I-nuthatch ejwayelekile - inyoni encane evela ku-oda labantu abadlulayo, iyingxenye yomndeni omkhulu wama-nuthatches. Igama lamazwe omhlaba ngokokhiye kaK. Linnaeus nguSitta europaea, owanikezwa ngo-1758.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: I-nuthatch ejwayelekile
Le nyoni encane ikuyo yonke indawo emahlathini ase-Europe, e-Asia nasenyakatho yezwekazi lase-Afrika. Njengabanye abameleli bomndeni nohlobo, okubandakanya i-nuthatch ejwayelekile, inama-subspecies ahlukile ngombala nosayizi, kuya ngendawo yokuhlala. Ukubukeka kwezinyoni nokuziphatha kuyafana, okuvumela ukuthi zonke izinhlobo ezingaphansi kwamashumi amabili zibhekwe njengezihlobene kakhulu.
Izinsalela zezinsalela zokhokho balezi zinyoni azivamile. Atholakala e-Italy futhi angaphansi kwe-Lower Miocene - yiSitta senogalliensis, i-subspecies engasekho. Kamuva izibonelo zalo mndeni zatholwa eFrance.
Ividiyo: I-nuthatch ejwayelekile
Muva nje, ekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka eGerman Bavaria, kwatholakala izingxenye ezithile zezinyoni ezivela eMiocene zakuqala emigedeni yaseCastro; lolu hlobo lwanikezwa igama - uCerthiops rummeli, oluxhumanisa nomndeni omkhulu waseCerthioidea, ohlangana namantongomane, ama-pikas kanye nama-stencreepers. Lezi zinsalela zithathwa njengezibonelo zokuqala zokhokho baleli qembu lezinyoni.
Kutholakala inyoni eminyene enezimpaphe ezicijile kusukela emaphethelweni aseNtshonalanga Yurophu kuye ogwini lwaseMpumalanga Ekude, kuthathwa: iCaucasus, Western Asia, northeast China. Le ndawo ihlala emahlathini avela eScandinavia (ngaphandle kwengxenye esenyakatho) kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
ISitta europaea ayitholakali eningizimu yeSpain nase-Ukraine. ERussia, i-nuthatch ejwayelekile itholakala ogwini loLwandle Olumhlophe, yonke indawo eningizimu engxenyeni yaseYurophu kuya emingceleni eseningizimu yezifunda zaseSaratov naseVoronezh. Izinhlaka zendawo zidlula eSouth Urals, zidlula esifundeni sase-Omsk nase-Altai Territory, zifinyelela ePrimorye.
Emazweni ase-Asia, imingcele yendawo yokuhlala idlulela kwa-Israyeli, e-Indochina naseHimalaya. I-nuthatch ejwayelekile iseChina, Korea naseJapan, eTaiwan. E-Afrika, le nyoni itholakala endaweni encane esezintabeni i-Atlas.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: I-nuthatch ejwayelekile, noma umqeqeshi
I-nuthatch endala yesilisa ifinyelela kubude obunga-13-14 cm ngamaphiko cishe angama-23-26 cm, enesisindo esingu-16-28 g Abesifazane bancane kancane kunabesilisa.
Ingxenye engenhla yezimpaphe zeziqongo, njengoba lezi zinyoni zibizwa kanjalo, idwetshiwe ngamathoni aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ahlukile ngokugcwalisa, kuya ngendawo yokuhlala. Umugqa omnyama ogqamile usuka emlonyeni ufike esweni ubheke "endlebeni" nasophikweni. Ngezansi komphimbo, isisu kanye nomngcwabo kunomthunzi okhanyayo, ohluke kancani kunalowo obizwa ngegama lezinyoni ezindaweni ezahlukene. Kubantu basenyakatho, isisu simhlophe qwa, izinhlangothi nokuthengiswayo kubomvu ngokubomvu.
Ama-subspecies ase-Arctic ahlukile kuma-congener awo. Inkulu, inebunzi elimhlophe nomugqa wamehlo omfushane. Kunezimpawu eziningi ezimhlophe emsileni nasemaphikweni. Izimpaphe zeNtshonalanga Yurophu, iCaucasus, i-Asia Minor enesisu esibomvu, isithembiso esinombala we-ocher nentamo emhlophe. Empumalanga yeChina, lezi zinyoni zinayo yonke ingxenye engezansi yazo enemibala ebomvu.
