Izimfudu - iqoqo elikhulu ngokwanele lezilwane ezihuquzelayo, ezibandakanya izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu. Izimfudu zihlala kuzo zonke izilwandle nasemazwenikazi, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica, izindawo eziphakeme nezintaba eziphakeme. Ufudu lomhlaba kubhekiswa ezilwaneni zohlobo "lwe-chordate", isigaba "ezihuquzelayo", i-oda elithi "izimfudu" (lat. Testudines). Izimfudu bezikhona eMhlabeni isikhathi eside kakhulu - ngaphezu kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-220. Isilwane sathola igama laso egameni elithi "testa" - "izitini", "amathayili". Izimfudu zomhlaba zimelelwa yizinhlobo eziyi-16, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezingama-57.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ufudu lwasemhlabeni
Ososayensi bathole ukuthi izimfudu zaziphuma kwelinye leqembu lasendulo elashabalala lezilwane ezihuquzelayo, igama elinemibandela okuyiPermian cotylosaurus. Izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezingasekho ekubukekeni kwazo zazifana ncamashi nezibankwa. Babenemifushane, kepha ngasikhathi sinye izimbambo ezinamandla kakhulu futhi ezibanzi, ezinezigidi zeminyaka yokuziphendukela kwemvelo zaphenduka igobolondo. Kwakuyizilwane zasolwandle ezinentamo ende impela nomsila omude. Okhokho bezimfudu babengama-omnivores - babedla kokubili ukudla kwezitshalo nezilwane. Njengoba izinsalela zawo sezitholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi, kwamukelwa kabanzi ukuthi ama-cotylosaurs asePermian ayevame kakhulu ngesikhathi sawo.
Ividiyo: Ufudu lomhlaba
Isici esivelele kunazo zonke izimfudu ukuba khona kwegobolondo, elisebenza njengesivikelo ezitheni. Iqukethe izingxenye ezimbili: i-ventral ne-dorsal. Amandla egobolondo aphakeme kakhulu, ngoba iyakwazi ukumelana nomthwalo odlula kakhulu isisindo sesilwane - izikhathi ezingaphezu kwama-200. Ngokuya ngohlobo, izimfudu zomhlaba zihluka kakhulu ngosayizi nesisindo. Phakathi kwazo kukhona zombili izigebenga ezinesisindo esicishe sibe ithani ngegobolondo elingamamitha ayi-2,5, futhi zincane kakhulu, ngisho nezimfudu ezincane, ezinesisindo esingeqile ku-150 g, nobude begobolondo bungu-8-10 cm.
Ama-Zoologists ahlukanisa izigaxa ezimbili zezimfudu, ezingafani ngendlela ezifihla ngayo ikhanda ngaphansi kwegobolondo:
- ufudu olunezinhlangothi - ikhanda lifihliwe lapho kubhekwe khona esidladleni sobunxele noma sesokudla (emaceleni);
- intamo efihliwe --goqa intamo ngokuma kohlamvu S.
Izinhlobo zomhlaba izimfudu:
- Ufudu lwaseGalapagos. Ubuningi bayo bungafinyelela kuma-semitones, nobude bayo - bufike kumamitha. Ubukhulu nokubukeka kwezimfudu zaseGalapagos kuncike endaweni ezihlala kuyo. Isibonelo, ezindaweni ezomile, i-carapace yabo yakheke njengesihlalo sehhashi; ezindaweni lapho umswakama uphakeme khona, igobolondo linokuma kwedome;
- Ufudu lwaseGibhithe. Enye yezimfudu ezincane kunazo zonke. Uhlala eMiddle East. Usayizi wegobolondo labesilisa cishe u-12 cm, abesifazane bakhulu kancane;
- ufudu lwe-panther. Uhlala enyakatho ye-Afrika. Ubude begobolondo bungaba ngu-80 cm, isisindo singama-40-50 kg. Igobolondo liphakeme kunalokho, liphethwe;
- ezinamachashazi eKapa. Ufudu oluncane kunazo zonke eMhlabeni. Uhlala eNingizimu Afrika naseNamibia. Ubude begobolondo layo abudluli ku-9 cm, kanti isisindo salo cishe siyi-96 - 164 g.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ufudu lomhlaba wase-Asia Ephakathi
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ufudu lunegobolondo eliqinile futhi eliqinile. Isilwane sinegobolondo eliqinile lokuzivikela ebusweni bangemuva nasesiswini. Igobolondo uqobo liqukethe izingxenye ezimbili: i-carapace ne-plastron. ICarapax iqukethe izembatho zangaphakathi, ezisuselwa emapuletini amathambo, noqweqwe olungaphandle lwama-scute corneous. Ezinye izinhlobo zinezingqimba zesikhumba ezingaphezulu kwezembatho zazo zempi. I-Plastron iqukethe izimbambo zesisu ezihlanganisiwe, i-sternum ne-collarbone.
