UMixina Isakhamuzi esingajwayelekile soLwandlekazi Lomhlaba. Isilwane sihlala ekujuleni okukhulu - ngaphezu kwamamitha angamakhulu amahlanu. Abanye abantu bangehlela ekujuleni okungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-1000. Ngaphandle, lezi zilwane zifana kakhulu nezibungu ezinkulu. Ngalesi sizathu, uCarl Linnaeus, owenza ucwaningo, ngephutha wabahlukanisa njengabanjengesibungu. Abantu abaningi bakubiza nge- myxina njengesidalwa esingemnandi neze, esinyanyekayo, futhi esibi kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngenxa yokubukeka kwayo, inamagama amaningana - i-slug eel, inhlanzi yabathakathi, isibungu sasolwandle, amanqe olwandle.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Miksina
Ama-mixins angaphansi kwezilwane ezi-chordate; zihlukaniswa ngezigaba zama-myxines, ukuhleleka kwama-myxinoids, nomndeni wama-myxines. UKarl Linnaeus ubesefunda lezi zilwane isikhathi eside. Isikhathi eside, wayebabheka ngokulingana nama-vertebrate. Ngaphandle kokuthi baphila impilo ethokozisayo, bahlukaniswa njengezilwane zasendulo. Isisekelo salesi siphetho kwakuwucwaningo lwezofuzo.
Ososayensi bafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi okhokho basendulo bama-myxines anamuhla babeneziqalo zomgogodla, ezazimelwe yizakhi zentuthuko ezingathuthuki, njengezibani, ezibhekwa njengezihlobo eziseduze kakhulu ze-myxines.
Ividiyo: UMixina
Ososayensi bakwazile ukuthola ukuthi ama-myxines asendulo ayesevele ekhona emhlabeni eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-350 edlule. Kodwa-ke, laba bantu base bengenazo izisekelo zomgogodla, kepha babenezitho zombono, ezazithuthukiswe kahle futhi zahlinzeka izilwane ngombono omuhle kakhulu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kunqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, izitho zombono zilahlekelwe umsebenzi wazo oyinhloko. Izimpondo, ezenza umsebenzi wokuthinta, ziye zaba isitho esiyinhloko esisebenza njengendawo yokukhomba esikhaleni.
Ososayensi baphawula ukuthi kule minyaka emithathu kuya kwengamakhulu ayisithupha edlule, lezi zidalwa azikashintshi nhlobo. Ngokuvamile, uma sihlaziya yonke indlela yokuziphendukela kwemibungu yasolwandle, kungaphawulwa ukuthi kusukela ngesikhathi sokubukeka kwabo akuzange kushintshe ukubukeka.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: iMixina noma inhlanzi yabathakathi
UMixina unokubukeka okungavamile futhi okucacile kakhulu. Ngaphandle, zifana neminenke emikhulu, emide, noma imisundu. Isilinganiso sobude bomzimba singamasentimitha angama-40-70. Kwezinye izimo, abantu ngabanye bakhula isikhathi eside kakhulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umnikazi werekhodi phakathi kwezingxube zobude bomzimba ngumuntu ofinyelele kubude obungamasentimitha ayi-127.
Kukhona ikhala elilodwa ekhanda, elingenamabili. Umlomo obanzi nekhala kuhambisana namadevu. Inani labo lihlukile kubantu abahlukile. Inani lezintshebe lingafinyelela kusuka kuzicucu ezi-5 kuye kwezi-8. Yizo lezi zintshebe ezisiza izilwane ukuba zihambe emkhathini futhi zenze umsebenzi wesitho sokuthinta. Izitho zombono ezilwaneni azithuthukisiwe kahle, ngoba ngokuya zikhula kancane kancane ngesikhumba.
Amaphiko e-myxines akhule kahle, awakho emzimbeni. Umgodi womlomo unesakhiwo esithakazelisayo. Ngokungafani nezilwane eziningi, ivuleka ngokuvundlile. Emgodini womlomo kunemigqa emibili yamazinyo, ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona izinyo elilodwa elingaphanjanisiwe esifundeni senkalakahla.
Isikhathi eside, izazi zezilwane azikwazanga ukuthola ukuthi lesi silwane siphefumula kanjani. Ngemuva kochungechunge lwezifundo, kwatholakala ukuthi ukuphefumula kwenziwa ngekhala elilodwa. Isitho sokuphefumula yiziguli. Amagill yizitho ezinamapuleti amaningana e-cartilage. Isikimu sombala salomele izitshalo zasolwandle nezilwane zingahlukahluka futhi kuncike esifundeni nasendaweni ezihlala kuyo.
