathiwa "chowuicha". EMelika, le nhlanzi ibizwa nge-chinook, njengesizwe samaNdiya, noma i-king salmon, okungukuthi, i-king salmon.
Ihlala kuphi i-chinook salmon?
Isithombe: Chinook eRussia
Kutholakala kokubili ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Pacific Ocean nasogwini olusentshonalanga, lithanda amanzi apholile. E-Asia, ihlala ikakhulukazi eKamchatka - eMfuleni iBolshoi nemifula etholakala kuyo. Akuvamile ukutholakala kweminye imifula yaseMpumalanga Ekude eningizimu kuya e-Amur, nasenyakatho kuya e-Anadyr.
Indawo yesibili ebalulekile iseNyakatho Melika. Iningi le-salmon le-chinook litholakala engxenyeni yalo esenyakatho: emifuleni egeleza e-Alaska naseCanada, izicathulo ezinkulu zihamba emifuleni yesifundazwe saseWashington, esiseduze nomngcele osenyakatho we-United States. Kepha futhi kusabalele naseningizimu, kuze kufike eCalifornia.
Ngaphandle kohlobo lwazo lwemvelo, ama-salmon e-chinook akhiqizwa ngokungeyikho: ngokwesibonelo, ahlala emapulazini akhethekile eGreat Lakes, amanzi nesimo sezulu esifanelekile kuwo. Imifula yaseNew Zealand yaba enye indawo yokuzalanisa okusebenzayo. Kwethulwa ngempumelelo ezilwaneni zasendle ePatagonia eminyakeni engama-40 edlule. Kusukela lapho, inani labantu selikhule kakhulu, kuvunyelwe ukudoba eChile nase-Argentina.
Emifuleni, ikhetha izindawo ezijulile ezinendawo engalingani, ithanda ukuhlala eduze kwezinguzunga ezahlukahlukene ezisetshenziswa njengezindawo zokukhosela. Imvamisa ibhukuda ibe semifuleni, ikhetha izindawo ezicebile ngohlaza. Ithanda ukushayisana ngokugeleza okusheshayo. Yize i-chinook salmon iyinhlanzi yasemanzini angenasawoti, isasebenzisa ingxenye enkulu yomjikelezo wayo wokuphila olwandle. Eziningi zazo zihlala eduze kwemifula, ematheku, kepha akukho phethini kulokhu - abanye abantu babhukuda baye olwandle. Ihlala eduze nendawo - isalmon ye-chinook ayitholakali ijule ngaphezu kwamamitha angama-30.
Manje uyazi lapho kuhlala khona isalmon ye-chinook. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Idlani i-salmon yeChinook?
Isithombe: Chinook eKamchatka
Ukudla kwehluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi i-chinook salmon isemfuleni noma olwandle.
Esimweni sokuqala, kufaka:
- izinhlanzi ezincane;
- izinambuzane;
- izibungu;
- ama-crustaceans.
I-salmon yentsha eyi-chinook ikakhulukazi idla nge-plankton, kanye nezinambuzane nezibungu zazo. Abantu abakhulile, hhayi ukubadelela labo abaklelisiwe, basashintshela ekudleni kwezinhlanzi ezincane. Kokubili isalmon yabancane nabadala bayathanda ukudla i-caviar - imvamisa ama-anglers ayisebenzisa njengombhobho, futhi i-chinook salmon nayo iluma kahle kwezinye izilwane ezibalwe ekuqaleni.
Udla olwandle:
- inhlanzi;
- imfanzi;
- krill;
- ingwane;
- plankton.