Inhloko yezimfudu zomhlaba, uma iqhathaniswa nomzimba, ayinkulu kakhulu futhi ihlelekile. Lesi sici sivumela isilwane ukuthi sisisuse ngokushesha uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi. Intamo yazo zonke izinhlobo zofudu basemhlabeni ifushane impela, ngakho amehlo ahlala ebheke phansi. Izilwane ziyaluma futhi zigaye ukudla ngomlomo, okufaka amazinyo esikhundleni sazo. Ingaphezulu loqhwaku luvame ukuba nolukhuni lube nezimpawu ezingena esikhundleni samazinyo ezilwane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izimfudu zasendulo zazinamazinyo angempela ancishiswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ulimi lwezimfudu lufushane futhi alukaze luphume, ngoba inhloso yalo ukusiza ngokugwinya ukudla. Cishe zonke izinhlobo zofudu zinomsila, kungaba ngomgogodla noma ngaphandle kwawo ekugcineni. Ngezikhathi zobungozi, ufudu, njengenhloko yalo, ulifihla ngaphansi kwegobolondo. Ama-turtles ngezikhathi ezithile i-molt, yize isezilwaneni zasemhlabeni, i-molting ayibizwa njengasezihlotsheni zayo zasolwandle.
Izimfudu zomhlaba zingalala ubusika ngezikhathi ezithile, ezingathatha izinyanga eziyisithupha. Lokhu kwenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle: isithwathwa, isomiso. Izimfudu zasemhlabeni ziyaxaka futhi zihamba kancane, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, azibaleki, kepha zicasha egobolondweni lazo. Enye indlela yokuvikela ukukhipha ngokungazelelwe isinye, okuthi, ngasendleleni, sibe banzi kakhulu.
Uhlala kuphi ufudu?
Isithombe: Ufudu lwasemhlabeni
Indawo yokuhlala yezimfudu igxile kakhulu ezindaweni ezisemaqeleni: ukusuka eKazakhstan nase-Uzbekistan kuya eChina, kanye nasehlane, emahlanzeni, ema-savanna, ezingwadule zase-Afrika, eMelika, e-Albania, e-Australia, e-Italy naseGrisi, ePakistan nase-India. Izimfudu zivame kakhulu ezindaweni ezipholile nakuzo zonke izifunda ezishisayo.
Ungasho ngisho nokuthi izimfudu zomhlaba zingatholakala cishe yonke indawo:
- e-Afrika;
- eMelika Ephakathi;
- eNingizimu Melika, ngaphandle kwe-Argentina neChile;
- e-Eurasia, ngaphandle kwezindawo eziphakeme zezwekazi ne-Peninsula yase-Arabia;
- e-Australia, ngaphandle kweNew Zealand kanye nengxenye esenkabeni yezwe engenamuntu.
Indawo yokuhlala eyinhloko yezimfudu zomhlaba ngumhlaba, okunengqondo. Ngezikhathi ezithile, izilwane zingazicwilisa emanzini isikhathi esifushane ukuze zigcwalise ukulahleka komswakama emzimbeni.
Izimfudu ngokwazo zizimba izindawo zazo zokukhosela, lapho zihlala khona njalo, kuze kube yilapho indlala ibaphoqa ukuba bayozingela. Ngalesi sizathu, izilwane ezihuquzelayo zikhetha ukuhlala enhlabathini eyisihlabathi evulekile futhi evundile embozwe uhlaza oluminyene, lapho kunamanzi nokudla okwanele khona. Inhlabathi ekhululekile ikhethwa yizimfudu ngoba kulula kakhulu ukumba.
Ludlani ufudu lwasemhlabeni?