Umsila ubuye ube nezimpaphe ezimhlophe ezakha ingemuva elihlukile. Ezimpapheni eziyishumi zomsila zephiko, lezi zangaphandle zinamabala amhlophe. Kuma-subspecies anebele elimhlophe, ngaphansi kunokhilimu futhi umugqa wamehlo unombala onsundu, ukuguquka kusuka komunye umbala kuye komunye kufiphele.
Kwabesifazane, ingxenye engenhla imile kancane. Amajita ayefana nabesifazane, kepha anezimpaphe ezifiphele nemilenze ephaphathekile. Izinyoni zinomlomo ompunga onamandla ohlanganisiwe onomphezulu omnyama, amehlo ansundu, imilenze emifushane empunga noma onsundu.
Kanye ngonyaka, lezi zinyoni zincibilika ngokushesha ngemuva kokuzalanisa, kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi kuya ku-Okthoba. Kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-80, kepha kubantu abahlala ezifundeni ezisenyakatho, lezi zikhathi zicindezelwe kakhulu futhi ziqala ngoJuni kuya maphakathi noSepthemba.
Ihlala kuphi i-nuthatch ejwayelekile?
Isithombe: Bird nuthatch
E-Eurasia, indawo yokuhlala yalezi zinyoni ezisuka eBrithani iye eziQhingini zaseJapan enyakatho ifinyelela kuma-64-69 ° N. sh. izindawo zehlathi-tundra, naseningizimu kuze kufike ku-55 ° N. Izinyoni ezifudukayo ngazinye zaqoshwa eLebanon, eChannel Islands.
Indzawo layitsandza kakhulu lihlathi, kepha lenyoni ingaphindze ihlale etindzaweni temaphaki asehlathini nasemapaki emadolobha ngekuba khona kwetiti letinkhulu, letindzala letiniketa letinyoni kudla, tiphindze tivumele titfole tindzawo tekuhlala etindzaweni. Ezintabeni, lawa ngamahlathi ophayini nowesihlahla sonwele. Engxenyeni yaseYurophu ebangeni, itholakala emahlathini ahlanzekile futhi ahlanganisiwe, enikeza okuthandayo i-oki, i-hornbeam, i-beech.
ERussia, kuvame ukutholakala emahlathini ase-spruce nasema-cedar, eningizimu yeSiberia ingahlala ezindaweni ezinamadwala, ezindaweni eziseningizimu ezitholakala emabhaneni asehlathini. EMorocco, izinhlobo eziyizintandokazi ze-nuthatch yilezi: i-oki, i-Atlas cedar, fir. EMongolia, wathatha isifiso waya kumjunipha omncane.
Ezifundeni eziseningizimu, itholakala ezindaweni ezinezintaba ezimbozwe ngehlathi:
- ISwitzerland endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1200;
- I-Austria, iTurkey, iMiddle East, i-Asia Ephakathi - i-1800 m;
- IJapan - 760 - 2100 m;
- I-Taiwan - 800 -3300 m.
Lezi yizinyoni ezihlala phansi, azithandi ukufuduka, ikakhulukazi ngokwesaba izithiyo zamanzi, kepha eminyakeni emincane zingafinyelela imikhawulo yezifunda ezisenyakatho yeSweden neFinland, zisale lapho ukuze zizalane kabusha. Ama-subspecies ase-Arctic iSitta europaea ngezikhathi ezithile athuthela ezindaweni eziningi eziseningizimu nasempumalanga ngesikhathi sasebusika. Abahlali be-taiga yase-East Siberian ebusika bangatholakala eKorea.
Idla ini i-nuthatch ejwayelekile?
Isithombe: I-nuthatch ejwayelekile eRussia
Inyoni edla omunyu idla ukudla kwezitshalo nezilwane, kuya ngesizini.
Ngesikhathi sokondla amatshwele, ehlobo, izinambuzane, abantu abadala kanye nezibungu zivelela kakhulu kwimenyu yayo:
- izimvemvane;
- izicabucabu;
- amabombo;
- amabhungane;
- amakamela;
- izimpukane;
- sawflies;
- izimbungulu.
Konke lokhu kubanjwa ngempukane naseziqwini zezihlahla. Kancane kancane, izinyoni zingafuna ukudla ebusweni bomhlaba. Ukuhamba esiqwini kanye nasemagatsheni ezihlahla, zibheka izinambuzane, zingakhipha amagxolo ngoqhwaku lwazo, zibheke izibungu zezinambuzane ngaphansi kwawo, kodwa azikaze zifane nabagawuli bezinkuni futhi azenzi izando.
Kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yesizini yehlobo nasekwindla, ukudla kwezinyoni kuqala ukugcwaliswa ngembewu yezitshalo. Ama-Nuthatches athanda ikakhulukazi i-beech, umlotha, ama-acorn, ama-hazelnuts. Ama-subspecies aseSiberia aguqulelwa kumantongomane kaphayini namantongomane amancane, adle imbewu ye-larch, iphayini ne-spruce. Lezi zinyoni ezinama-nimble zifaka amantongomane aqinile emifantwini yamagxolo noma amatshe bese ziwahlukanisa ngomlomo wazo ocijile nonamandla, uzifaka esikhaleni. Lezi zinyoni zithanda ukuzitika ngamajikijolo we-hawthorn, i-elderberry, i-bird cherry.
Ama-Nuthatches aqala ukugcwala ehlobo. Bafihla amantongomane, imbewu yezitshalo, babulale izinambuzane ezindaweni ezingabonakali, bazifihle ngobulembu, izingcezu zamagxolo, ubulembu. Amasheya anjalo asiza izinyoni ukuthi ziphile ebusika, amantongomane angazithola ezinyangeni eziyi-3-4, aze ondle namachwane ezitokisini ezisele. Kepha ama-pantry anjalo asetshenziselwa ukudla kuphela uma kungekho okunye ukudla. Abantu abaqoqe izinqolobane ezinhle banethuba elingcono lokusinda.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukuphawula kwama-ornithologists kukhombisile ukuthi lapho imbewu ye-beech iyingxenye enkulu yokudla, ukusinda kwezinyoni ezindala kuncike kancane esivunweni se-nut. Izinyoni ezisencane ezineminyaka engama-mafutha zifa ekwindla ngendlala nangesikhathi sokufuduka ziyofuna ukudla. Isithombe esifanayo siyabonakala lapho umkhiqizo omkhulu uyi-hazel hazel.
Emapaki asemadolobheni, ezindlini zokuhlala zasehlobo, ama-nuthatches atholakala kaningi kuma-feeder. Bathatha okusanhlamvu, okusanhlamvu, imbewu ye-sunflower, ubhekeni, isinkwa, ushizi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma uzibuka, kuyacaca ukuthi izinyoni azidli nje kuphela, kodwa futhi zihamba nokudla okulondoloziwe, zifika kaningana ngenxenye entsha yokusanhlamvu. Izinyoni zivakashela izindawo zokuhlatshwa, zidla ngokudla okulahlwayo nemfucuza.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Bird nuthatch
Lezi zinyoni azenzi imihlambi, kodwa ngokuzithandela zijoyina ezinye izinyoni ebusika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma iziqobosho ezimbili zihlangana ngokungalindelekile, zibalekela khona manjalo ziqonde ezindaweni ezihlukile. Umuntu ngamunye unensimu yakhe, ayigada njalo. Abantu abasha bafuna izindawo ezintsha zokuhlala futhi bahlala ngasekupheleni kwehlobo, kepha ukukhethwa okuqhubekayo nokuqiniswa kwesiza sabo kwenziwa entwasahlobo. Imibhangqwana ihlala ithembekile komunye nomunye impilo yonke. Ngokwemvelo, ama-nuthatches aphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyishumi, kepha isikhathi esimaphakathi siyiminyaka engu-3-4.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Le nyoni enesibindi ihamba ngeziqu zemithi njenge-acrobat, ngokulinganayo ngobuciko, zombili phezulu nangaphansi ngekhanda layo, njengokungathi zikhasa eceleni kwayo, lapho zaqanjwa khona igama lazo.
Ukuhambisa inyoni isebenzisa izinzipho ezicijile, ezimba amagxolo esihlahla. I-nuthatch ayinciki emsileni wayo, njengasesisekelweni, njengesiqobosikhuni. Izwi lenyoni lizwakala ikakhulukazi emahlathini noma ezindaweni zokupaka ngasekupheleni kobusika nasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Esimweni esizolile, lapho i-birdie imatasa ifuna ukudla, ungezwa impempe emnene kuyo: imisindo ephindaphindwayo "tyu" ("fu"), kanye ne- "tsi" noma "tsi". I-trill ye-iridescent izwakala ihle kakhulu, ikhumbuza ukuphindeka okuphindaphindiwe kwe- "tyuy". Ukukhala kwe- "ts'och" kusebenza njengesixwayiso sengozi.