Usayizi wempango ye-chinook salmon ingahluka kakhulu: phakathi kwabancane, imenyu ifaka i-mesoplankton ne-macroplankton, okungukuthi, izilwane zincane kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ama-salmonid osayizi abancane bavame ukondla kuwo. Ngisho nesalmon encane yeChinook izondla kakhulu ngezinhlanzi noma imfanzi. Futhi umuntu omdala uba ngumzingeli, oyingozi ngisho nasezinhlanzini ezijwayelekile, njenge-herring noma isardard, ngenkathi eqhubeka nokudla izinto ezincane futhi. Uzingela ngenkuthalo futhi wandise masinyane isisindo sakhe ngenkathi ehlala olwandle.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Phakathi kwezinhlanzi ezingasekho ezihlobene nazo, kukhona enye emangalisayo efana ne-salmon enamazinyo ayisabile. Yayinkulu kakhulu - ifinyelela kumamitha amathathu ubude, inesisindo esifinyelela ku-220 kg, futhi yayinamazinyo asabekayo. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, ngokusho kososayensi, akazange ahole impilo yokudla, kepha wamane wahlunga amanzi okudla - amazinyo asebenza njengomhlobiso ngesikhathi sokukhwelana.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-salmon ye-Chinook
Indlela yokuphila ye-salmon ye-chinook incike kakhulu ekutheni ikusiphi isigaba - okokuqala, kunqunywa ubukhulu bayo, nokuthi ihlalaphi, emfuleni noma olwandle.
Kunezigaba eziningana, lapho impilo yale nhlanzi inezici zayo:
- ukuzalwa emfuleni, ukukhula kanye nokukhula ezinyangeni noma eminyakeni yokuqala;
- uya emanzini anosawoti nokuphila okukuwo;
- buyela emfuleni ukuzala.
Uma isigaba sesithathu sifushane futhi ngemuva kwaso inhlanzi ifa, khona-ke izigaba ezimbili zokuqala nokwehluka kwazo kufanele kuhlaziywe kabanzi. Amafry avela emifuleni egeleza ngokushesha, lapho kunezidlakela ezimbalwa ezizimisele ukuyidla, kepha akukho nokudla okuningi kubo. Kulamanzi amabi athosa gazinga emhlambini okokuqala ngqa empilweni, imvamisa izinyanga ezimbalwa.
Ekuqaleni, lena indawo engcono kakhulu kubo, kodwa lapho bekhula kancane, bayabhukuda besuka emfudlaneni baye emfuleni omkhulu, noma ezansi nomfula. Badinga ukudla okwengeziwe, futhi emanzini athambile bayakuthola, kepha kukhona nezinye izidlo eziningi kuzo. Emifuleni emikhulu, i-chinook salmon ingachitha isikhathi esincane kakhulu - izinyanga ezimbalwa, noma iminyaka embalwa.
Imvamisa, ngasikhathi sinye, inhlanzi ihamba kancane kancane isondele emlonyeni, kepha ngisho nabantu asebekhulile futhi abalungele ukuphuma baye emanzini anosawoti basencane kakhulu - bathola ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yobuningi babo olwandle, lapho izimo ezingcono kakhulu kubo. Bahlala lapho kusuka onyakeni kuya eminyakeni eyi-8, futhi sonke lesi sikhathi bakhula ngokushesha kuze kufike isikhathi sokubuyela emfuleni ukuzala. Ngenxa yomehluko onjalo esikhathini sokudla, kukhona futhi umehluko omkhulu esisindweni senhlanzi ebanjiwe: endaweni efanayo kwesinye isikhathi ungabamba isalmon encane yeChinook enesisindo esingamakhilogremu, nenhlanzi enkulu kakhulu ezodonsa konke okungama-30. Ukuthi owokuqala ushiye ulwandle waya unyaka wokuqala, kanti owesibili wahlala lapho iminyaka engu-7-9.
Phambilini, bekukholelwa nokuthi abesilisa abancane kunabo bonke, ababizwa nangokuthi ama-muskers, abahambeli olwandle nakancane, kepha abacwaningi bathole ukuthi lokhu akunjalo, bahlala khona isikhashana nje futhi abashiyi indawo esogwini. Izinhlanzi ezinkulu zingenza uhambo olude kakhulu, zibhukuda ziye ekujuleni kwengxenye esenyakatho yePacific Ocean, zisuka ogwini ziye ebangeni elifinyelela kumakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-3-4.
Isimo sezulu sinethonya elinamandla esikhathini sokudla. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, isalmon ye-chinook ibilokhu ifudumala ezindaweni zabo zokuhlala, ngenxa yalokho, bathutha hhayi kude kuze kufike ezikhathini ezibandayo. Ngakho-ke, inani elikhulu lezinhlanzi libuyela ekuzaleni minyaka yonke - futhi usayizi wazo omncane mncane, yize unikezwa kangcono ngokudla.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi ze-Chinook
Zihlala olwandle zodwa futhi zihlangana ndawonye kuphela lapho sekuyisikhathi sokuzala. Kungenxa yezicathulo lapho bengena khona emifuleni, yingakho kulula kakhulu ukubabamba ngamabhere nezinye izidalwa. Kubantu base-Asia, inkathi yokuzala iza emasontweni okugcina kaMeyi noma kaJuni, futhi ingahlala kuze kuphele ihlobo. Esimweni saseMelika, kwenzeka ezinyangeni zokugcina zonyaka.
