Ingwane - i-cephalopod mollusk eyaziwayo, esatshalaliswa cishe kuzo zonke izilwandle nolwandle. Lezi zilwane ezimangalisayo zingathatha ukwakheka nemibala ehlukene, zizenze izizinda zazo. Ama-octopus ayaziswa phakathi kwabantu ngokunambitheka kwawo, ngakho-ke namuhla kunamapulazi aphelele okuzalanisa lezi zilwane.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: i-Octopus
Ama-octopus (nawo angama-octopus) angabamele abavame kakhulu ku-cephalopod oda. I-Theutologists - ososayensi ababambe iqhaza ekutadisheni izingwane, bahlukanisa ama-oda amabili ayinhloko ahluke endleleni yawo yokuphila: phansi kanye nokuhambahamba. Iningi lama-octopus liyizidalwa ze-benthic.
Umzimba we-octopus uqukethe izicubu ezithambile ngokuphelele, ngakho-ke, ngokuya nge-paleontology, izifundo ngemvelaphi yama-octopus zinzima - ngemuva kokufa zibola ngokushesha, zingashiyi mkhondo ungqimba. Kodwa-ke, izazi ze-paleontologists zaseYurophu zithole izinsalela ze-octopus ezifakwe enhlabathini eyake yaba ithambile eLebanon.
Ividiyo: Ingwane
Le mikhondo yashiywa cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-95 edlule. Izinsalela zala ma-octopus azihlukile kwe-octopus zanamuhla - ukuphrinta bekuqondile, kuze kufike esakhiweni sesisu. Kukhona nezinye izinhlobo zezinsalela zezinsalela zamathambo, kodwa ukutholakala okuthakazelisayo kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthola ukuthi octopus abakashintshi ngaphezu kwezigidi zeminyaka bekhona.
Futhi, abamele abalandelayo bangabaka-oda be-cephalopods:
- i-nautilus;
- i-cuttlefish;
- ingwane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-squid angabamele abakhulu bama-cephalopods. Ngo-2007, kwabanjwa isigaxa esikhulu sowesifazane, esasisinda cishe ngama-500 kg.
Igama elithi "cephalopods" alitholakalanga ngengozi: imilenze emincane (imvamisa eyisishiyagalombili) yemilenze ikhula kusuka ekhanda lommeleli we-oda. Kuyinsakavukela ukuthi ama-cephalopods awanawo amagobolondo e-chitinous noma anengubo emincane kakhulu ye-chitinous engabavikeli emathonyeni angaphandle nganoma iyiphi indlela.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: I-Giant Octopus
Ama-octopus enziwe ngokuphelele ngendwangu ethambile. "Inhloko" yayo inesimo se-oval, lapho kukhula khona amatende ayisishiyagalombili ahambayo. Umlomo onemihlathi efana nomlomo wenyoni utholakala lapho zonke izintambo zihlangana khona - izingwane zibamba inyamazane ziyidonsele phakathi nendawo. Ukuvulwa kwezitho zangaphansi kutholakala ngaphansi kwengubo - isaka lesikhumba ngemuva kwe-squid.
Umphimbo we-octopus ubanjwe imbambo, obizwa nge- "radula" - usebenza njenge-grater yokudla. Izindwangu ze-octopus zixhunywe ulwelwesi olunwebekayo oluncane. Ngokuya ngosayizi we-octopus, izintambo zayo zingaba nolayini owodwa noma emithathu yezinkomishi zokudonsa. I-octopus yabantu abadala inenani elicishe libe yizinkulungwane ezimbili zamaswidi, ngalinye lawo elingabamba cishe amagremu ayi-100 wesisindo.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Izinkomishi zokudonsa i-Octopus azisebenzi njengezinkomishi zokudonsa ezenziwe ngabantu - emgodini. Ingwane idonswa ngumzamo wemisipha.