Yimiphi imibala ejwayelekile kumxube:
- umbala obomvana;
- okubomvu ngombala ompunga;
- nsundu;
- i-lilac;
- okuluhlaza okungcolile.
Isici esimangalisayo sezilwane ukuba khona kwemigodi ezikhiqiza ngayo amafinyila. Ngosizo lwakhe ukuthi bakwazi ukugwema ukuhlaselwa yizilwane ezizingelayo nokuzingela. Amafinyila akhiqizwa yilezi zidalwa aqukethe i-keratin ne-mucin. Lezi zinto zenza ukwakheka komfinyela kube kukhulu, kubukeke futhi kungakuvumeli ukuthi kuhlanzwe ngamanzi.
I-Myxines ayinayo umgogodla, kanti ugebhezi lwenziwa ngoqwanga. Isakhiwo sangaphakathi somzimba naso asifani nesakhiwo somzimba wezinye izakhamizi zasolwandle. Banobuchopho obubili nezinhliziyo ezine. Ngokumangazayo, igazi lidluliselwa kuzo zonke izinhliziyo ezine. Izitho ezingeziwe zitholakala ekhanda, emsileni, nasesibindi. Noma eyodwa yezinhliziyo iphuka, ngeke ithinte inhlalakahle yakhe nganoma iyiphi indlela.
Uhlala kuphi u-myxina?
Isithombe: Mixina fish
IMixina yisilwane esihlala kuphela emanzini olwandle. Kwenzeka ekujuleni okuhlukahlukene. Iningi labantu ligcinwa ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-300-500. Kodwa-ke kukhona abameleli balezi zinhlobo, ezitholakala ekujuleni okungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-1000. UMixina uhlala eduze nendawo esogwini, akusuki kude nogu. Ikhetha izifunda ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo nesishisayo.
Izindawo ezihlala indawo yezilwane:
- I-America esenyakatho;
- IYurophu;
- I-Iceland;
- entshonalanga yeSweden;
- eningizimu yeNorway;
- INgilandi;
- IGreenland.
Ensimini yaseRussia, abadobi bavame ukuhlangana naye oLwandle iBarents. Izinhlobo ze-Atlantic myxine zihlala ezansi koLwandle lwaseNyakatho kanye nezindawo ezisentshonalanga ye-Atlantic. Isikhathi esiningi izilwane zisichitha olwandle. Ngaphezu kwakho konke bathanda ubumba olunodaka, olunodaka, olunesihlabathi. Ngokuqala kwezulu elibandayo, izilwane zehlela ekujuleni okungaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-1,4 ukubekezelela amakhaza.
Manje uyazi lapho kutholakala khona i-mixin. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Udla ini uMaxina?
Isithombe: Ama-Mixins
UMixina ungowezidalwa ezidla inyama. Isikhathi esiningi usichitha phansi kolwandle. Yilapho azifunela khona ukudla. Imvamisa, isibungu sasolwandle simane simbe olwandle bese sibheka izinsalela zokuphila kwasolwandle okufile. I-myxine ingena ezinhlanzini ezifile nakwezinye izimpilo zasolwandle ngomlomo noma ngama-gill arches. Ngaphakathi komzimba, isilwane simane sikhukhule izinsalela zesisindo semisipha ethanjeni lamathambo.
Ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi inhlanzi ethakathayo izondla ngezinsalela zezakhamuzi zasolwandle ezifile, ihlasela ababuthakathaka, abagulayo, noma izinhlanzi ezibanjwe kumanetha okudoba. Ama-mixins angavama ukuzingela emihlambini. Ngamazinyo abo abukhali, badla udonga olusemaceleni lomzimba wenhlanzi futhi badle kuqala izitho zangaphakathi, bese kuthi inyama yezilwane abazidlayo. Uma inhlanzi iqhubeka nokumelana, isibungu sasolwandle simane siqale ukukhipha inqwaba yamafinyila, avale amakhothamo e-gill. Izisulu zama-eel abomele igazi zibulawa ukuminyana.
Abadobi bayazi ukuthi akusizi ngalutho ukudoba ezindaweni zalezi zilo zasolwandle, noma kunjalo ngeke bakwazi ukubamba lutho. I-myxin iyahamba izingela inyamazane efanelekayo kusihlwa. Udla konke okutholakala kuye njengento yokuzingelwa.