Ngemuva kokungena emfuleni ukuzala, inhlanzi ayisaphakeli, kepha inyukela phezulu kuphela. Kwezinye izimo, akudingeki ukuthi ubhukude kude kakhulu, futhi udinga kuphela ukukhuphuka amakhilomitha angamakhulu ambalwa. Kwabanye, indlela yesalmon ye-chinook yinde kakhulu - ngokwesibonelo, eceleni kohlelo lomfula i-Amur kwesinye isikhathi kuyadingeka ukunqoba amakhilomitha angama-4,000. Kubantu base-Asia, izinhlanzi eziningi zizalela eMfuleni iBolshoi kanye nomcengezi wawo eKamchatka. Lapho ngalesi sikhathi zombili izilwane nabantu bamlindile. Kulula ukubona lapho izinhlanzi zibhukuda khona ukuze zizale: ziningi kakhulu kangangokuthi kungabonakala sengathi umfula ngokwawo wenziwe ngezinhlanzi, kanti isalmon yaseChinook ivamise ukuphuma emanzini ukunqoba izithiyo.
Lapho befika lapho kuzalela khona, abesifazane basebenzisa umsila wabo ukukhipha izimbobo, lapho bezalela khona. Ngemuva kwalokho, abesilisa bayamfaka umquba - bagcina u-5-10 eduze kwesifazane ngamunye, futhi lawa afana nezinkulu, kunama-musher amancane kakhulu. Phambilini, bekukholelwa ukuthi lezi zokugcina zonakalisa izinhlanzi - amaqanda amancane afanayo athathwe emaqanda avundiswe yibo. Kepha lokhu akulungile: ososayensi bakwazile ukuthola ukuthi ubukhulu benzalo abuxhomekile kubukhulu besilisa.
Amaqanda makhulu, amnandi. Ifakwa ngasikhathi sinye ngabangaba ngu-10 000 ngabesifazane ngamunye: abanye babo bazithola besesimweni esingesihle, abanye badliwa yizilwane, futhi gazinga banenkinga enzima - ngakho-ke ukutholakala okukhulu kangaka kufaneleke ngokuphelele. Kepha abazali ngokwabo basebenzisa amandla amaningi kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuzala, yingakho befa kungakapheli izinsuku eziyi-7-15 ngemuva kwalokho.
Chinook salmon izitha zemvelo
Isithombe: I-salmon ye-Chinook emanzini
Amaqanda kanye nefry yizona eziyingozi kakhulu. Noma ngabe i-chinook salmon iye izale ezindaweni ezingaphezulu eziphephile, ingahle ibe yisisulu sezinhlanzi ezidlayo, hhayi kuphela ezinkulu, kepha futhi nezincane impela. Ziphinde zizingelwe izinhlanzi zasolwandle nezinye izinyoni ezidla izinhlanzi.
Izilwane ezincelisayo zasemanzini ezahlukahlukene njengama-otter nazo azikuthandi ukuzitika ngazo. Lesi sakamuva singabamba izinhlanzi esezikhulile, inqobo nje uma singabi sikhulu kakhulu kuso. I-otter iyakwazi ukubhekana ngisho ne-chinook salmon eseyizalile, uma ngabe ibisolwandle isikhathi eside futhi isisindo sayo singamakhilogremu ambalwa. Izinhlanzi ezicishe zibe ngamapharamitha afanayo nazo ziheha izinyoni ezinkulu ezidla inyama, njenge-merganser enkulu - enkulu kakhulu ingaphezu kwamandla abo. Kepha amabhere akwazi ukugcina noma yikuphi, ngisho nomuntu omkhulu kunabo bonke: lapho u-salmon eya kuzala, lezi zilwane ezivame ukuzilinda khona emanzini bese ziwahlwitha ngobuciko.