Ngesikhathi sokuqomisana kwentwasahlobo, izinyoni zingashiya izindawo zazo, zicule izingoma futhi zizenzele izihlobo zazo. Indlela yokuphila ehlala phansi kanye nokwahlukaniswa kwezindawo kuphakamisa ukuthi izinyoni ezincane kufanele zifune indawo yazo yokulawula noma zithathe indawo yezinyoni ezifile. Engxenyeni yaseYurophu ebangeni, abantu abasha bahlala begijimela ukuthola amasayithi amasha, amahhala.
Abahlali basehlathini laseSiberia bahlala eduze kwalezi zithandani ezingabazali. Isibonelo, emahlathini aseYurophu ahlukanisayo, ukuminyana kwabantu kungaba yibhangqa elilodwa ekhilomitha eli-1 lesikwele, ezintabeni zaseSayan - ngazimbili ezinhlanu kuya kweziyisithupha endaweni efanayo. Lezi zinyoni azinamahloni futhi zingondla eduze kwabantu futhi zithathe nokudla ezandleni zazo. Zithanjiswa kalula futhi zivame ukugcinwa ekuthunjweni.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-nuthatch ejwayelekile emvelweni
Abaqeqeshi, njengasezinsukwini zakudala le nyoni yayibizelwa imisindo yayo, bangabodadewabo abangabodwa futhi bahlala njalo besidleke endaweni eyodwa. Insimu egadwe ngababili ingahlanganisa cishe amahektha ayishumi. Ukuze kunikezwe uphawu lokuthi le ndawo ihlala abantu nokuheha owesifazane, owesilisa uyacula.
Ngokuthandana, usebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene:
- ama-trill akhethekile;
- izindiza eziyindilinga ezinekhanda eliphakanyisiwe nomsila osabalele kufeni;
- ukondla insikazi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izifundo zofuzo zososayensi baseJalimane zikhombisile ukuthi u-10% wabantu ezindaweni zokufunda babengobaba bamanye amadoda avela ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane.
Ukuqala kokuzalela izidleke ezindaweni ezisenyakatho ngoMeyi, nasezindaweni eziseningizimu ngo-Ephreli. Lezi zinyoni zakha izidleke zazo emigodini yezihlahla ezivele ngokwemvelo noma kulezo ezikhishwe abagawuli bezinkuni. Uma umgodi ungejule ngokwanele, futhi ukhuni lonakaliswe yizinqubo zokubola, khona-ke owesifazane angalikhulisa.
Njengomthetho, umgodi we-nuthatch awutholakali ngaphansi kwamabili futhi ungabi ngaphezu kwamamitha angamashumi amabili. Ngezansi, kubekwa izingqimba eziningana zezingcezu ezincane zamagxolo, isibonelo, uphayini, noma ezinye izinto zokhuni.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-Nuthatches anciphisa ukungena komgodi ngosizo lobumba, umquba, udaka, ngaleyo ndlela evikela indawo yabo yokuhlala ezitheni, kanye nasekuthwetshulweni yizinkanyezi. Ngokwakheka okufanayo, afaka ukhonkolo azungeze imbobo, ngaphandle nangaphakathi.
Umnyango omncane womgodi ngokuvamile awunciphi. Isidleke, ngaleyo ndlela, asakhiwe ngama-nutchches, kepha ungqimba lwezinsalela lukhuni kangangokuba amaqanda acwila kulo ngokoqobo. Kuthatha izinyoni cishe inyanga ukwakha indawo yokuhlala, abesifazane bamatasa kakhulu ngaleli bhizinisi. Izinyoni zisebenzisa lo mgodi eminyakeni eyalandela.
Insikazi izalela amaqanda ayi-5-9. Kwesinye isikhathi ku-clutch kunezicucu ezingaba yishumi nantathu zamasende amhlophe anezinkomba ezinsundu. Angaphansi kancane kwamasentimitha amabili ubude nangaphansi koyedwa nengxenye ububanzi, isisindo sawo singu-2.3 g. Uma umama eshiya isidleke ngesikhathi sokufukamela, khona-ke ucwilisa ngokuphelele i-clutch ekujuleni kodoti. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinyoni cishe azenzi imisindo, zizama ukungabonakali.
Amaqanda achamusela amasonto amabili kuya kwamathathu, kuze kuvele wonke amaphuphu kumagobolondo. Ngemuva kwamanye amasonto amathathu, amaphuphu asuke esegcwele ngokuphelele, kepha lo mbhangqwana uyaqhubeka nokuwondla amasonto ambalwa, ngemuva kwalokho amaphuphu azimele. Ngesikhathi sokudla, izinyoni ezimbalwa zindiza ziye esidlekeni ngesisulu izikhathi ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu ngosuku.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kuqaphelekile ukuthi emigodini emikhulu kunamachwane amaningi njalo.
