IsiPelican (UPelecanus) uyinyoni yasemanzini edabuka kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica. Isibalo sayo futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, isikhumba esinwebeka kakhulu emlomeni ongezansi senza le nyoni ihluke futhi ibonakale ngokushesha. Izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili ze-pelican zinokusatshalaliswa komhlaba okungaxakile okusukela kubude obusuka ezindaweni ezishisayo kuya endaweni enesimo sezulu esipholile, yize izinyoni zingekho maphakathi neNingizimu Melika, ezifundeni ezibandayo nasolwandle oluvulekile.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Pelican
Uhlobo lwama-pelican (uPelecanus) lwaqala ukuchazwa ngokusemthethweni nguLinnaeus ngo-1758. Igama livela egameni lasendulo lesiGreki elithi pelekan (πελεκάν), elivela egameni elithi pelekys (πέλεκυς) elisho ukuthi "izembe". Umndeni wakwaPelicanea wethulwa yi-polymath yaseFrance K. Rafinesky ngo-1815. AmaPelican aqamba igama lawo kumaPelecaniformes.
Ividiyo: IPelican
Kuze kube muva nje, i-oda belingachazwanga ngokuphelele futhi ukwakheka kwalo, ngaphezu kwama-pelican, kufaka phakathi iSulidae, Frigate (Fregatidae), Phaethon (Phaethontidae), Cormorant (Phalacrocoracidae), Snake-necked (Anhingidae), ngenkathi inhloko yomkhomo ( I-Shoebill), ama-egrets (ama-Egrets) nama-ibises (i-Ibises) nama-spoonbill (i-Plataleinae) ayephakathi kwezinyoni zikanogolantethe (i-Ciconiiformes). Kwavela ukuthi ukufana phakathi kwalezi zinyoni kwenzeka ngengozi, umphumela wokuvela okufanayo. Ubufakazi bemolekyuli bokuqhathaniswa kwe-DNA ngokusobala buphikisana nenhlanganisela enjalo.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ucwaningo lwe-DNA lukhombisile ukuthi izigaxa ezintathu zeNew World zakha uhlu lozalo olulodwa lwenhlanzi yaseMelika emhlophe, nezinhlobo ezinhlanu ze-Old World zivela ku-pelican eboshelwe nge-pink, kuyilapho i-pelican emhlophe yase-Australia iyisihlobo sayo esiseduze kakhulu. Iphimpi elibomvana nalo lalingelalo lozalo, kodwa laba ngelokuqala ukuphambuka kukhokho ovamile wezinye izinhlobo ezine. Lokhu okutholakele kukhombisa ukuthi ama-pelican aqala ukuvela e-Old World futhi asakazekela eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika, futhi ukuthanda ukwakhiwa kwezihlahla noma phansi kuhlobene nosayizi ukwedlula ufuzo.
Izinsalela ezitholakele zikhombisa ukuthi ama-pelican abekhona okungenani iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-30. Imivubukulo eyaziwayo endala kunazo zonke eyatholakala yatholwa ezinsaleni zase-Early Oligocene eLuberon eningizimu-mpumalanga yeFrance. Zifana ngokuphawulekayo nezindlela zesimanje. Umlomo ocishe uphelele wasinda, ngokufana ngokufana nokhalo lwamanqantshu anamuhla, okukhombisa ukuthi le mishini yokuphakela esezingeni eliphakeme yayivele ikhona ngaleso sikhathi.
EMiocene yakuqala, imivubukulo yaqanjwa ngokuthi yiMiopelecanus - uhlobo lwemivubukulo, uhlobo M. gracilis, olususelwa kuzici ezithile, ekuqaleni lwaluthathwa njengoluyingqayizivele, kodwa-ke kwathathwa isinqumo sokuthi kwakuwuhlobo oluphakathi nendawo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inyoni yasePelican
AmaPelican yizinyoni ezinkulu kakhulu zamanzi. I-Dalmatian Pelican ingafinyelela osayizi abakhulu kakhulu. Lokhu kuyenza ibe enye yezinyoni ezindizayo ezinkulu nezinzima kakhulu. Izinhlobo ezincane kakhulu zevuba elinsundu. Amathambo alinganiselwa ku-7% kuphela wesisindo somzimba wama-pelicans anzima kakhulu. Isici esivelele kunazo zonke izintshontshane ngudebe lwazo. Isikhwama somphimbo sikhuliswe kakhulu futhi sixhunywe kuqhwaku olungezansi, okulenga kulo njengesikhwama sesikhumba esinwebeka. Umthamo wayo ungafinyelela kumalitha ayi-13, isetshenziswa njengenetha lokudoba ukudoba. Ivalwa ngokuqinile ngomlomo ongaphezulu omude, owehle kancane.