I-octopus nayo iyathakazelisa ngoba inezinhliziyo ezintathu. Owokuqala uhambisa igazi emzimbeni, kanti ezinye izinhliziyo ezimbili zisebenza njengezindlala, zicindezela igazi ukuze liphefumule. Ezinye izinhlobo zezingwane zinobuthi, kanti izingwane ezinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ezihlala ogwini lwasePacific, zibalwa phakathi kwezilwane ezinobuthi kakhulu emhlabeni.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Octopus banegazi eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ama-octopus awanawo nhlobo amathambo noma yiluphi uhlobo lwamathambo, oluwavumela ukuthi aguqule ngokukhululeka isimo. Zingasakazeka ngezansi bese zizifihla njengesihlabathi, zingagibela entanyeni yebhodlela noma emfantwini omncane emadwaleni. Futhi, izingwane ziyakwazi ukushintsha umbala wazo, zijwayele imvelo.
Ama-octopus ahluka ngosayizi. Abamele abancane kakhulu bangafika kubude obungu-1 cm, enkulu kunazo zonke - (i-octopus kaDoflein) - 960 cm enesisindo esingu-270 kg.
Uhlalaphi i-octopus?
Isithombe: Ingwane olwandle
Zitholakala emanzini afudumele wezilwandle nezilwandle ekujuleni okungafani.
Ama-octopus akhetha lezi zindawo ezilandelayo zokuhlala kahle:
- ekujuleni, lapho azifihla kahle njengamatshe nesihlabathi;
- izinto ezicwile ezindaweni eziningi ezifihliwe;
- amadwala;
- amadwala.
Ama-octopus acasha emifantwini emincane nasezindaweni eziyimfihlo, lapho angazingela khona. Kwesinye isikhathi i-octopus ingakhuphukela egobolondweni elishiywe ngama-crustaceans futhi ihlale lapho, kepha octopus uqobo abalokothi baqale ukuhlala unomphela.
Ukujula okuphezulu lapho octopus behlala khona kamnandi kungamamitha ayi-150, yize abamele olwandle olujulile bohlobo lungehla ngamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu phansi, njenge-squid. Kwesinye isikhathi, izingwane zitholakala emanzini abandayo, lapho zilele ngokweqile khona.
Zithathwa njengezidalwa zasebusuku, ngoba emini zicasha ezikhoselweni zazo. Kwesinye isikhathi, lapho ilele kancane, i-octopus ingabamba inyamazane ebhukuda futhi, ngaphandle kokuvuka, iyidle.
Ama-octopus angabhukuda, yize engathandi ukukwenza - ukubhukuda kudala isimo esibucayi lapho i-octopus kulula ukuyibamba. Ngakho-ke, bahamba phansi ngosizo lwe-tentacles. Kuma-octopus, azikho izithiyo ngendlela yamatshe amakhulu kanye nendawo eqondile - i-octopus yenza indlela yayo ngosizo lwezinkomishi zokudonsa futhi ibambe noma yiziphi izinto ezinamatende ayo.
Lapho zibhukuda, zihamba kancane, ngoba zisebenzisa indlela ye-cuttlefish: zithatha amanzi ngomlomo ziwakhiphele ngaphandle. Ngenxa yokuhamba kancane, bacasha kakhulu ezindlini zokukhosela futhi bazulazule ezimeni eziphuthumayo.
Idla ini i-octopus?
Isithombe: I-octopus enkulu
Ama-octopus yizilwane ezizingelayo ezingagwinya cishe noma yisiphi isisulu, noma sikhulu. I-octopus elambile ilinda ngesineke endaweni ecashile, iguqule umbala wayo ube owokuzifihla. Lapho inyamazane ibhukuda, yenza ukujikijela okubukhali, izama ukuyibamba ngazo zonke izintambo ngasikhathi sinye.
Ijubane libaluleke kakhulu kule ndaba - umphikisi onamandla angagqashuka. Ngakho-ke, i-octopus imunca inyamazane emlonyeni wayo ngokushesha. Uqhwaku lwayo luma isisulu uma lungangeni emlonyeni, bese umphimbo wenza umsebenzi wokuhlafuna - uchoboza ukudla kube yizicucu ezincane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Octopus ezinobuthi kuyaqabukela basebenzise ubuthi ukubulala inyamazane - lokhu kuyindlela yokuzivikela kunedivayisi yokuzingela.
