I-Nightjar - uhlobo oluningi lwezinyoni ezondla izinambuzane futhi ezithanda impilo yasebusuku nokulala emini. Ama-nightjars avame ukubonwa kuphela eduze kwemihlambi yezilwane. Izinhlobo ezingaphansi eziyisithupha zezinyoni ziyehluka, ziba ncane futhi zingahambi kahle empumalanga yebanga. Bonke abantu bayathutha, ebusika emazweni ase-Afrika. Izinyoni zinokufihla okuhle, okuzivumela ukuba zifihle kahle. Kunzima ukukubona ngesikhathi sasemini lapho zilele phansi noma zihlale zinganyakazi egatsheni.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Nightjar
Incazelo ye-nightjar ifakwe kumthamo we-10 wesistimu yemvelo nguKarl Linnaeus (1758). ICaprimulgus europaeus iyinhlobo yohlobo lweCaprimulgus (izimbiza zasebusuku), okwathi, ngemuva kokubuyekezwa kwentela ngo-2010, yakhetha izinhlobo ezingama-38, ngokusho kwezindawo ezizalela izinyoni e-Eurasia nase-Afrika. Ama-subspecies ayisithupha asungulwe izinhlobo ezijwayelekile ze-nightjar, ezimbili zazo ezitholakala eYurophu. Umehluko ngombala, usayizi nesisindo kwesinye isikhathi uyatholakala emitholampilo futhi kwesinye isikhathi awubonakali kangako.
Ividiyo: Nightjar
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Igama le-nightjar (iCaprimulgus) lihunyushwa ngokuthi "ukusenga izimbuzi" (kusuka kumagama esiLatini capra - imbuzi, mulgere - ukusenga). Umqondo ubolekwe kusosayensi waseRoma uPliny Omdala emlandweni wakhe wemvelo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi lezi zinyoni ziphuza ubisi lwembuzi ebusuku, futhi ngokuzayo zingaphuphutheka zife kulokhu.
Ama-nightjars ajwayelekile eduze kwemfuyo emadlelweni, kepha lokhu kungenzeka kakhulu ngenxa yokuba khona kwenqwaba yezinambuzane ezizungeza izilwane. Leli gama, ngokususelwa kumcabango oyiphutha, lisindile kwezinye izilimi zaseYurophu, kubandakanya isiRashiya.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Nightjar ngokwemvelo
Ama-nightjars afinyelela kubude obungu-26 kuya ku-28 cm, ngamaphiko angamasentimitha angama-57 kuya kwangama-64. Umbala osezingeni elijwayelekile lesigaxa sompunga ngokubomvu ngokubomvu ngombala wokumaka okuyindida okumhlophe, okumnyama, kanye nemibala ehlukahlukene ensundu. Isimo somzimba sifana nokhokho abanezimpiko ezinde, ezicijile kanye nomsila omude. Ama-nightjars anemilomo ensundu, imilomo ebomvu emnyama, nemilenze ensundu.
Abesilisa abadala banepharynx emhlophe engezansi, evame ukuhlukaniswa ngezindawo ezimbili ezihlukene ngomugqa oqondile ompunga noma osawolintshi. Izimpiko zinde ngokungajwayelekile, kepha zincane. Umugqa omhlophe okhanyayo uvela engxenyeni yokugcina yesithathu yangaphansi kwephiko. Izimpaphe zangaphandle zomsila omude nazo zimhlophe, kanti izimpaphe eziphakathi nendawo zinombala onsundu onsundu. Kunephethini elimhlophe ohlangothini lwephiko eliphezulu, kepha alibonakali kangako. Ngokuyisisekelo, kungahlukaniswa umugqa omhlophe ocacile nombala wezimpaphe ogqamile esifundeni somphimbo.
