Igundane elihle futhi elihle njenge inja yasendle, ngokuya ngokwengeza kuhlu lwezilwane ezifuywayo. Lokhu akumangazi, ngoba ukuphulula i-fluffy ebukekayo enjalo kumnandi kakhulu, futhi ukumbuka kuthakazelisa nakakhulu. Ake sizame ukufanekisa inja yasemaphandleni ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, singabheki idatha yayo yangaphandle kuphela, kodwa futhi nesimo sayo, ukuthanda ukudla, izindawo zokuhlala unomphela kanye nendlela yokuphila jikelele.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Inja yePrairie
Inja yasesigodini iyigundane lomndeni wesikwele. Lo mndeni ubanzi impela, kufaka nezilwane ezahlukahlukene ngokubukeka nangendlela yokuphila, ezihlanganiswe imvelaphi efanayo kanye nezinye zezici ezifanayo zesakhiwo se-anatomical.
Zonke izihlobo zesikwele zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezintathu:
- izingwejeje ezinokhuni;
- izingwejeje ezindizayo;
- izingwejeje zomhlabathi.
Izinja zasePrairie ngezama-squirrels asemhlabeni, igama lawo elihunyushwe lisuselwa olimini lwasendulo lwesiGreki ngokuthi "inja yegundane". Ngaphandle, amagundane afana kakhulu nezimbila kanye nezingwejeje ezisemhlabathini. Ngemuva kwalokho kuphakama umbuzo ongazibandakanyi: "Kungani zibizwa, ngokunembile, izinja?" Kuvela ukuthi kumayelana nemisindo abayenzayo, ifana nokukhonkotha komdlwane.
Ososayensi bahlukanisa izinhlobo ezinhlanu zezinja zasemathafeni, ukuze, emathafeni avulekile, ungahlangana:
- inja yasemaphandleni enomsila omhlophe;
- Inja yasendle yaseMexico;
- Inja yasemaphandleni kaGunnison;
- inja yasendle enomsila omnyama;
- Inja yase-Yutka prairie.
Cishe akunakwenzeka ukunquma ngokushesha ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwenja yasemaphandleni ephambi kwakho ngezinto zalo zangaphandle, ngoba zonke ziyafana, zihlukaniswa ezinye izici zokuziphatha, ngokwesibonelo, ukwakheka nosayizi wamazinyo. Umehluko ubuye ube semisindweni ehlukahlukene ekhishwayo, uhlobo ngalunye olunezalo. Izeluleko zemisila yezinja zaseMexico naseMsila omnyama zimnyama, kanti kwezinye izinhlobo zimhlophe. Umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ubonakaliswa nasemisebenzini yabo ebalulekile, kepha lokhu akuphazamisi idatha yangaphandle nganoma iyiphi indlela, ngakho-ke, uchwepheshe onolwazi nonolwazi kuphela ongahlukanisa ngokunembile phakathi kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inja yaseMexico yasePrairie
Siphawula futhi ukuthi kukho konke ukubukeka kwayo inja yasemaphandleni ifana nembila. Ubukhulu bayo buhluka kusuka ku-30 kuye ku-38 cm, futhi isisindo sayo sisuka kukhilogremu elilodwa kuya kwesigamu (kwesinye isikhathi kunezinhlobo ezisindayo). Abesifazane bancane futhi banesisindo esincane kunabesilisa. Ngosayizi nobukhulu, izinja zibukeka zikhuluphele, zakhiwe ngokujiyile. Ngenxa yalesi sibalo, amagundane abukeka kabi. Umzimba wazo mkhulu, kanti imilenze nomsila kufushane.
Imibala yalezi zilwane ingabizwa ngokufihla, ngoba ihlangana kahle nendawo ezungezile. Umsele wezinja unombala ophuzi ophuzi noma ophuzi, kwesinye isikhathi unombala othile obomvu. Isisu sinethoni elula. Ikhanda, uma liqhathaniswa nethoni ejwayelekile yomzimba, libukeka limnyama. Ubuso buhlotshiswe ngemicu emhlophe, ebonakala kakhulu esilevini naseduzane nasekhaleni.