Izinhlobo eziphilayo eziyisishiyagalombili zinezici ezilandelayo:
- I-American White Pelican (P. erythrorhynchos): ubude obungu-1.3-1.8 m, amaphiko angu-2.44-2.9 m, isisindo esingu-5-9 kg. Izimpaphe zicishe zibe mhlophe ngokuphelele, ngaphandle kwezimpaphe zamaphiko, ezibonakala kuphela endizeni;
- I-pelican yase-American brown (P. occidentalis): ubude obufinyelela ku-1.4 m, amaphiko e-2-2.3 m, isisindo esingu-3.6-4.5 kg. Yincwasimende encane kunazo zonke enezimpaphe ezinsundu.;
- I-pelican Peruvian (P. thagus): ubude obufinyelela ku-1.52 m, amaphiko ububanzi be-2.48 m, isisindo esimaphakathi i-7 kg. Kumnyama ngomugqa omhlophe kusuka ekhanda kuye ezinhlangothini zentamo;
- i-pink pelican (P. onocrotalus): ubude be-1.40-1.75 m, amaphiko we-2.45-2.95 m, isisindo esingu-10-11 kg. Izimpaphe zimhlophe ngokumhlophe, zinamabala abomvana ebusweni nasemilenzeni;
- I-pelican yase-Australia (P. conspicillatus): ubude be-1.60-1.90 m, amaphiko we-2.5-3.4 m, isisindo esingu-4-8.2 kg. Kakhulukazi abamhlophe bahlanganiswe nomnyama, ngomlomo omkhulu, obomvana obomvana;
- i-pelican e-pink-backed (P. rufescens): ubude be-1.25-1.32 m, amaphiko we-2.65-2.2 m, isisindo esingu-3.9-7 kg. Izimpaphe ezimhlophe ngokumpunga, kwesinye isikhathi zibomvana ngemuva, zinomhlathi ongaphezulu ophuzi nesikhwama esimpunga;
- I-pelican yaseDalmatia (P. crispus): ubude obungu-1.60-1.81 m, amaphiko angu-2.70-3.20 m, isisindo esingu-10-12 kg. Inhlanzi eyimpunga emhlophe enkulu kunayo yonke, inezimpaphe ezisontekile ekhanda nasentanyeni engenhla;
- i-pelican empunga (P. philippensis): ubude 1.27-1.52 m, amaphiko ububanzi 2.5 m, isisindo c. 5 kg. Kakhulukazi izimpaphe ezimhlophe mpunga, ezinombala ompunga. Ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, ubomvana ngesaka elinamabala.
Ihlala kuphi ivuba?
Isithombe: IPelican eRussia
Izilwanyane zanamuhla zihlala kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica. Kunezinhlobo ezi-2 eRussia: i-pink (P. onocrotalus) ne-curican pelican (P. crispus). Kunabantu abaningi emazweni aseBalkan eYurophu, anamakholoni adume kakhulu ama-pelican ama-pink nama-curly eDanube Delta. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zisatholakala eLake Prespa nasogwini olusempumalanga yoLwandle lwase-Azov. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iDalmatian Pelican nayo iyatholakala kwamanye amakoloni eVolga engezansi nasogwini olusenyakatho loLwandle iCaspian.
Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili ne-pelican empunga (P. philippensis) nazo ziyatholakala eNtshonalanga nase-Asia Ephakathi. Lesi sakamuva sitholakala naseNingizimu Asia. I-Afrika iyikhaya le-pelican e-pink-backed (P. rufescens), etholakala ezifundeni ezishisayo nasezindaweni ezishisayo. Izindawo zokuzalela nobusika ziseRoselle Canyon, esukela eSahel iye eNingizimu Afrika.
I-Australia ne-Tasmania likhaya le-Pelican yase-Australia (P. conspicillatus), lehlangana njalo ngaphandle kwesikhatsi sekutala e-New Guinea, eSolomon Islands nase-Lesser Sunda Islands. I-American White Pelican (P. erythrorhynchos) izala eMidwest yeNyakatho Melika kanye naseningizimu yeCanada, futhi ibhala ngaphezulu kwama-overwinters ngasogwini lwaseNyakatho naseMelika Ephakathi. Emaphethelweni ezwekazi laseMelika eliphindwe kabili kuhlala ikhaya le-pelican ensundu (P. occidentalis).