Izitha zemvelo zama-nuthatches ajwayelekile
Isithombe: I-nuthatch yesilisa
EYurophu, ingozi enkulu kulezi zinyoni imelelwa yizinyoni ezidla inyama, njenge:
- undlunkulu;
- i-hobby falcon;
- i-goshawk;
- isikhova esimnyama;
- isikhova esifushane.
Izidleke zeNuthatch nazo zicekelwa phansi ngumqali wokhuni onamabala, kepha ingozi enkulu kakhulu ibangelwa yizinkanyezi, nazo ezihlala emigodini. Badla amaqanda, bese behlala emgodini njengabanikazi abagcwele. Izinhlobo ezincane zama-mustelids nazo ziyingozi: ama-weasel, ama-ermine, akwazi ukugibela isihlahla futhi angene emnyango ngosayizi. Izingwejeje nazo zivame ukungena emigodini yalezi zinyoni.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukwesabisa ezinye izinyoni nezingwejeje emakhaya abo, izigaxa zobumba, ezivale umnyango, zixube ezinye izinambuzane ezinuka kabi.
Kwezinye izifunda, lapho kutholakala khona amapholi amise okwezindandatho noma abomvana ezindaweni zepaki, angancintisana namantongomane, ngoba nawo akha izidleke emigodini. Kepha odokotela bezinyoni baseBelgium abenza ucwaningo ngonyaka ka-2010 baveze umbono wokuthi le nkinga ayinkulu kangako futhi ayisiyona ingozi kubantu abadla izambane likapondo. Imikhaza ye-Ptilonyssus sittae ingadala izinkinga ezinkulu zezempilo ezinyonini; zihlala emigodini yezinyoni. Futhi ama-nematode nezibungu emathunjini kubukela phansi impilo yezinyoni.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: I-nuthatch ejwayelekile
Inani labantu baseSitta europaea lisatshalaliswa kuyo yonke indawo ebangeni, kepha ngobuningi obungalingani. Ezifundeni zeNyakatho Ekude kanye namahlathi e-coniferous aseSiberia, angatholakala kaningi kakhulu, futhi inani lezinyoni lixhomeke ngqo ekuvuneni kwezigaxa. Isibalo salezi zinyoni emhlabeni sikhulu futhi asihambeli emazingeni omkhawulo athathwa njengasengozini.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-nuthatch ayigcinanga ngokwandisa amanani ayo eYurophu, kodwa futhi yandisa izindawo zayo zokuhlala eScotland naseNetherlands, eNorway naseNyakatho yeNgilandi, futhi kaningi izidleke eFinland naseSweden. Futhi, lezi zinyoni zahlala ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu zezintaba ze-Atlas.
EYurophu, inani le-nuthatch ejwayelekile lilinganiselwa kubantu abayizigidi ezingama-22 - 57. Lokhu kusivumela ukuthi senze isilinganiso esilinganiselwe sayo yonke indawo yokuhlala izinyoni eziyizigidi ezingama-50 - 500. Kusuka esidlekeni esiyizinkulungwane eziyishumi kuya kweziyikhulu eziyikhulu eRussia, eJapan, China naseKorea.
Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwalaba badlulayo e-Eurasia ingaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-23 km2. Lokhu kuthathwa njengesibonakaliso esihle sokuzinza kwabantu futhi kukalwa yi-International Union for Conservation of Nature njengenkinga encane, edala ukukhathazeka okuncane. Okusho ukuthi, akukho lutho olusongela lolu hlobo esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinga lokusinda kwabantu abadala eYurophu liyi-51%, kanti elezinyoni ezincane - ama-25%, okukhombisa ukuba sengozini kwabo okukhulu.
I-nuthatch ejwayelekile ukhetha izihlahla ezindala, ezingapheli empilweni yakhe. Ukuqedwa kwamahlathi kunomthelela omkhulu ekwehleni kwabantu. Ukulondolozwa kwendawo yamahlathi, ukuhlelwa kwabaphakeli bezinyoni ezihlala ebusika kanye nezidleke zokwenziwa emapaki amahlathi nasemapaki kuzokwenza ukuthi kugcinwe lolu hlobo ngendlela ezinzile.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 13.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 25.09.2019 ngo-9: 58