Izinsikazi ezicishe zifane nezisindayo ngokulinganayo azinamaki amhlophe ezimpikweni nasemsileni nasendaweni ekhanyayo yomphimbo. Kwabesifazane asebekhulile, indawo yomphimbo icace bha kunezimpaphe ezizungezile, kunombala obomvu onsundu ngaphezulu. Ukugqoka kwamatshwele kufana kakhulu nokwabesifazane, kepha ngokuvamile kukhanya futhi kunomehluko ophansi kunowabesifazane abadala. Lapho indiza, le nyoni ibukeka inkulu kakhulu futhi ibukeka njengendlunkulu.
Ukundiza ngamaphiko amade, akhonjisiwe kuthule ngenxa yezimpaphe zazo ezithambile futhi abushelelezi kakhulu. Ukuncela abantu abadala kwenzeka ngemuva kokuzalanisa, ngesikhathi sokufuduka, inqubo iyama, futhi izimpaphe zomsila nezasehlobo zivele zishintshwe phakathi nobusika kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya kuMashi. Izinyoni ezingavuthiwe zisebenzisa isu elifanayo le-molting kubantu abadala, ngaphandle kwalapho zivela emibungwini yesikhathi esedlule, lapho-ke konke ukuqubuka kungenzeka e-Afrika.
Manje uyasazi isikhathi lapho i-nightjar indizela khona ukuzingela. Ake sithole ukuthi le nyoni ihlala kuphi.
Ihlala kuphi i-nightjar?
Isithombe: Inyoni ye-Nightjar
Indawo yokuhlala i-nightjar isukela enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika iye eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Eurasia iye empumalanga iye eLake Baikal. IYurophu icishe yahlalwa ngokuphelele yilezi zinhlobo, ikhona futhi eziqhingini eziningi zaseMedithera. INightjar ayikho e-Iceland kuphela, enyakatho yeScotland, enyakatho yeScandinavia nasenyakatho ejulile yeRussia, kanye nasengxenyeni eseningizimu yePeloponnese. E-Europe Ephakathi, iyinyoni engajwayelekile yokuzala, etholakala kakhulu eSpain nasemazweni aseMpumalanga Yurophu.
Ama-nightjars akhona kusuka e-Ireland entshonalanga kuya eMongolia nasempumalanga yeRussia empumalanga. Izindawo zokuhlala zasehlobo zisukela eScandinavia naseSiberia enyakatho ziye eNyakatho Afrika nasePersian Gulf eningizimu. Izinyoni ziyathutha ziyokuzala enyakatho nenkabazwe. Bahlala ebusika e-Afrika, ikakhulukazi emikhawulweni yaseningizimu nasempumalanga yezwekazi. Izinyoni zase-Iberia naseMedithera zakha isidleke eNtshonalanga Afrika ebusika, kanti izinyoni ezifudukayo ziye zabikwa eSeychelles.
I-Nightjar ihlala ezindaweni ezomile, ezivulekile ezinenani elanele lezinambuzane ezindizayo ebusuku. EYurophu, izindawo ezithandwa kakhulu yizihlabathi ezingamaxhaphozi kanye namaxhaphozi, futhi ingakwazi futhi ukwenza amahlathi amancane aphansi anesihlabathi esikhanyayo anezikhala ezinkulu ezivulekile. Le nyoni itholakala, ikakhulukazi eningizimu naseningizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu, ezindaweni ezinamatshe nezinesihlabathi nasezindaweni ezincane ezigcwele izihlahla.
Ama-Nightjars ahlotshaniswa nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokuhlala, kufaka phakathi:
- amaxhaphozi;
- izivande;
- amaxhaphozi;
- amahlathi abolayo;
- amagquma;
- Izihlahlana zaseMedithera;
- ama-birches amancane;
- ama-poplar noma ama-conifers.
Abathandi ihlathi elicinene noma izintaba eziphakeme, kepha bathanda ukususwa, izimfunda nezinye izindawo ezivulekile noma ezinamapulangwe amancane, ngaphandle komsindo wasemini. Izindawo ezivaliwe zamahlathi zigwenywa yiwo wonke ama-subspecies. Izingwadule ezingenazo izimila nazo azizifanele. E-Asia, lezi zinhlobo zitholakala njalo ezindaweni eziphakeme ezingaphezu kwamamitha ayi-3000, nasezindaweni zobusika - noma emaphethelweni olayini weqhwa ebangeni elingaba ngu-5000 m.