Okusebenza njengesisekelo sefolishi:
- ikhodi;
- i-haddock;
- i-sturgeon;
- umbumbulu;
- i-herring.
Ngaphezu kwezakhamizi zasolwandle ezingenhla, inhlanzi yabathakathi ayizideleli ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezinkulu ikakhulukazi - oshaka, amahlengethwa. Uvame ukuhlasela isisulu sakhe eyedwa, noma njengengxenye yeqembu lonke.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Lapho abadobi bekwazile ukubamba inhlanzi, ngaphakathi lapho babengabala khona ama-parasites angaphezu kwe-120!
Imihlambi yalezi zilwane zasolwandle ingaba ziningi kakhulu. Isibalo somhlambi owodwa onjalo singafinyelela izinkulungwane ezimbalwa.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Mixin sea worm
Imixina yisilwane esimangalisa ngempela esikhanga izintshisekelo eziningi ezivela koososayensi bezilwane nakubacwaningi. Banikezwe ngokwemvelo amandla okukhiqiza inani elikhulu lamafinyila.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Umuntu omdala oyedwa angakhipha ibhakede lamafinyila ngemizuzwana embalwa nje.
Okwamanje, lapho noma yisiphi isilwane esidla izambane likapondo sizohlasela isibungu sasolwandle, ngokushesha sikhipha inani elikhulu lamafinyila, okuholela ekutheni kube nzima ukuphefumulela umzingeli. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngemuva kokuhlulwa komzingeli, i-myxina ihlanza umzimba wayo uqobo lwamafinyila. Igoqa ifindo. Isilwane siqala ukugoqeka ukusuka emsileni, kancane kancane sihambise ifindo ekugcineni kwekhanda. Ososayensi bayaqaphela ukuthi ukungabikho kwezikali okusiza izingxube ukuthi zihlanze umzimba wazo ngokushesha okukhulu.
Izikelemu zasolwandle zibhekwa njengezilwane zasebusuku. Emini, bavame ukulala. Ngalesi sikhathi, zivame ukungcwatshwa ngomsila wazo ungene ezansi. Ikhanda kuphela elihlala ngaphezulu. Lapho kuqala ubumnyama, izilwane ziyahamba zizingele.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Miksina
Inqubo yokukhiqiza kabusha i-myxines ayiqondakali kahle. Ososayensi bakwazile ukuthola ukuthi inani labesifazane lidlula kakhulu inani labesilisa. Cishe abesifazane abayikhulu, kunowesilisa oyedwa kuphela. Ngokwemvelo, kunabantu abaningi abanezici zocansi zowesilisa nowesifazane futhi babizwa ngama-hermaphrodites. Ngenxa yalesi sici, abasongelwa ngokuqothulwa noma ngokuqothulwa. Lezi zidalwa zivame ukuzimela ngokuzimela ubulili uma kungekho abesilisa abanele bokuzala.
Ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, izilwane zisuka ogwini bese zicwila ekujuleni okukhulu. Umuntu wesifazane ukhetha indawo efanelekayo yokubeka amaqanda. Owesifazane oyedwa uyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda ayi-10 kuye kwangama-30 osayizi ophakathi, ahlukaniswe kancane. Usayizi weqanda elilodwa ucishe ube ngamasentimitha ama-2. Ngemuva kokubekwa kwamaqanda, owesilisa uyawafaka emanyolo.
Ngokungafani nempilo eminingi yasolwandle, isibungu sasolwandle asife ngemuva kokubeka amaqanda. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, izinhlanzi eziyizangoma azidli lutho, ngakho-ke, ngemuva kokushiya inzalo, zigijimela ukugcwalisa amandla asetshenzisiwe futhi zithole okwanele kuwo. UMixina ushiya inzalo yakhe amahlandla amaningi kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe.
Ososayensi abafikanga esivumelwaneni maqondana nokwakhiwa kwenzalo ye-myxin. Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi banesigaba sesibungu. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ayikho. Kodwa-ke, kufanele uqaphele ukuthi izibungu ezizalwe ngokushesha kakhulu zithola ukuvela kwabazali bazo futhi zikwazi ukuzimela. Isikhathi sokuphila sezilo zasolwandle iminyaka eyi-10-14.
Izitha zemvelo zemixin
Isithombe: I-mixina yaseYurophu
Namuhla, ama-mixin awanazo izitha endaweni yazo yemvelo. Izidalwa zasolwandle azikhombisi intshisekelo enkulu kuzo ngenxa yokuthi izinhlanzi eziyizangoma zikhiqiza inqwaba yamafinyila abukhali. Ngenxa yalokhu, kulula ukuphuma ngisho nakwezinye izilwane eziyingozi.