Kumabhere, lesi yisikhathi esihle kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngoba izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ziya koza zilandelana futhi isikhathi sokwondliwa kwenhlanzi esiningi kangako singahlala izinyanga, futhi kweminye imifula ngokuvamile isikhathi esiningi sonyaka. Ngenxa yokuthi izilwane ezidla ezinye zilinde nje ukuthi izinhlanzi zibhukule zizale, lesi sikhathi siyingozi kakhulu ku-saumon ye-chinook - kunengozi enkulu yokuthi ungalokothi ufinyelele ezindaweni eziphezulu zemifula.
Ulwandle aluyingozi kangako kubo, ngoba isalmon yaseChinook iyinhlanzi enkulu, futhi inzima kakhulu ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye zasolwandle. Kodwa-ke, i-beluga, i-orca, kanye namaphini amancane angayizingela.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Ngokuzala, isalmon yaseChinook ayigcini ngokubuyela ezindaweni ezifana nalezo lapho yazalelwa khona uqobo - ibhukuda iye endaweni efanayo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi ezibomvu zeChinook
Inani le-salmon le-chinook eRussia lehle kakhulu phakathi nekhulu lama-20, futhi isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu kwakuwukudoba okusebenza ngokweqile. Ukunambitheka kwayo kuyaziswa kakhulu, kuthunyelwa ngenkuthalo phesheya, futhi ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kusabalele, okwenza kube nzima ukulawula isibalo. I-chinook salmon ibhekene nabazingeli abazingela ngokungemthetho ngaphezu kwamanye ama-salmonid, kokubili ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obukhulu futhi ngoba bangabokuqala ukuzala. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinhlanzi ezibomvu, kanye ne-chalm salmon ikakhulukazi, zanyamalala kweminye imifula yaseMpumalanga Ekude.
Ngakho-ke, eKamchatka, lapho inani elikhulu kakhulu lale nhlanzi lizala khona, kungenzeka ezimbonini ukuthi liyibambe njengokubamba nje kuphela, bese kuphela ogwini olusempumalanga yenhlonhlo. Ukubanjwa okuvunyelwe kwe-salmon ye-chinook eminyakeni engama-40-50 edlule kwakungamathani ayi-5 000, kepha kwehla kancane kancane kwaba ngamathani ayi-200. Kunzima kakhulu ukuhlola ukuthi ingakanani le nhlanzi ebanjwa ngabazingeli abangekho emthethweni - kunoma yikuphi, isilinganiso sokudoba ngokungemthetho sehle kakhulu kokubili ngenxa yokuthi i-chinook salmon uqobo isibe ncane, nangenxa yokuvikelwa okuqinile. Noma kunjalo, ukwehla kwenani labantu kuyaqhubeka - ngaphandle kwaseKamchatka e-Asia, isalmon ye-chinook manje seyivelakancane kakhulu.
Ngasikhathi sinye, inhlanzi izala kahle, futhi nokubuyiselwa kwabantu bayo, uma inkinga yabazingeli ngokungemthetho ixazululwa, kungenzeka emashumini ambalwa nje eminyaka: minyaka yonke ama-fry angama-850,000 akhishwa eMachinsky fish hatchery yodwa, futhi lapho kungekho abazingeli abangekho emthethweni, isibalo esikhulu kakhulu sabo singasinda ukuze sizale. Lokhu kukhonjiswa futhi ngabantu baseMelika: kusezingeni elizinzile yize ukudoba kuvunyelwe eMelika naseCanada futhi kuvuna izinhlanzi eziningi ze-chinook. Ukuthi inkinga yabazingeli abangekho emthethweni ayinzima kangako lapho, ngakho-ke izinhlanzi zizala ngempumelelo.
Ukuqothulwa kwe-saumon ye-chinook, njengezinhlanzi ezibomvu ngokujwayelekile, kuyisongo esikhulu eMpumalanga Ekude, izinsiza zayo zemvelo eziba ngokushesha. Ngenxa yokuzingela ngokungemthetho, abantu bezinhlobo eziningi babesengcupheni yokusinda, ngakho-ke kwadingeka ukuthi kuzalwe ezinye ngokungeyena. Chinook salmon inhlanzi emangalisayo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ungayivumeli inyamalale.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 19.07.2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/25/2019 ngo-21: 35