Ividiyo: Inja yasePrairie
Inhloko yezinja zasemaphandleni inomumo oyindilinga nesifinyela esihle ngamehlo amakhulu, amnyama, abanzi abheka ngokungakhathali indawo ezungezile. Izindlebe zamagundane zincane kakhulu kangangokuba zicishe zingabonakali ngaphansi kwejazi. Izinja zinamazinyo ezihlathi amakhulu kakhulu kanye nezinsimbi ezincane ezisehlathini eliphezulu. Uma kunesidingo, okuphakelayo kulayishwa ezikhwameni zezihlathi, njengezikhwama zezintambo.
Emilenzeni emfushane yamagundane, kuneminwe eqinile enezinzipho ezinde, ezibukhali kakhulu futhi ezinamandla, ziyabonakala. Uzwane lwesithathu lwezidladla zangaphambili luphuma phambili futhi lude kancane kunolunye. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi yize imilenze imifushane, inamandla impela, ngoba ijwayele ukumba ama-labyrinths amade kakhulu angaphansi komhlaba. Amathe ezinyawo zezinja zasogwadule ambozwe izinwele. Umsila unemibala yokufanisa wonke umzimba, kuphela ezinjeni zaseMexico nezomsila omnyama ifakwe ichopho elimnyama. Ubude bayo bungaba kusuka ku-4 kuye ku-11 cm.
Ihlala kuphi inja?
Isithombe: Izinja zePrairie
Izinja zasePrairie zinendawo yokuhlala unomphela endaweni yezwekazi laseNyakatho Melika, noma kunalokho, kubukhulu bemathafa ayo. Izinduku zihlala endaweni esukela engxenyeni eseningizimu yesifundazwe saseSaskatchewan, eseCanada, futhi ziqhubekela nakwamanye amazwe aseMelika.
Ngakho-ke izinja zasemaphandleni zitholakala ku:
- Kansas;
- Wyoming;
- ENyakatho naseNingizimu Dakota;
- ETexas;
- ENebraska;
- Utah;
- IMontana;
- I-Oklahoma;
- IColorado;
- ENew Mexico;
- E-Arizona.
Izinja zasePrairie zaseNyakatho naseCentral Mexico zikhethe. Bakhetha ama-semi-desert nama-steppe landscapes, lapho kungekho zimila ezinde khona, kungabi yize ukuthi babizwa ngokuthi ama-meadow landscapes, kubo kwanele ukuba notshani obufushane noma obuphakathi. Indawo enotshani yamathafa awomile eduze komthombo othile wamanzi iyindawo ekahle yokuhlala lezi zingwejeje. Izinja zizama ukugwema inhlabathi emanzi ngokweqile nezindawo eziphansi. Izilwane ziphinde zabonwa ezintabeni endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha angaphezu kwamathathu. Izinja zasePrairie zihlala ngokubambisana emigodini embiwe, amaphaseji akha amadolobha aphelele angaphansi komhlaba, lapho kukhona izakhiwo zezidingo ezahlukahlukene.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-labyrinths emihubhe engaphansi komhlaba angaba ngamamitha angama-350 ubude, bese wehlela kumamitha ayi-5 ukujula.
Manje uyazi ukuthi inja yasendle ihlala kuphi. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Idla ini inja yasesigodini?
Isithombe: Inja yePrairie ngokwemvelo
Yize izinja zasemaphandleni zibukeka zikhuluphele kakhulu futhi zingahambi kahle, imenyu yazo ilawulwa izitsha zemvelaphi yezitshalo. Isisekelo sokudla kwezinja utshani, kepha kwesinye isikhathi amagundane adla ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane, agcwalisa ukunikezwa kwamaprotheni emzimbeni. Ngenkathi zifuna ukudla kwazo, izinja zasemathafeni azihambi kude nemigodi yazo.