Ngenxa yokuthi lo mmeleli wezitshalo zasolwandle nezilwane unokubukeka okunyanyekayo, akuzingelwa. Yize kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi kwamanye amazwe, njengeJapan, iTaiwan neSouth Korea, kulungiswa izibiliboco ezimnandi futhi eziyindlala kakhulu kusuka enyameni ye-mixin. Emazweni amaningi, ama-slugs olwandle abonwa njengezilokazane zokudoba ngenjongo yokuhweba.
Namuhla, abantu bafundile ukusebenzisa nezidalwa ezinjengezinhlanzi zemilingo ngezinhloso zabo. Abantu basogwini lwaseNyakatho Melika bahlukaniswa yikhono labo lokusebenzisa imixin embonini yesikhumba nokwenza umhlaba udume ngokuthi "isikhumba se-eel" kubo.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: IMixina ukuphela kwempilo yasolwandle engathimula. Ngosizo lwale ndawo, usula ikhala lakhe elilodwa kuphela le-mucus elingene kulo.
Ososayensi bamakhemikhali banamuhla kanye nochwepheshe bemboni eyenza imithi bathole ikhwalithi ebaluleke kakhulu yezinduna - ikhono lokusheshisa inqubo yokunqanda igazi. Ososayensi bazama ukusebenzisa le ndawo ekhemisi futhi benze izidakamizwa ze-hemostatic ngesisekelo salokho. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ezimweni zemvelo, inhlanzi yabathakathi cishe ayinazitha.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Witch fish, noma mixima
Namuhla, ososayensi bathi lezi zilwane zasolwandle azisongelwa ngokuqothulwa. Azinazo izitha endle, njengoba i-slime eziyivelisayo iyisikhali esinamandla ngokumelene nezilwane zanoma yisiphi isayizi. Ngisho nezilwane ezinkulu eziyingozi azikwazi ukubhekana nezingxube. Ngenxa yokuthi abantu abaningi bangama-hermaphrodites, bazinqumela kalula ubulili babo ngesikhathi sokuzala. Izilo zasolwandle zingama-omnivores, zingadla zibanjwe enetheni, noma izinhlanzi ezibuthakathaka nezigulayo, nezinsalela zempilo yasolwandle.
Ngenxa yokuthi ukubukeka, kanye nemikhuba yokudla, kuyanengeka, abantu abayizingeli. Kwezinye izifunda lapho kudotshwa khona ngenhloso yokwenza inzuzo, isibungu sasolwandle sithathwa njengesinambuzane. Namuhla, imixin ibanjwa kuphela ngokuhweba eNyakatho Melika. Lapho bathunyelwa ukwenza isikhumba se-eel. Kule ndawo, ukukhiqizwa kwesikhumba sekuvele kuthuthukiswe kahle.
Kwamanye amazwe ase-Asia, lezi zilwane zasolwandle zisadliwa. ENingizimu Korea, eJapane, naseTaiwan, abathakathi abasebenza ngezinhlanzi bapheka ukudla okuningi okuthosiwe. Ososayensi banamuhla bathole ukuthi amafinyila ezilo zasolwandle anempahla emangalisayo - ukusheshisa inqubo yokunqanda igazi. Ngalesi sizathu, kwenziwa izifundo eziningi, lapho abacwaningi bezama ukwenza izidakamizwa ze-hemostatic ngesisekelo sale nto.
Ama-Mixins yizidalwa ezimangalisayo ezindlela yazo yokuphila ithakazelisa ososayensi abaningi kanye nokunengeka kwabantu abaningi ngasikhathi sinye. Ngokwazi kwabo ukuzinqumela ngokuzimela ucansi ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, kanye nokukwazi kwabo ukuvikela ngamafinyila aminyene, abukhali futhi badle cishe noma yini edliwayo, bayimpilo yasolwandle engangeneki. Umuntu akakhombisi ukuthi ubakhathalele ngenxa yokubukeka okunengekayo nendlela yokuphila. Ezifundeni eziningi lapho kutholakala khona imihlambi emikhulu yalezi zidalwa, ukudotshwa kwezimboni kumisiwe, kusukela lapho i-mixina kubangela umonakalo omkhulu ekubanjweni.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 09.07.2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/24/2019 ngo-21: 10