Isithombe: Ufudu olukhulu lomhlaba
Isisekelo sokudla kwezimfudu zomhlaba yizitshalo, okungukuthi, ukudla kwezitshalo: utshani, amagatsha amancane ezihlahla nezihlahla, izithelo ezinamanzi, amajikijolo, izithelo, imifino. Kwesinye isikhathi, ukugcina ibhalansi yamaprotheni, angadla ngokudla kwezilwane: iminenke, ama-slugs, izibungu nezinambuzane ezincane.
Umswakama womzimba wofudu utholakala ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni ezinamanzi ezitshalweni, kepha-ke, uma kunesidingo, angaphuza amanzi, enza lokhu nganoma yiliphi ithuba. Izimfudu zamabhokisi zidla ubulembu namakhowe, kufaka phakathi nobuthi. Ngenxa yalesi sici, inyama yabo nayo iba nobuthi futhi ayikulungele ukudla. Kepha kwenzelwa okungcono, ngoba inyama yezinhlobo eziningi zofudu ibhekwa njengesibiliboco, yingakho inani lazo lincipha njalo.
Izimfudu zaseCentral Asia zihlala endaweni yazo yokuhlala usuku lonke, bese ziphuma ziyodla kusihlwa. Lolu hlobo luthandwa kakhulu ngabathandi bemfudu njengezilwane ezifuywayo, ngoba badla cishe noma yini. Ebusika, izimfudu azidli lutho, ngoba ziya ebusika. Lokhu kuziphatha kungenxa yokuthi lapho kuqala isimo sezulu esibandayo, ukudla kuba kuncane kakhulu. Isikhathi sokulala ubusika obufudumele bezimfudu zomhlaba sincike kwisimo sezulu. Endle, ihlala kusukela ngo-Okthoba kuya kuMashi.
Manje uyazi ukuthi ungondla kanjani ufudu lwasekhaya ekhaya. Ake sibone ukuthi uhlala kanjani endle.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ufudu lomhlaba ngokwemvelo
Noma ngabe ukukhula kwengqondo kwezimfudu kungekho ezingeni eliphezulu, banokuhlakanipha okukhulu. Izimfudu zomhlaba ziyizilwane ezihuquzelayo ezizodwa. Umzwelo wazo womhlambi awuthuthukiswa nakancane. Bazifunela izithandani kuphela isikhathi sokukhwelana, ngemuva kwalokho bashiye umlingani wabo ngokuphepha.
Futhi, zonke izimfudu zibonakala ngokungasheshi, okuyisici sezinambuzane eziningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimfudu, njengamabhere, ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle (phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika) zingalala, ngenxa yokuthi amaqembu amancane ahlangana ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngesikhathi sokulala, zonke izinqubo zokuphila emizimbeni yazo ziyehla, okuzivumela ukuthi zikhuthazelele amakhaza asebusika ngaphandle kwenkinga. Izimfudu nazo zinesibindi eside, ngisho nangezindinganiso zabantu, njengoba zingaphila isikhathi eside kakhulu kunabantu. Isilinganiso sokuphila seminyaka yemifudu yomhlaba emvelweni yiminyaka engama-50-150.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Ufudu oludala kunazo zonke emhlabeni namuhla ufudu okuthiwa uJonathan. Uhlala esiqhingini saseSt. Helena futhi mhlawumbe uzikhumbula izikhathi zikaNapoleon, lapho inkosi yangaphambilini yaseFrance yayihlala khona ekudingisweni.
Zimbalwa kakhulu izehlakalo zofudu ezidala ukulimaza abantu. Kwakudume izimfudu kuphela ngalokhu, bese kuthi ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, lapho owesilisa engathatha umuntu abe yimbangi yakhe amhlasele.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ufudu lwezingane
Njengoba kunje, inkathi yokukhwelana ayikho kofudu, ngakho-ke ukuzala kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, kuya ngohlobo lwendawo nendawo. Ezimfudu zomhlaba, ukuqala kwemidlalo yokukhwelana kukhonjiswa ngomcimbi owodwa: ngelungelo lokukhulelisa owesifazane, abesilisa bangena empini bodwa. Ngokwenza njalo, bazama ukuphendula isitha sabo noma bamphoqe ukuba ahlehle. Kunendlela eyodwa kuphela yokwenza - iziteleka ezinamandla ezivamile negobolondo kugobolondo lomphikisi.
