UDaphnia I-crayfish encane ehlala ikakhulu emizimbeni yamanzi amasha eplanethi. Ngosayizi wabo omncane, banesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi futhi basebenza njengengxenye ebalulekile ye-ecosystem - ngokuphindaphinda ngokushesha, bavumela izinhlanzi nezilwane eziphila ezweni ukuba zondle, ukuze ngaphandle kwazo amadamu angabi nalutho kakhulu. Futhi bondla izinhlanzi ezise-aquarium.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Daphnia
Uhlobo loDaphnia lwachazwa ngo-1785 ngu-O.F. UMueller. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-50 ze-daphnia phakathi kwazo, futhi eziningi zazo zinokuhluka okuphawulekayo kwabanye. I-Daphnia longispina, echazwe yi-Müller efanayo, isetshenziswa njengohlobo lohlobo.
I-Daphnia ihlukaniswe ngama-subgenera amabili amakhulu - iDaphnia efanele neCtenodaphnia. Lezi zokugcina zihluka ngezici eziningi, ngokwesibonelo, ukuba khona kwenothi kusihlangu sekhanda, futhi ngokuvamile inesakhiwo esidala kakhulu. Kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi zenzeke phambilini: izinsalela zamathambo ziveza imvelaphi yakho kokubili cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Ividiyo: UDaphnia
Abamele bokuqala be-gillfoot bavela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-550 edlule, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona okhokho baseDaphnia. Kepha zona ngokwazo zavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi: izinsalela ezindala kakhulu ziyisikhathi se-Lower Jurassic - okungukuthi, cishe zineminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-180-200 ubudala.
Lezi akuzona izikhathi zakudala njengoba umuntu ebengalindela kusuka ezintweni ezilula - ngokwesibonelo, izinhlanzi nezinyoni kwavela ngaphambili kakhulu. Kodwa, njengabanye abameleli be-cladocerans engaphezulu, kakade ngalezo zinsuku iDaphnia yayifana neyamanje, futhi kulokhu ihlukile kunezidalwa ezihleleke kakhulu zasendulo.
Ngasikhathi sinye, umuntu kufanele angacabangi ukuthi iDaphnia ayiguquki: kunalokho, banokuguquguquka okuphezulu kokuguquguquka nokuzivumelanisa nezimo, futhi njalo kuphakamisa izinhlobo ezintsha. Ukwakheka kokugcina kohlobo lweDaphnia kwenzeka ngokushesha ngemuva kokuqothulwa ekupheleni kweCretaceous.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Daphnia Moina
Izinhlobo zeDaphnia zingahluka kakhulu: ukuma komzimba wazo, kanye nosayizi wazo, kunqunywa yizimo zemvelo ezihlala kuyo. Noma kunjalo, kunezici ezithile ezivamile. Ngakho-ke, umzimba wabo umbozwe ngegobolondo le-chitinous elinama-valve asobala - izitho zangaphakathi zibonakala kahle. Ngenxa yokubonakala kwabo emanzini, i-daphnia ayibonakali kangako.
Igobolondo alimbozi ikhanda. Unamehlo amabili, yize evame ukukhula, ahlangana abe iso elilodwa elihlangene, futhi kwesinye isikhathi i-daphnia iba nelesithathu, kepha imvamisa ihlukaniswa ngokusobala futhi inosayizi omncane. Ezinhlangothini zezimpondo, i-daphnia ibaphephezelisa njalo, futhi ngosizo lwabo bahamba ngokugxuma.
Ekhanda, i-rostrum iyisiqalo esifana nomlomo, futhi ngaphansi kwayo kunezimbili zezimpondo, kuthi ezingemuva zibe zinkulu futhi zibe namabhulashi, ngenxa yokuthi indawo yazo iyanda. Ngosizo lwe-swing, la ma-antenna ayahamba - lapho ephulula, i-daphnia indizela phambili kakhulu, njengokungathi iyagxuma. Lezi zimpondo zakhiwe kahle futhi zinemisipha enamandla.