Amagundane angadla ku:
- izimbali;
- imbewu;
- amahlamvu;
- amahlumela namahlumela ezitshalo ezahlukahlukene;
- izithelo ezivuthiwe;
- amantongomane.
Ezindaweni ezithandwa yizinja zasemathafeni, utshani busika ngokusobala, futhi inhlabathi ibonakala kahle. Izinja zinciphisa ngokucophelela izimila eziseduze, ezingaphazamisa umbono wazo. Ngenxa yokuthi izinja zingabantu abancintisana nokudla kwezinkomo, zivame ukuhlupheka ngokuhlaselwa ngabalimi, abathi ngazo zonke izindlela bazisuse ezindaweni zabo ezihlala abantu.
Lawa magundane amahle awakwazi ukubizwa ngokuqina, ngoba azigcini amalungiselelo okusetshenziswa esikhathini esizayo, azakhi izindlu zokugcina izinto, njengamagundane amaningi. Ezinye izinhlobo zilala phakathi nobusika bonke, kanti lezo eziphapheme zidla cishe noma iziphi izitshalo ezitholakala ebusika.
Ngaphezu kotshani obusha, izinja ezivuthiwe zasemaphandleni ezihlala ekuthunjweni ziyondliwa:
- amantongomane;
- imifino nezithelo;
- okusanhlamvu;
- hay.
Ekwindla izinja zidla amaqabunga awile ngenjabulo. Ukudla kwabo kufana kakhulu nokwengulube zeginea.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inja yaseMexico yasePrairie
Izinja zasePrairie yizilwane ezihlangene futhi ezinobungane kakhulu, ezihlala emakoloni amakhulu, lapho kungahle kube khona abantu abayizinkulungwane eziningana abanobuhlungu. Izilwane ziyasebenza emini, azenzi nje kuphela ukondla, kodwa futhi neminye imisebenzi yansuku zonke. Bona, njengezimbila noma izingwejeje ezisemhlabathini, bathanda ukuma kukholamu emilenzeni yabo yangemuva futhi babheke indawo ezungezile.
Ikholoni lezinja lihlukaniswe laba yimindeni ehlanganisa ipheya labesilisa, abesifazane abaningana (kusuka ku-3 kuye ku-5) namazinyane ezinhlayiya, eziningcezu eziyisithupha kuya kwezingamashumi amathathu. Izibopho zomndeni phakathi kwezinja zifudumele kakhulu futhi zisondelene, izilwane zingabonakala zihogela futhi zixubha uboya bazo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umndeni ngamunye unenkululeko ezilinganiselwe, ngakho-ke izinja zigade izinto zazo ngokuqapha. Uma umuntu ongaziwa evela, khona-ke kuvela isimo sokungqubuzana. Ophumelele empikiswaneni angakhuphula isabelo sakhe somhlaba, kodwa hhayi ngaphezu kwemitha elilodwa.
Njengoba sekushiwo, izindawo ezihlala ngaphansi komhlaba zezinja zasemaphandleni ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, zijulile futhi zikhulu. Zihla ngokujula ukusuka kumamitha amathathu kuye kwemihlanu, futhi zingamasentimitha angaba yishumi nanhlanu ububanzi. Umgodi othuthukiswe kahle unokwethenjelwa kakhulu futhi uvikelekile ekudilikeni komhlaba nasezikhukhuleni.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kuma-labyrinths angaphansi komhlaba, wonke amakamelo akhethekile, amanye asetshenziswa njengamakamelo okulala, amanye njengamakamelo okuzalwa, kanti amanye njengamabhokisi okusindisa avela kuzo zonke izinhlobo zabantu abangafuneki.