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ebusika, ezinye izinhlobo zimelana namakhaza amabi, kepha zidinga amanzi angenawo iqhwa. Izinhlobo eziningi zikhetha amanzi ahlanzekile. Zitholakala emachibini noma emfuleni i-deltas, futhi njengoba i-pelicans ingagxili ekujuleni, idinga ukujula okujulile. Lesi yisizathu esenza ukuthi izinyoni zingabikho emachibini ajulile. Ivuba elinsundu yilona kuphela uhlobo oluhlala unyaka wonke kuphela ngasolwandle.
Iningi lama-pelican alizona izinyoni ezifudukayo ezihamba ibanga elifushane. Lokhu kusebenza ezinhlotsheni ezishisayo, kepha naseDanube Delta Dalmatian Pelicans. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izimbali ezinombala opinki ezisuka eDanube Delta zifudukela ezindaweni zobusika zase-Afrika ngemuva kwenkathi yokuzalanisa. Bachitha izinsuku ezimbili kuya kwezintathu kwa-Israyeli, lapho amathani ezinhlanzi ezintsha ahanjiswa khona ezinyonini.
Yini edliwa yikhwane?
Isithombe: Uqhwaku lukaPelican
Ukudla kwenkukhu kuqukethe cishe izinhlanzi kuphela. Kwesinye isikhathi ama-pelican atholakala edla kuphela ama-crustaceans. E-Danube Delta, i-carp ne-perch yizisulu ezibaluleke kakhulu zezinhlobo ze-pelican yendawo. I-American White Pelican iphakela ikakhulukazi izinhlanzi zohlobo lwe-carp zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, ezingathandeki ekudobeleni inzuzo. E-Afrika, onondweba bathatha izinhlanzi ze-cichlid kwisizukulwane iTilapia naseHaplochromis, naseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Afrika, amaqanda namatshwele aseCape cormorants (P. capensis). I-pelican ensundu iphakela ogwini lwaseFlorida ngamanaden, i-herring, ama-anchovies nama-Pacific sardine.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: AmaPelican adla isisindo sawo esingu-10% ngosuku. Lokhu cishe kungu-1.2 kg wephuphu elimhlophe. Uma ungeza lokho, lonke inani le-pelican eNakurusi, e-Afrika, lidla izinhlanzi eziyi-12,000 kg ngosuku noma amathani ezinhlanzi angu-4,380 ngonyaka.
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zisebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuzingela, kepha zonke zizingela kakhulu ngamaqembu. Indlela ejwayelekile kunazo zonke ukubhukuda, ukushayela izinhlanzi emanzini angajulile lapho zingasakwazi ukugijimela maphakathi nezwe futhi ngaleyo ndlela kube lula ukuzibamba. Kwesinye isikhathi lezi zenzo zenziwa ukushaywa okunamandla kwamaphiko ebusweni bamanzi. Okunye ongakhetha kukho ukwakha isiyingi bese uvale ukuphuma kwenhlanzi endaweni evulekile noma imigqa emibili eqondile ibhukuda iye ngakunye.
Ngonwabu olukhulu, izinyamazane zingena emanzini zibambe izinhlanzi ezijahile. Izinga lokuphumelela lingu-20%. Ngemuva kokubanjwa ngempumelelo, amanzi ahlala ngaphandle kwesikhwama sesikhumba futhi inhlanzi igwinywa iphelele. Zonke izinhlobo nazo zingadoba zodwa, kanti ezinye zikhetha lokhu, kepha zonke izinhlobo zinezindlela ezichazwe ngenhla. Izinyamazane ezinoshukela nezasePeru kuphela kuphela ezizingela emoyeni. Zibamba izinhlanzi ekujuleni okukhulu, zehla zibheka kusuka kubude obungamamitha ayi-10 kuye kwangama-20.
Manje uyazi ukuthi inyoni yevuba iyibeka kuphi inhlanzi. Ake sibone ukuthi uhlala kanjani endle.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-Pelican indiza
Ukuphila, ukuzala, ukufuduka, ukuphakela emakoloni amakhulu. Ukudoba kuthatha ingxenye encane kakhulu yosuku lwencikane, njengoba abantu abaningi beqeda ukondla ngo-8-9 ekuseni. Ukuphumula kosuku kusetshenziselwa ukuzungeza - ukuhlanza nokugeza. Le misebenzi yenzeka osebeni lwesihlabathi noma eziqhingini ezincane.