Umzimba uthambile kusuka ezinhlangothini, imilenze iyacaba futhi ayithuthuki kahle, ngoba ayisetshenziselwa ukunyakaza. Zisetshenziswa ikakhulu ukududula amanzi ahlanzekile ezigilini nezinhlayiya zokudla ziye emlonyeni. Uhlelo lokugaya ukudla luyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kune-crustacean encane enjalo: kukhona isisu esigcwele, isisu namathumbu, lapho kutholakala khona iziqu ze-hepatic.
UDaphnia ubuye abe nenhliziyo eshaya ngezinga eliphakeme - ukushaya okungu-230-290 ngomzuzu, okuholela ekucindezelekeni kwegazi kwama-2-4 atmospheres. UDaphnia uphefumula ngesembozo sonke somzimba, kodwa okokuqala ngosizo lwezinto zokuphefumula ezithweni.
Uhlala kuphi udaphnia?
Isithombe: Daphnia magna
Abamele uhlobo bangatholakala cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba. Atholwe ngisho nase-Antarctica ngamasampuli athathwe emachibini angaphansi komhlaba. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uDaphnia uyakwazi ukuhlala cishe kunoma yiziphi izimo zemvelo emhlabeni wethu.
Kodwa-ke, uma ikhulu leminyaka elidlule bekukholelwa ukuthi zonke izinhlobo zazo zitholakala yonke indawo, lapho-ke kwabe sekutholwa ukuthi ngayinye yazo inebanga layo. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, zibanzi impela futhi zifaka amazwekazi amaningana, kepha noma kunjalo akukho okusabalele yonke indawo.
Bahlala eMhlabeni ngokungalingani, bekhetha izimo zezulu zezindawo ezishisayo kanye nendawo efudumele. Kukhona okumbalwa kubo bobabili ezigxotsheni zeplanethi nasenkabazwe, esimweni sezulu esishisayo. Ububanzi bezinhlobo ezithile bube nezinguquko ezinkulu muva nje ngenxa yokuthi zisatshalaliswa ngabantu.
Isibonelo, izinhlobo zeDaphnia ambigua zavela eMelika zaya eGreat Britain futhi zaphumelela ngempumelelo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uhlobo lweDaphnia lumholtzi lwethulwa eNyakatho Melika luvela eYurophu, futhi lwaba yinto evamile emadamini aleli zwekazi.
Indawo yokuhlala yedaphnia, kukhethwa imizimba yamanzi ngaphandle kwamanje, njengamachibi noma amachibi. Zivame ukuhlala emachibini amakhulu. Emifuleni egeleza kancane, mancane kakhulu, futhi cishe ayikaze itholakale emifuleni esheshayo. Iningi lezinhlobo zihlala emanzini ahlanzekile.
Kepha ikhono lokuzivumelanisa nalo lazibonakalisa nalapha: UDaphnia, wake wazithola esesimweni esomile, lapho kwakukhona khona amanzi anosawoti kuphela kubo, angafi, kepha waba nokulwa. Manje izinhlobo ezavela kuzo zibonakala ngokuthandwa kwamachibi anokuqukethwe kasawoti okuphezulu.
Zihlala kahle kakhulu emanzini ahlanzekile - kufanele zibe namanzi amancane angaphansi komhlaba ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngemuva kwakho konke, i-daphnia yondla ngokuhlunga amanzi futhi, uma ingcolile, izinhlayiya zenhlabathi nazo zingena esiswini sazo kanye nama-microorganisms, okusho ukuthi emizimbeni yamanzi engcolile ifa ngokushesha okukhulu ngenxa yesisu esiminyene.
Ngakho-ke, ngenombolo yedaphnia echibini, umuntu angahlulela ukuthi ahlanzeke kanjani amanzi. Zihlala ikakhulu kukholamu lamanzi, kanti ezinye izinhlobo zakhona ziphansi. Abathandi ukukhanya okukhanyayo futhi bayajula lapho ilanga liqala ukukhanya ngqo emanzini.
UDaphnia udlani?