Ngokuvamile, octopus bondla abamele abalandelayo bezilwane zasolwandle:
- noma iyiphi inhlanzi, kuhlanganisa nobuthi;
- ama-crustaceans, kwesinye isikhathi anikeza ukwenqaba okukhulu kuma-octopus;
- intandokazi ye-octopus ngama-lobster, ama-lobster kanye ne-crayfish, okuthi kuthi lapho ibona isilwane esesabekayo, ijwayele ukubhukuda isuke kuyo ngokushesha okukhulu;
- kwesinye isikhathi izingwane ezinkulu zingabamba oshaka abancane;
- ukudliwa kwamazimu akuyona into engavamile phakathi kwezingwane. Abantu abanamandla bavame ukudla amancane.
Kunezikhathi lapho i-octopus ingawabali amandla ayo lapho ihlasela lokhu noma lokho kudla, noma inhlanzi eyizingelayo uqobo izama ukudla i-octopus. Bese kuba nokulwa lapho i-octopus ingalahlekelwa khona ukubukeka kwayo. Kepha ama-octopus azwela buthakathaka ebuhlungwini, futhi izintambo zazo zikhula ngokushesha masinyane.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-Sea Octopus
Ama-octopus angama-loners azibophezele, axhumene kakhulu nendawo yawo. Bahola impilo yokuvilapha, yokuhlala phansi, begijima besuka kwenye indawo beya kwenye kuphela lapho kunesidingo: lapho kungekho ukudla okwanele endaweni yakudala, lapho izitha sezivele zazungeza noma lapho zifuna umlingani.
Ama-octopus athathwa njengabancintisana, ngakho-ke i-octopus eyodwa izama ukugwema indawo lapho enye i-octopus ihlala khona. Uma kwenzeka ukushayisana futhi owephula umngcele akajahile ukushiya, lapho-ke kungenzeka kube nokulwa, lapho i-octopus eyodwa iba sengcupheni yokulimala noma ukudliwa. Kepha ukushayisana okunjalo akuvamile.
Emini, octopus bacasha endaweni yokukhosela, ebusuku baya ezindaweni eziningi ezivulekile zokuzingela. Ama-octopus athanda ukukhetha imikhondo ehlukahlukene yokwenziwa kwabantu njengekhaya labo: amabhokisi, amabhodlela, amathayi emoto, njll. Bahlala ezindlini ezinjalo isikhathi eside. Inhlanzeko ibusa ezungeze indlu yengwane: zisusa imfucumfucu eyeqile nobulembu obufile, sengathi kushanela imvelo ngomfudlana wamanzi. Bafaka imvuthuluka kadoti enqwabeni ehlukile.
Ebusika, octopus behlela ekujuleni, ehlobo bahlala emanzini angajulile, futhi kwesinye isikhathi bangatholakala ogwini - octopus bavame ukukhipha amagagasi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-octopus encane
Kabili ngonyaka, insikazi iqala ukufuna eyeduna ezokhwelana. Bakha umbhangqwana oqinile futhi bathole ikhaya ndawonye, abalihlomisa ngendlela yokuthi kukhululeke ukubuka amaqanda. Imvamisa, izindlu ezinjalo zenzeka emanzini angajulile.
Ama-octopus awanakho ukuqomisana nokulwa kowesifazane. Owesifazane uqobo lwakhe ukhetha owesilisa afuna ukuba naye inzalo: ngenxa yendlela yokuphila yobuvila, imvamisa lena iyindoda eseduzane kakhulu azoyithola.
Insikazi izalela amaqanda angaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-80. Uhlala nenzalo futhi uyivikela ngentshiseko i-clutch. Isikhathi sokufukamela sithatha izinyanga ezi-4-5, lapho insikazi ingazingeli khona, iphele ngokuphelele futhi, njengomthetho, ifa ngokukhathala ngesikhathi izingane zivela. Indoda nayo ibamba iqhaza ezimpilweni zezingane ezizayo, ivikela insikazi namaqanda, kanye nokususa ukungcola nazo zonke izinhlobo zemfucumfucu kuzo.