Inyoni iyageza, itshekise ikhanda nomzimba emanzini, ishaya izimpiko zayo. I-pelican ivula umlomo wayo noma ivule amaphiko ayo lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka ukuze kulawulwe ukushisa komzimba. Ukuvikela indawo yabo, abesilisa basongela abangena. I-pelican ihlasela ngomlomo wayo njengesikhali sayo esiyinhloko.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili eziphilayo zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili, elinye lazo liqukethe izinhlobo ezine zabantu abadala ezakha izidleke zasemhlabeni ezinamaphiko amaningi amhlophe (i-Australia, i-curly, i-pelican emhlophe enkulu ne-American white), kanti enye yayiqukethe izinhlobo ezine ezinezimpaphe ezinsundu ngokumpunga. etholakala ngokukhethekile ezihlahleni (ama-pelican ama-pink, ama-grey kanye ne-brown), noma emadwaleni olwandle (i-pelican pelican).
Isisindo senyoni senza ukuphakamisa inqubo enzima kakhulu. Iphoyinti kufanele lishaye amaphiko alo phezu kwamanzi isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuthi likhuphukele emoyeni. Kodwa uma inyoni isiphumile ngempumelelo, iyaqhubeka nokundiza kwayo ngokuzethemba. AmaPelican angandiza amahora angama-24 ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa, afinyelela ku-500 km.
Ijubane lokundiza lingafinyelela kuma-56 km / h, ukuphakama ngaphezu kogu lolwandle kungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-3000. Lapho indiza, ama-pelicans agobisa izintamo zawo emuva ukuze ikhanda liphakathi kwamahlombe nomlomo osindayo ungasekelwa intamo. Njengoba imisipha ingakuvumeli ukushaywa kwamaphiko ngokungaguquguquki, ama-pelican ashintsha izigaba ezinde zokushibilika ngokushaya.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Umndeni wasePelican
AmaPelican azalela emakoloni, anamakholoni amakhulu futhi aqine akhiwa izinyoni ezizalela phansi. Kwenziwa amakoloni ahlanganisiwe: eDanube Delta, ama-pelican ama-pink nama-curly avame ukuzala ndawonye. Izinhlobo zezidleke zezihlahla zihlala eceleni konogolantethe nama-cormorant. Amakoloni asePelican ayevame ukuba ezigidini, ikoloni elikhulu kunawo wonke kuze kube manje liyikoloni eLake Rukwa eTanzania elinamabhangqa angama-40,000.
Isikhathi sokuzalisa siqala ezindaweni ezipholile entwasahlobo, zezinhlobo zaseYurophu naseNyakatho Melika ngo-Ephreli. Ezimweni ezishisayo, imvamisa azikho izikhathi ezimisiwe zokuzalela futhi amaqanda angafukamela unyaka wonke. Imilomo, izikhwama zesikhumba nobuso obungenalutho bazo zonke izinhlobo kuba nemibala egqamile ngaphambi kokuqala kwenkathi yokuzalanisa. Abesilisa benza isiko lokuqomisana elehlukile kunezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane, kepha lifaka phakathi ukuphakamisa ikhanda noqhwaku kanye nokufaka ibhaluni lesikhumba esikhwameni esezansi.
Ukwakhiwa kwesidleke kuhluke kakhulu ezinhlotsheni zezilwane nezinhlobo. Imvamisa kukhuliswa okukodwa emhlabathini ngaphandle kwento ethile. Izidleke zezihlahla zingumklamo oyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. Ivuba elimpunga lizalela ezihlahleni zikamango, amakhiwane noma izihlahla zikakhukhunathi. Isidleke siqukethe amagatsha futhi sigcwele utshani noma izitshalo zasemanzini ezibolayo. Inobubanzi obungu-75 cm nobude obungu-30 cm.Ukuzinza kwesidleke kuncane kakhulu, ngakho-ke kwakhiwa isidleke esisha minyaka yonke.
Imvamisa kubekwa amaqanda amabili, kepha kuvela amaqhuqhuvana aneqanda elilodwa noma ayisithupha. Isikhathi sokufukamela yizinsuku ezingama-30 - 36. Amaphuphu ekuqaleni ahamba ze, kepha ngokushesha ambozwa phansi. Lapho unamasonto ayisishiyagalombili, ingubo ephansi ithathelwa indawo izimpaphe ezincane. Ekuqaleni, amawundlu ayedla iphalishi lokudla okungasasebenzi. Intshontsho lokuqala elichamuselayo lixosha abafowabo nodadewabo esidlekeni. Kusukela ezinsukwini ezingama-70 kuya kwezingama-85 ubudala, amaphuphu azimela futhi ashiya abazali bawo ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-20. Lapho ineminyaka emithathu noma emine ubudala, ama-pelican azala okokuqala ngqa.