Isithombe: UDaphnia e-aquarium
Ekudleni kwabo:
- ama-ciliates;
- izimila zasolwandle;
- amagciwane;
- detritus;
- ezinye izinto eziphilayo ezintanta emanzini noma zilele phansi.
Zondla ngokuhlunga amanzi, lapho zihambisa khona imilenze yazo, ziyiphoqe ukuba igeleze. Ukuhlunga kokugeleza kwamanzi okungenayo kwenziwa abalandeli abakhethekile kuma-bristles wokuhlunga. Izinhlayiya ezimunciwe bese ziyahlangana ngenxa yokwelashwa kwemfihlo bese zithunyelwa ohlelweni lokugaya ukudla.
I-Daphnia iyamangalisa ngokuminza kwayo: ngosuku olulodwa nje, ezinye izinhlobo zidla izikhathi eziphindwe kayisithupha isisindo sazo. Ngakho-ke, ngokuncipha kwenani lokudla, kuncane kubo echibini - lokhu kwenzeka lapho kuqala ukubanda, kepha iningi lazo liyaphela ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo nasehlobo.
I-Detritus izondla ngalezo zinhlobo ze-daphnia ezingalali ebusika. Bachitha ubusika ezansi echibini nasezingxenyeni zamanzi aseduze kwalo - i-detritus ibusa lapho, okungukuthi, izinhlayiya zezicubu noma uketshezi lwezinye izinto eziphilayo.
Ngokwazo zisetshenziswa njengokudla kwezinhlanzi ezise-aquarium - ziwusizo olukhulu ngenxa yokuthi kunokudla okuningi kwezitshalo esiswini sazo. UDaphnia unikezwa womile futhi wethulwa bukhoma ku-aquarium. Okokugcina kuyasiza futhi uma amanzi akuso esebuye abe namafu: UDaphnia udla amabhaktheriya, ngenxa yalokhu okwenzekayo, nezinhlanzi zona zidla iDaphnia.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Daphnia crustaceans
Atholakala ikakhulukazi kukholamu lamanzi, ahamba ngosizo lokugxuma, kwesinye isikhathi ekhasa phansi echibini noma ezindongeni ze-aquarium. Imvamisa ziyahamba kuye ngokuthi isikhathi sini sosuku: lapho kukhanya, zicwila emanzini, kuthi ebusuku zizithole zisemaphethelweni.
Kusetshenziswa amandla amaningi kulokhu kuhamba, ngakho-ke kufanele babe nesizathu. Kodwa-ke, akukaze kwenzeke ukuthola kahle. Kukhona ukuqagela okumbalwa okungahle kwenzeke. Isibonelo, lelo daphnia elikhulu liphoqeleka ukuthi licwile ngokujulile emini ukuze lingabonakali kakhulu ezilwaneni ezidlayo - ngemuva kwakho konke, izingqimba ezijulile zamanzi azikhanyisiwe kangako.
Lokhu kucabanga kuqinisekiswa iqiniso lokuthi emizimbeni yamanzi lapho kungekho zinhlanzi ezondla khona nge-daphnia, ukufuduka okunjalo kwenzeka kaningi kakhulu. Kukhona futhi nencazelo elula - ukuthi i-daphnia imane ilwele ungqimba lwamanzi lapho izinga lokushisa nokukhanyisa kuhle kakhulu kubo, kuthi emini yehle iye phezulu naphansi.