Ngemuva kokubaleka okuyihlazo komuntu ancintisana naye enkundleni yempi, owesilisa onqobayo uqala ukuthandana. Ukuheha ukunakwa kwesifazane, owinile angakwazi ukuphulula ikhanda lakhe ngezidladla zakhe aze acule. Ngemuva kwesikhashana ngemuva kokukhwelana, insikazi izalela amaqanda. Ukwenza lokhu, bamba imigodi esihlabathini esiseduze nemizimba yamanzi. Imvamisa, ukwenza lezi zinhloso, basebenzisa imingxunya yabo noma izidleke zezingwenya. I-clutch yamaqanda imbozwe kahle ngesihlabathi noma inhlabathi futhi ifakwe igobolondo ngegobolondo.
Inani lamaqanda ku-clutch lingahluka, kuya ngohlobo - amaqanda ayi-100-200. Amaqanda ngokwawo angahluka futhi: embozwe ngegobolondo noma ngegobolondo eliminyene lesikhumba. Ngenkathi yokukhwelana, insikazi ingenza imivimbo eminingi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezikahle, ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-91, izimfudu ezincane zichanyuselwa emaqandeni, futhi ubulili bazo buxhomeke ngokuphelele ezingeni lokushisa lapho kwenzeka khona isikhathi sokufukamela. Uma bekupholile, khona-ke abesilisa bazobhuquza, uma kushisa, bese kuba ngabesifazane. Ngezizathu ezingaziwa yisayensi, kwesinye isikhathi isikhathi sokufukamela singasuka ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kuya eminyakeni eminingana.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngo-2013, kwenzeka emnyuziyamu wedolobha laseDnipro (ngaphambili i-Dnipropetrovsk). Amaqanda oFudu, abekade ekhonjiswa iminyaka eminingana, aqandulwa kungalindelekile.
Izitha zemvelo zofudu basemhlabeni
Isithombe: Ufudu lwasemhlabeni
Ngaphandle kokuvikelwa okuthembekile ngesimo segobolondo eliqinile, izimfudu zinezitha eziningi emvelweni. Izinyoni ezidla inyama (oklebe, izinkozi) ziyazizingela bese ziyaphonsa zisuka phezulu ematsheni, zikhiphe ingaphakathi. Amagwababa, onogwaja, ama-jackdaws angazidla izingane ezingachanyuselwa ngokuphelele. Kuke kube nezimo lapho izimpungushe zaphonsa izimfudu ezisuka emadwaleni ziye ematsheni ukuze zihlukanise amagobolondo azo ukuze zizidle.
ENingizimu Melika, ama-jaguar azingelwa ngempumelelo ama-jaguar. Bazidla ngobuciko izilwane ezihuquzelayo emagobolondweni abo kangangokuba imiphumela yomsebenzi wabo ingafaniswa nomsebenzi wesikhafu sodokotela abahlinzayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, izilwane ezidla ezinye azeneliseki ngofudu olulodwa, kepha zidla eziningana ngasikhathi sinye, ziziphendule ngezidladla zazo emihlane yazo ezansi, ngaphandle kotshani namatshe. Kwesinye isikhathi izimfudu zizingelwa ngamagundane amakhulu - amagundane, ziluma umsila noma izitho zomzimba. Ngasikhathi sinye, izitha ezibaluleke kakhulu zofudu abantu abazingela amaqanda, inyama, kanye nokuzijabulisa nje.
Ngaphezu ezidla nabantu, izitha izimfudu kungaba isikhunta, amagciwane, izimuncagazi. Imvamisa, izimfudu ezigulayo nezibuthakathaka, ngenxa yokuhamba kancane, ziba ukudla kwezintuthwane, ezingadla ngokushesha izingxenye ezithambile zomzimba. Ezinye izimfudu zingaze zihlanganyele ekudleni komuntu ngokudla ezinye izimfudu ezikanye nazo uma zingakwazi ukubaleka noma ukumelana nazo. Ngokuqondene nezimfudu ezinkulu zaseGalapagos, ngosayizi wazo nesisindo, azinazitha zemvelo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: U-Aeschylus - umbhali wemidlalo wasendulo ongumGreki wafa ukufa okungenangqondo. Ufudu, oluphakanyiswe ukhozi, lwawela ekhanda lakhe.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ufudu lomhlaba ngokwemvelo
Izinhlobo ezingama-228 kuphela zofudu ezinesimo sokongiwa kwe-International Union for Conservation of Nature, kanti eziyi-135 zazo zisengcupheni yokuqothulwa. Ufudu lwasemhlabeni oludume kakhulu olusengozini yokuqothulwa yiFudu Yasemhlabeni ese-Central Asia.