Idlani i-nightjar?
Isithombe: Grey Nightjar
Ama-nightjars ancamela ukuzingela kusihlwa noma ebusuku. Zibamba izinambuzane ezindizayo ngemilomo yazo ebanzi enemilomo emifushane. Isisulu sithathwa kakhulu lapho sibaleka. Izinyoni zisebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuzingela, kusuka ezindizeni zokusesha eziguquguqukayo, ezinobuqili kuya ku-hawkish, indiza yokuzingela enolaka. Kungekudala nje ngaphambi kokubamba inyamazane yayo, i-nightjar iklebhula uqhwaku lwawo oluhlukaniswe kabanzi futhi ibeke amanetha asebenzayo ngosizo lwamabristle aphume kancane azungeze lo mlomo. Emhlabathini, le nyoni ayivamile ukuzingela.
Le nyoni idla izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene ezindizayo, ezibandakanya:
- imvukuzane;
- IZhukov;
- ojekamanzi;
- amaphela;
- izimvemvane;
- omiyane;
- imidji;
- mayfly;
- izinyosi neminyovu;
- izicabucabu;
- izinto zokuthandaza;
- izimpukane.
Eziswini zabantu abahlolwa ngososayensi, kwakuvame ukutholakala isihlabathi noma amatshe amnandi. Yikuphi i-nightjar edlayo ukusiza ukugaya isisulu sayo kanye nanoma yikuphi okokutshala okutholakala ungaqondile ngenkathi izingela okunye ukudla. Lezi zinyoni azizingeli nje kuphela ezindaweni zazo, kepha kwesinye isikhathi zenza izindiza ezinde kakhulu zifuna ukudla. Izinyoni zizingela ezindaweni ezivulekile, emahlathini nasezinhlangothini zehlathi.
Ama-nightjar ajaha inyamazane yawo ngendiza elula, ejiyayo, futhi aphuze, acwile ebusweni bamanzi phakathi nendiza. Badonswa izinambuzane ezigxila ekukhanyeni okufakelwayo, eduze kwezilwane zasemapulazini, noma ngaphezulu kwamanzi amile. Lezi zinyoni zihamba isilinganiso esingu-3.1 km ukusuka ezindlekweni zazo kuya ekudleni. Amachwane angadla indle yawo. Izinyoni ezifudukayo zisinda ezindaweni zazo ezinamafutha. Ngakho-ke, amafutha aqoqana ngaphambi kokufuduka ukuze asize izinyoni ohambweni lwazo olubheke eningizimu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Nightjar eRussia
Ama-nightjars awajabuli ngokukhethekile. Zihlala ngababili ngesikhathi sokukhwelana futhi zingathutha zingamaqembu angama-20 noma ngaphezulu. Imihlambi yabantu bobulili obufanayo ingaba e-Afrika ebusika. Eziduna zinendawo futhi zizokuvikela ngamandla ukuzala kwazo ngokulwa namanye amaduna emoyeni namkha phasi. Ngesikhathi sasemini, izinyoni ziphumule, zivame ukuhlala zibheke ilanga ukunciphisa isithunzi esiphikisayo emzimbeni.
Isigaba esisebenzayo se-nightjar siqala ngemuva nje kokushona kwelanga bese siphela entathakusa. Uma ukuhlinzekwa kokudla kwanele, isikhathi esiningi sizosetshenziselwa ukuphumula nokuhlanza phakathi kwamabili. Le nyoni ichitha usuku iphumule phansi, ngeziqu noma emagatsheni. Endaweni yokuzalanisa, indawo efanayo yokuphumula ivame ukuvakashelwa amasonto. Lapho ingozi isondela, i-nightjar ihlala inganyakazi isikhathi eside. Kuphela lapho isigebengu sisondela ebangeni eliphansi, inyoni ivele isuke ngokuzumayo, kepha ngemuva kwamamitha angama-20-40 iyayehlisa. Ngesikhathi sokusuka, kuzwakala i-alamu nokushaya amaphiko.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Esimweni sezulu esibandayo nesingesihle, ezinye izinhlobo ze-nightjar zinganciphisa imetabolism yazo futhi zizogcina lesi simo amasonto ambalwa. Ekuthunjweni, kwakubonwa i-nightjar, eyayingagcina isimo sokuba ndikindiki izinsuku eziyisishiyagalombili ngaphandle kokulimaza umzimba wayo.