Isikhathi sabo sokuphila sehluka kakhulu ezinhlotsheni nasezinhlotsheni. Imvamisa iphethini ilula - enkulu kunazo zonke futhi ihlala isikhathi eside. I-daphnia encane ithatha izinsuku ezingama-20-30, enkulu kunazo zonke kuze kube yizinsuku eziyi-130-150.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kuyisiko ukuhlola izinga lobuthi lezixazululo ezahlukahlukene ku-daphnia. Basabela ngisho nasekugxileni okuncane - ngokwesibonelo, bangancipha noma bacwile phansi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Daphnia
I-Daphnia ivundile kakhulu, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwabo kuyathakazelisa ngezigaba ezimbili - bakhiqiza bobabili ngokocansi nangokobulili. Esimweni sokuqala, abesifazane kuphela ababamba iqhaza kuyo futhi kusetshenziswa i-parthenogenesis. Lokho wukuthi, bazala kabusha ngaphandle kokukhulelwa, futhi inzalo yabo ithola uhlobo olufanayo nolomzali oyedwa. Kungenxa ye-parthenogenesis, lapho kufika izimo ezinhle, ukuthi inani labo echibini lenyuka kakhulu ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu: imvamisa le ndlela yokuzala e-daphnia isetshenziswa ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo nasehlobo, lapho kunokudla okuningi kubo.
Ukukhiqizwa kulokhu kulokhu: amaqanda abekwa emgodini okhethekile futhi akhule ngaphandle kokukhulelwa. Ngemuva kokuphela kokuthuthuka kwabo futhi kuvela inqwaba yedaphnia entsha, ama-molts abesifazane, futhi ngemuva kwezinsuku ezi-3-6 kuphela angaqala umjikelezo omusha. Ngaleso sikhathi, abesifazane ababonakala okokugcina nabo sebekulungele ukuzala.
Uma kubhekwa ukuthi inqwaba ye-daphnia entsha iyavela ohlakeni ngalunye, izinombolo zazo echibini zikhula ngesivinini esikhulu, futhi emasontweni ambalwa nje kungagcwaliswa - lokhu kubonakala ngophawu olubomvu lwamanzi. Uma ukudla kuqala ukuntuleka, abesilisa bayavela kubantu: bancane futhi bayashesha kunabesifazane, futhi bahlukaniswa ezinye izici zesakhiwo. Bafaka abesifazane, ngenxa yalokho amaqanda avela kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-ephippia - ulwelwesi oluqinile lwe-chitinous oluvumela ukuthi basinde ezimweni ezimbi.
Isibonelo, abanandaba namakhaza noma ukoma kwedamu, bangathwalwa ngumoya kanye nothuli, abafi lapho bedlula ohlelweni lokugaya izilwane. Ngisho nokuba nezixazululo zikasawoti onoshevu akubakhathaleli, igobolondo labo lithembeke kakhulu.
Kepha, uma kulula ukuthi i-daphnia ikhiqize kabusha nge-parthenogenesis, ukukhiqizwa kobungqingili kudinga umzamo omkhulu, futhi ezinhlotsheni eziningi abesifazane bafa ngisho nokubeka amaqanda. Ngemuva kokungena ezimweni ezithandekayo, isizukulwane esilandelayo se-daphnia sichanyuselwa emaqandeni bese siphinda sikhiqize futhi nge-parthenogenesis. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuvela abesifazane kuphela, ngoba abesilisa ababoni izimo ezingezinhle.
Manje uyazi ukuthi ungamzalela kanjani uDaphnia. Ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi izingozi ezilindele i-daphnia endle.
Izitha zemvelo zedaphnia
Isithombe: Amaqanda eDaphnia
Izidalwa ezincane nezingenakuzivikela zinezitha eziningi - izidliwayo ezizondlayo.
It:
- inhlanzi encane;
- gazinga;
- iminenke;
- amaxoxo;
- izibungu zentsha nezinye izilwane eziphila ezweni;
- ezinye izakhamuzi ezizingelayo zamachibi.
Izinhlanzi ezinkulu nezinkulu ezilinganayo cishe azinantshisekelo nge-daphnia - kubo isisulu esincane kakhulu, esidinga kakhulu ukusuthisa. Kepha into encane kungenye, ngezinhlanzi ezincane, uma kunedaphnia eningi echibini, zisebenza njengomunye wemithombo yokudla eyinhloko.
Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu, ngoba i-daphnia encane ubukhulu bayo busebenza njengokuvikela - ngisho nenhlanzi encane ngeke ijahe i-crustacean uhhafu wamamilimitha ngosayizi, enye into eyabantu abakhulu abano-3-5 mm. Yizinhlanzi okuyisidalwa esiyinhloko esiqothula i-daphnia, nezinhlanzi ezinkulu ezithosa ifry kuzo. Kubo, i-daphnia nayo ingenye yemithombo yokudla eyinhloko.