Izinja zinezindlu zangasese ezibiwe ezihlukene, okuthi uma sezigcwaliswe ngokugcwele, zingcwatshwe emhlabathini bese kufakwa ezintsha. Yonke impilo yala magundane amangalisayo icatshangelwe kahle futhi ihleleke kahle, wonke umuntu uzenzela okwakhe, ufeza imisebenzi ayabelwe.
Phakathi kwezinja kukhona:
- onogada abaqinisekisa ukuphepha kwendawo yokuhlala;
- abakhi, ukuhlomisa nokumba imigudu emisha, ukulungisa imigudu emidala;
- othisha abafundisa izilwane ezincane, bafaka kubo amakhono empilo adingekayo.
Ngokuvamile, izinja zasemathafeni zisondelene kakhulu, zikhombisa ubudlelwano nemvelo enhle. Zinohlelo oluthuthukiswe kahle lwezimpawu ezahlukahlukene zomsindo nezenzo ezenzelwe izimo ezahlukahlukene. Bangachazwa njengezidalwa ezinokuthula, ezinobungane nezikhathalelayo ezinezibopho zomndeni eziseduze.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isiko lalokhu okuthiwa "ukwanga", lapho izihlobo eziseduze zithinta imilomo evulekile njengesibonakaliso sothando nenhlonipho, zikhuluma ngokwethembana ebudlelwaneni bomndeni.
Inja yomsila omnyama ivukile unyaka wonke, ubusika basebusika abuyinto eyingqayizivele kuyo, iqhubekela phambili ngisho naseqhweni. Zonke izinja zisesimweni sokwenza ubusika obumisiwe kusukela ekupheleni kuka-Agasti kuya kuMashi, ngakho-ke zithatha isisindo ngaphambi kokulala ubusika.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Umndeni wezinja zasePrairie
Kuncane okwaziwayo ngokuzalaniswa kwezinja zasendle. Baqala ukuvuthwa ngokocansi besondela eminyakeni emithathu ubudala. Isikhathi somshado salawa magundane senzeka kanye ngonyaka, futhi uma ukukhulelwa kuphumelela, khona-ke abazali bathola inzalo. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-28 kuya kwezingama-32, futhi ukubeletha kuvame ukwenzeka entwasahlobo (Ephreli-Meyi).
Inani lezingane ezisanda kuzalwa lihluka kusuka ezinganeni ezimbili kuya kweziyishumi. Bazalwa bengenakuzisiza ngokuphelele, benqunu futhi bengaboni. Isikhathi esingaphezudlwana kwenyanga kamuva, baqala ukubona kahle. Lapho zinamasonto ayisikhombisa, izingane zithola ukuzimela futhi ziqala ukwenza ama-forays ngomgodi wazo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bayayeka ukuncela ubisi lukamama bese bashintshela ekudleni okususelwa ezitshalweni.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ezinjeni, abantu abavuthiwe bavame ukushiya amakhaya abo, babashiyele abancane, bese bakha imigoqo emisha eduzane. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi izilwane zinakekela kakhulu.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi abesilisa asebekhulile bakha imindeni yabo, futhi abesifazane abasha bahlala behlala emndenini wabazali. Ezimweni zemvelo, izinja zasemaphandleni azihlali isikhathi eside kangaka. Iminyaka yabesilisa imvamisa ayidluli iminyaka emihlanu, kanti abesifazane bahlala kuze kube yisishiyagalombili. Izinja zasemaphandleni ezifuyiwe zingaphila iminyaka eyi-11, ngoba ekuthunjweni, isimo sihlala sisihle, futhi azikho zonke izinhlobo zezinsongo zangaphandle.