Izitha zemvelo zama-pelican
Isithombe: Inyoni yasePelican
Ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, ama-pelicans kade azingelwa ngezizathu ezahlukahlukene. EMpumalanga ye-Asia, ungqimba lwe-adipose lwezinyoni ezisencane lubhekwa njengomuthi emithini yendabuko yamaShayina. Futhi eNdiya, la mafutha abhekwa njengasebenza ngempumelelo ngokumelene nezifo ze-rheumatic. ENingizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu, kwakusetshenziswa izikhwama zomphimbo womlomo ukwenza izikhwama, amasaka kagwayi nezikhwekhwe.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amakoloni ama-pelican ansundu aseNingizimu Melika axhashazwa ngendlela ekhethekile. Kanye nama-boobies ase-Peru nama-bougainvillea cormorants, indle zaqoqwa ngesilinganiso esikhulu njengomanyolo. Ngenkathi abasebenzi bephula amaqanda futhi becekela phansi amatshwele, amakoloni abhujiswa ngesikhathi sesondlo.
Ukuhlalisana okusimeme kwabantu nama-pelicans ampunga kwenzeka emadolobhaneni asezweni laseNdiya laseKarnataka. Lapho izidleke zamaqhubu phezulu kophahla njengonogolantethe abamhlophe. Abantu bendawo basebenzisa indle njengomanyolo bese bethengisa insalela ezigodini ezingomakhelwane. Ngakho-ke, ama-pelican awabekezelelwa kuphela, kepha futhi ayavikelwa. Ezimweni zemvelo, phakathi kwezilwane, ama-pelican awanazo izitha eziningi ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obumangalisayo.
Izilwane eziyizilwane eziyinhloko zama-pelican zihlanganisa:
- izingwenya (ukuhlasela inyoni yabantu abadala);
- izimpungushe (ukuzingela amaphuphu);
- izimpisi;
- izinyoni ezizingelayo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Pelican
Inani labantu abahlala ezindlekweni zamanzi ezomile bese ligcwaliswa ngamanzi kungaphansi kokushintshashintsha okukhulu - amakoloni okuzalela avela futhi anyamalale futhi. Kodwa-ke, abakwaDalmatian noGrey Pelicans babalwe njengabantu abasengozini kuhlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN. Izinhlobo ezingaphansi kwe-pelican ensundu, okuyiCalifornian ne-Atlantic, nazo seziyivelakancane.
Isizathu esiyinhloko sokwehla ukusetshenziswa kwe-DDT nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane ezinamandla e-United States. Ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokudla kwaholela ekwehleni okuphawulekayo kokuzala kwezinyoni. Kusukela ngo-1972, ukusetshenziswa kwe-DDT kwavinjelwa e-United States, futhi izinombolo seziqale ukubuyela kancane kancane. Inani elikhulu labantu base-Afrika le-pelican ephinki cishe lingamabhangqa angama-75,000. Ngakho-ke, naphezu kokuncipha kwabantu ngabanye eYurophu, akukho lutho olusongela lolu hlobo lwezinhlobo luphelele.
Izizathu eziyinhloko zokwehla kwama-pelicans yilezi:
- ukuncintisana kwabadobi bendawo bezinhlanzi;
- amanzi amaxhaphozi;
- ukudubula;
- Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi;
- ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwamasheya ezinhlanzi;
- ukukhathazeka okuvela kubavakashi nabadobi;
- ukushayisana nentambo yamandla ephezulu.
Ekuthunjweni, ama-pelican ajwayela kahle futhi aphile iminyaka engama-20 +, kepha kuyaqabukela ezala. Yize kungekho zinhlobo ze-pelican ezisongelwa kanzima, eziningi ziye zanciphisa kakhulu inani labantu bazo. Isibonelo kungaba pink ivuba, okwakuthi ngezikhathi zamaRoma asendulo zihlale emilonyeni yeRhine ne-Elbe. Kwakunamabhangqa angaba yisigidi eDanube Delta ngekhulu le-19. Ngo-1909, leli nani lehlela ku-200.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 18.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 25.09.2019 ngo-21: 16