Izizathu eziyinhloko ezisongela ukukhula kwabantu bezimfudu zomhlaba:
- ukuzingela ngokungemthetho
- imisebenzi yezolimo;
- imisebenzi yokwakha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimfudu zomhlaba ziyizilwane ezifuywayo ezithandwa kakhulu, nazo ezingabasizi ngalutho. Ngempela, ngalokhu, izimfudu zihlala zibanjwa futhi zigcinwe ekuthunjweni ngaphambi kokuthengiswa, futhi hhayi ngaso sonke isikhathi ezimweni ezinhle.
Inyama yofudu iyisibiliboco esibalulekile, yingakho ithandwa ngabadayisi. Ukungathobeki kwezimfudu kwenza ukuthuthwa kwazo kube lula kakhulu, ngakho-ke zithuthwa "njengokudla okusemathinini bukhoma". Igobolondo lezilwane livame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwezikhumbuzo ezahlukahlukene nobucwebe bezinwele bendabuko besifazane.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Ezifundazweni eziningi e-US, ukugcina izimfudu njengezilwane ezifuywayo kuvunyelwe, kepha akunconyiwe. Kodwa-ke, e-Oregon, lokhu akuvunyelwe ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umjaho wezimfudu awuvunyelwe ngumthetho wobumbano wase-US, kanye nokuhweba nokuthuthwa kwabantu abangaphansi kuka-10 cm.
Ukulondolozwa kwezimfudu zomhlaba
Isithombe: Ufudu lwasemhlabeni oluvela eRed Book
Ubuholi bamazwe ahlukene ngezindlela ezingafani bukhombisa imizamo yabo ekulweni nokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo ezingavamile zezimfudu zomhlaba:
- ukuqedwa kokuthunyelwa kwezinhlobo ezingavamile kwamanye amazwe, ukumiswa okuqinile kokuzingela izimfudu, ukuhweba inyama yezimfudu, kanye namaqanda awo namagobolondo. Kuze kube manje, iziphathimandla zigasela njalo ezikhumulweni zezindiza nasezimakethe zifuna izinto ezingagunyaziwe zokuthumela nokuthengisa izinto;
- ukukhankasela inembeza nokuhlanzeka komthengi. Isibonelo, uhulumeni waseMexico ubelokhu enxusa izakhamizi iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 ukuthi zinga-ode izitsha zofudu ezindaweni zokudlela, zingadli amaqanda kofudu, noma zithenge ama-trinket (izicathulo, amabhande, amakhekhe) enziwe ngamagobolondo. Yize ezinye izinhlobo zofudu zivikelekile kusukela ngawo-1960, kwaze kwaba ngawo-1990 lapho kwafakwa khona isijeziso esibucayi sokuzingela ngokungemthetho kumthetho wobugebengu waseMexico;
- ukulwa namapulazi amafudu. Kukhona nokulwa okusebenzayo ngokumelene namapulazi amafudu, lapho izilwane zikhuliswa khona ukuze zenze inyama. Izimfudu zigcinwa ezimweni ezimbi. Iningi labo ligula kakhulu futhi linamaphutha.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Inganekwane yase-Uzbek ngemvelaphi kofudu ithi: “Umthengisi othile okhohlisayo wayekhohlisa futhi ekhohlisa abathengi ngokungenamahloni kangangokuthi bacela usizo ku-Allah. U-Allah wayethukuthele kakhulu, wampintsha umkhwabanisi phakathi kwezikali ezimbili ayekhuluphele kuzo wathi: "Uyohlala uthwala ubufakazi behlazo lakho!"
Eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule, iwebhusayithi ye-propaganda yasungulwa ngaphansi kwe-WSPA ifuna ukuvinjelwa okuphelele kulawa mapulazi. Ufudu lomhlaba idinga usizo lwethu, ngaphandle kwalokhu ngeke kwenzeke ukubuyisela ngokuphelele inani lalezi zidalwa ezinhle.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 11.07.2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/24/2019 ngo-22: 09