Ukundiza kungashesha, njengokhozi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kube bushelelezi, njengovemvane. Phansi, enophaphe iyahamba, ikhubeke, umzimba unyakazise uye emuva naphambili. Uthanda ukugeza ilanga nokugeza izintuli. Njengezinye izinyoni ezinjenge-swifts kanye ne-swallows, ama-nightjars ngokushesha agxila emanzini bese ezigeza. Zinesakhiwo esiyingqayizivele esifana nekama kuzipho ophakathi, esisetshenziselwa ukuhlanza isikhumba futhi mhlawumbe sisuse izimuncagazi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Iphuphu le-Nightjar
Ukuzala kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi kuya ku-Agasti, kepha kungenzeka ngaphambi kwesikhathi enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika noma entshonalanga yePakistan. Abesilisa ababuyayo bafika cishe amasonto amabili ngaphambi kwezinsikazi futhi bahlukanise izindawo, bajahe abangena, bashaye amaphiko abo benze imisindo esabisayo. Izimpi zingenzeka lapho zibaleka noma phansi.
Izindiza ezibonisa owesilisa zifaka ukuma komzimba ofanayo ngokushaya amaphiko kaningi njengoba elandela owesifazane ngokuya phezulu. Uma insikazi ihla, owesilisa uyaqhubeka nokundiza, azulazule futhi ashaye, kuze kube yilapho umngani evula izimpiko zakhe nomsila ukuze zilandelwe. Ukukhwelana kwesinye isikhathi kwenzeka endaweni ephakeme kunasemhlabeni. Endaweni enhle, kungaba nezimbhangqwana ezingama-20 ngebanga ngalinye.
I-nightjar yaseYurophu iyinyoni eyodwa. Ayakhi izidleke, futhi amaqanda abekwa phansi phakathi kwezitshalo noma izimpande zezihlahla. Isayithi lingaba phansi, amaqabunga awile, noma izinaliti zikaphayini. Le ndawo ibisetshenziswa iminyaka eminingana. Bamba iqukethe, ngokuvamile, elilodwa noma amabili amaqanda amhlophe anezindawo ezinsundu nezimpunga. Amaqanda aphakathi nendawo angama-32mm x 22mm futhi anesisindo esingu-8.4g, okuyi-6% yawo asigobolondweni.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Izinhlobo eziningi ze-nightjar zaziwa ngokubeka amaqanda azo emasontweni amabili ngaphambi kwenyanga egcwele, mhlawumbe ngoba izinambuzane kulula ukuzibamba enyangeni egcwele. Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi isigaba senyanga siyisici sezinyoni ezizalela amaqanda ngoJuni, kodwa hhayi lezo ezenza phambilini. Lelisu lisho ukuthi inzalo yesibili ngoJulayi nayo izoba nesimo esihle senyanga.
Amaqanda abekwa ngezikhathi ezingamahora angama-36-48 futhi afukanywe ikakhulukazi ngowesifazane, kuqala ngeqanda lokuqala. Eyesilisa ingafukamela isikhathi esifushane, ikakhulukazi lapho kusa noma kuhlwa. Uma insikazi iphazanyiswa ngesikhathi sokuzala, ibalekela isidleke, izenze sengathi ilimele iphiko, ize iphazamise lowo ongenayo. Iqanda ngalinye lichanyuselwa ezinsukwini eziyi-17-21. Izimpaphe zenzeka ezinsukwini eziyi-16-17, futhi amaphuphu azimela kubantu abadala ezinsukwini ezingama-32 ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa. Inzalo yesibili ingakhuliswa ngababili abazalanayo bokuqala, lapho kwenzeka ukuthi insikazi ishiye izinyane lokuqala ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba ikwazi ukuzimela yodwa. Bobabili abazali bondla izingane ngamabhola ezinambuzane.