Kepha noma kungekho zinhlanzi echibini, zisongelwa izingozi eziningi: amaxoxo namanye ama-amphibian adla abantu abakhulu, kanti izibungu zabo nazo zidla ezincane. Iminenke nezinye izinambuzane ezidla ezinye zondla i-daphnia - yize ezinye zazo zingazama "ukugxuma" i-daphnia, ngokungafani nezinhlanzi ezimbaxa kakhulu.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Ukuchazwa kofuzo lwe-daphnia kuvulele ososayensi izinto eziningi ezithokozisayo: cishe ama-35% wemikhiqizo yofuzo etholakala ku-genome ihlukile, futhi izwela kakhulu kunoma yiluphi ushintsho endaweni yokuhlala. Kungenxa yalokhu ukuthi i-daphnia ivumelanisa ngokushesha okukhulu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Daphnia emanzini
Inani le-daphnia elihlala emzimbeni wamanzi lingaphezu kokubala - kusobala nje ukuthi likhulu kakhulu futhi akukho okusongela ukusinda kwalolu hlobo. Bahlala kuyo yonke iplanethi, ezimeni ezahlukahlukene, beguquka futhi bavumelane nalezo abebengakwazi ukuphila kuzo phambilini. Ngisho nokuzikhipha ngenhloso kungaba yinselele.
Ngakho-ke, banesimo sabasengozini encane futhi abavikelwe ngumthetho, bangabanjwa ngokukhululeka. Lokhu kwenziwa ngabanikazi abaningi be-aquarium, ngokwesibonelo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, uma uthenga i-daphnia eyomile yokudla kwezinhlanzi, bangabanjwa emizimbeni yamanzi engcolile futhi enobuthi.
Imvamisa kuvunwa ukuthengiswa emanzini angcolile eduze nezindawo zokuhlanza indle - azikho izinhlanzi lapho, ngakho-ke zenziwa kakhulu. Lokhu kuyakhombisa futhi ukuthi baqine kangakanani, kepha kukwenza ukhethe ngokucophelela ukuthi uzozibamba kuphi, ngaphandle kwalokho izinhlanzi zingafakwa ubuthi. UDaphnia obanjwe echibini elihlanzekile futhi wethulwa ku-aquarium kuzoba yinto enhle kakhulu kubo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izizukulwane zeDaphnia zingahluka ngokuphawulekayo esimweni somzimba kuye ngokuthi zikhula ngasiphi isikhathi sonyaka. Isibonelo, izizukulwane zasehlobo zivame ukuba nesigqoko sokuzivikela ekhanda nenaliti emsileni. Ukuze ubakhulise, kudingeka amandla amaningi, ngenxa yalokho, ukuzala komuntu kuyancipha, kepha lokhu kufaneleka ngokuthi iziqu zivikela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye.
Ehlobo, kunezilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye, futhi ngenxa yalokhu kuphuma, kuba nzima kakhulu kwabanye babo ukuthi babambe iDaphnia, kwesinye isikhathi, ngaphezu kwalokho, inxeba labo lomsila liyaphuka, ngenxa yokuthi uDaphnia angaphuma kanjani. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukukhula kuyabonakala, ngakho-ke akulula ukukubona ngenxa yabo.
UDaphnia - isakhamuzi esincane futhi esingabonakali samachibi, amachibi ngisho namachibi, okwenza imisebenzi eminingi edingekayo ngasikhathi sinye, ngaphandle kwalokho, isifundo sabo sibaluleke kakhulu kososayensi. Yebo, futhi abanikazi bama-aquariums bajwayelene nabo mathupha - awukwazi ukunikeza i-daphnia eyomile kuphela ukudoba, kepha futhi unalawa ma-crustaceans uqobo ukuze ahlanze amanzi.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 17.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/25/2019 ngo-21: 05