Ngemuva kokuvela, izibungu zisala zodwa, ezinyangeni ezimbili zokuqala zidla i-plankton futhi zibhukuda ngokugeleza. Ngakho-ke, zivame ukuba ukudla kwama-cetaceans adla nge-plankton. Ezinyangeni ezimbili, isibungu siba umuntu omdala futhi siqala ukuphila impilo ye-benthic. Ukukhula okusheshayo kuvumela abantu abaningi ukuthi basinde. Ezinyangeni ezine ubudala, i-octopus ingaba nesisindo esingu-1-2 kilograms. Sekukonke, octopus baphila iminyaka eyi-1-2, abesilisa baphila kuze kube yiminyaka emi-4.
Izitha zemvelo zengwane
Isithombe: i-Octopus
Ezitheni zemvelo ze-octopus, labo ababeka ingozi enkulu kuyo bangahlukaniswa:
- oshaka, kufaka phakathi oshaka bamadwala;
- izimvu zamanzi, izingonyama zolwandle nezimpawu zoboya;
- amahlengethwa nemikhomo ebulalayo kuvame ukudlala ngama-octopus, ekugcineni kudliwe noma kugcinwe kuphila;
- ezinye izinhlanzi ezinkulu.
Uma i-octopus itholwa ngumzingeli esimweni sokuzitotosa, into yokuqala eyenzayo ukuzama ukubhukuda uhambe. Izinhlobo eziningi zikhipha amafu oyinki esitheni, bese zibhukuda zihambe - yile ndlela i-octopus esithola ngayo isikhathi kuze kube yilapho isitha siyibona noma sisesimweni sokushaqeka. Futhi, ukuze zizigcine, octopus bashaywa ngesando emikhondweni emincane futhi balinde kuze kube yilapho isitha sihamba.
Enye yezindlela ezihlukile zokuvikela i-octopus yi-autotomy. Lapho isitha sibamba lesi sidalwa nge-tentacle, i-octopus siyinqamula ngamabomu emzimbeni bese iyazibalekela. Kuyafana nokuthi isibankwa siwulahla kanjani umsila waso uma sibanjwe yiso. Ithende ngemuva kwalokho liyakhula futhi.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Amanye ama-octopus aziwa njenge-autocannibalistic - adla amathente awo. Lokhu kungenxa yesifo sohlelo lwezinzwa, lapho i-octopus, ibhekene nendlala encane, idla into yokuqala okuthi, ngokoqobo, "ifike".
Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ama-octopus yizinhlobo ezihlakaniphe kakhulu zama-invertebrates. Zikhombisa ukukhalipha nokubuka kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuhlola. Isibonelo, octopus bayakwazi ukuvula amakani nama-valve akudala; abantu bezingwane bayakwazi ukufaka ama-cubes nemibuthano emigodini ethile efana nomumo. Ukukhalipha okuphezulu kwalezi zidalwa kuzenza izisulu ezingandile zokuphila kwasolwandle, iningi lazo elingenayo le nkomba.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ama-octopus amakhulu
I-octopus iyisihloko sokusetshenziswa kokudla okukhulu. Ngokuvamile, ukubanjwa komhlaba wonke kwe-octopus cishe ngamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-40, futhi kubanjwa kakhulu ogwini lwaseMexico nase-Italy.
Ukudla izingwane sekuyinto eyejwayelekile emhlabeni wonke, yize abase-Asia bekungabokuqala ukuzidla. Ekuphekeni kwaseJapan, i-octopus akuyona inyama ebaluleke kakhulu, kodwa inyama ethandwayo. Ama-octopus nawo adliwa ephila ngokusikwa futhi kudliwe amatende ajiyikayo.
I-octopus icebile ngamavithamini B, i-potassium, i-phosphorus ne-selenium. Ziyaphekwa ukuze kususwe amafinyila noyinki ngesikhathi sokupheka, yize kwesinye isikhathi kudliwa ngoyinki. Abantu be-octopus abasongelwa yile ndawo yokudoba - iyinhlobo enkulu ebuye izalwe ngezinga lezimboni lezindawo zokudlela.
Inobuhlakani futhi ivumelana nezimo kakhulu ingwane waphila izigidi zeminyaka, cishe engashintshi. Lezi zilwane ezimangalisayo zisalokhu ziyizinhlobo ze-cephalopod ezivame kakhulu, noma ngabe ziyinto yokudoba enkulu kunazo zonke.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 20.07.2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 09/26/2019 ngo-9: 00