Izitha zemvelo zamabhodlela asebusuku
Umbala ongaqondakali walolu hlobo uvumela izinyoni ukuba zicashe emini, zinganyakazi egatsheni noma etsheni. Lapho zisengozini, izimbiza zasebusuku zenza sengathi ziyalimala ukuze ziphazamise noma ziyenge izilwane ezidla ezinye kude nezidleke zazo. Ngezinye izikhathi abesifazane bahlala benganyakazi isikhathi eside.
Imvamisa, lapho kuphendulwa ukuhlaselwa ngumzingeli, ukuzamazama kwamaphiko okusabalala noma okuphakanyisiwe kusetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokukhala noma ukuhayiza. Lapho amaphuphu ethukile evula imilomo yawo ebomvu nebomvu, anganikeza isithombe senyoka noma esinye isidalwa esiyingozi. Njengoba zikhula, amaphuphu nawo avula amaphiko awo ukunikeza isithombe sokuthi sikhulu.
Izidlakela eziphawulekayo ze-nightjar zifaka:
- inyoka evamile (V. berus);
- izimpungushe (V. Vulpes);
- Ama-jays ase-Eurasia (G. glandarius);
- ama-hedgehogs (E. europaeus);
- ama-falconiform (ama-Falconiformes);
- igwababa (Corvus);
- izinja zasendle;
- izikhova (Strigiformes).
Amaqanda namachwane e-Nightjar angadliwa yizimpungushe ezibomvu, ama-martens, ama-hedgehogs, ama-weasel nezinja ezifuywayo, kanye nezinyoni, kufaka phakathi amagwababa, ama-jays ase-Eurasia nezikhova. Izinyoka nazo zingaphanga isidleke. Abantu abadala bahlaselwa yizinyoni ezidla inyama okubalwa kuzo oKlebe basenyakatho, ondlunkulu, ama-buzzard ajwayelekile, i-peregrine falcon ne-falcon. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nyoni ayizizwa kahle ngama-parasites emzimbeni wayo. Lezi yizintwala ezitholakala ezimpikweni, isikhumba sezimpaphe esitholakala kuphela ezimpapheni ezimhlophe.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inyoni ye-Nightjar
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi inani labantu base-Europe lama-nightjar lisukela ezinyonini ezingama-470,000 kuya ngaphezu kwesigidi esisodwa, okuphakamisa inani labantu abasemhlabeni jikelele abayizigidi ezimbili kuya kweziyisithupha. Yize kube nokuncipha kwenani labantu, akusheshi ngokwanele ukwenza lezi zinyoni zibe sengozini. Indawo enkulu yokuzalanisa isho ukuthi lolu hlobo luhlukaniswa njengengcuphe kangako yi-International Union for Conservation of Nature.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Abantu abaningi kakhulu abazalisayo batholakala eRussia (kufika ku-500,000 ngazimbili), eSpain (ngazimbili ezingama-112,000) naseBelarus (ngababili abangama-60,000). Kube nokuncipha okuthile kwabantu ngaphezulu kobubanzi obuningi, kepha ikakhulukazi enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeYurophu.
Ukulahleka kwezinambuzane ekusetshenzisweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane, kuhlangene nokushayisana kwezimoto nokulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala, kube nomthelela ekwehleni kwabantu. Njengenyoni edlalela phansi i-nightjar esengozini yezingozi ezivela ezinjeni ezifuywayo ezingabhubhisa isidleke. Impumelelo yokuzala iphezulu ezindaweni ezikude. Lapho ukufinyelela kuvunyelwe khona, futhi ikakhulukazi lapho abanikazi bezinja bevumela izilwane zabo ukuhamba ngokukhululeka, izidleke eziphumelelayo zivame ukuba kude nezindawo zokuhamba noma indawo yokuhlala abantu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 12.07.2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 20.06.2020 ngo-22: 58