Izitha zemvelo zezinja zasemaphandleni
Isithombe: Inja yePrairie
Izinja zasemathafeni ezinokuthula zisengozini yokuhlaselwa yizilwane ezahlukahlukene ezisemoyeni kanye nasemhlabeni. Akusilo ize ukuthi la magundane ahlakaniphile akhethe indawo yokuhlala ehlangene ukuze abekhona, ngoba kulula kakhulu ukuhlala ngale ndlela ezimweni ezinzima zasendle, lapho ingozi ingaqamekela kuyo yonke indawo. Izinja eziqaphile ziqaphele ngokungakhathali, zihlale ziqapha indawo ezikuyo ukuze zikhombe zonke izinhlobo zezinsongo ezingavela:
- izimbila;
- ama-ferrets ezinyawo ezimnyama;
- ama-coyotes;
- Okhohlisi baseMexico;
- oklebe;
- izikhova zemigede.
Inethiwekhi ethuthukile yokuxhumana phakathi kwezinja zasemaphandleni ayizisizi nje kuphela ukuxhumana kuphela, kodwa futhi zisinda ezimweni ezahlukahlukene eziphuthumayo. Izinja ezihlakaniphile ngezwi futhi zibeka ukwazisa hhayi kuphela ngengozi ezayo, kepha futhi ucacise ukuthi ivela kubani ngqo, isitha sisondela ngakuluphi uhlangothi, nokuthi sikwenza kanjani. Njengomphumela wesixwayiso esinjalo, izindlela zokuvikela zingahluka, kuya ngokuthi isiphi isitha esisondelayo (ibadger, hawk noma coyote). Izinja zingacasha ngokushesha, kepha uma ziseduze nokuphuma emgodini, zingangena zijule ngaphansi komhlaba, zingasondela eduze nomnyango womgodi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izazi zezilwane ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu lokuxhumana ziqhathanisa izinja zasemaphandleni namahlengethwa nezinsikazi.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezihaqayo nazo zingaba usongo ezinjeni zasemaphandleni. Kunobufakazi bokuthi izinsalela ezingagayiwe zala magundane zazivame ukutholakala esiswini sezinyoka.
Ngokudabukisayo, kodwa isitha esibuhlungu kunazo zonke sezinja zasendle yindoda eqothule abantu ababekade beba baningi kulezi zingwejeje. Abalimi babulala inqwaba yezinja zasemathafeni, okuthi ngokombono wabo, badle amasimu ahloselwe ukuba aluse. Konke lokhu kuholele ekutheni isibalo sezilwane sesinciphe kaningi, okuyinto ebabayo kakhulu ukuyibona.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Izinja ezimbili
Ukulandelela ushintsho enanini lezinja ezisenkangala ngokuningiliziwe, ake sibheke emlandweni. Abahlali abamhlophe, ababevela emathafeni aseMelika ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, baqothula inqwaba yezilwane zezilwane zasendaweni. Ngemuva kwalokho iningi lezilwane ezizingelayo ezizingela amathafa lashona ezandleni zabantu, okwadala ukweqa okukhulu ekwandeni kwesibalo salawa magundane.
Kunemininingwane yokuthi ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, endaweni engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-1000, kwakukhona izinja zasemaphandleni ezingaba yizigidi eziyikhulu, ezaqala ukubhubhisa amasimu namadlelo atshaliwe. Abalimi baqala ukulwa impi enzima namagundane, bawaqeda ngamanani amakhulu, okwanciphisa kakhulu inani labantu futhi kwaletha izilwane onqenqemeni lokuqothulwa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kunemininingwane eyiqiniso emane ishaqise, ngokusho kwemininingwane yabo, ngo-1905 inani lezinja zasemaphandleni ezihlala endaweni enkulu yaseTexas lalinabantu abalinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-800, kepha ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka babeyizigidi ezingama-2.2 kuphela!
Ngakho-ke, inani lezinja zasemaphandleni selinciphisiwe kakhulu ngenxa yezenzo zabantu zobuqaba, manje isibalo salo siqhubeka ngokuncipha, okuyinto ekhathaza kakhulu izinhlangano eziningi zokongiwa kwemvelo ezithatha izinyathelo zokusindisa lezi zilwane ezimangalisayo.
Ukuvikelwa kwezinja zasePrairie
Isithombe: Inja yasePrairie evela eRed Book
Kunzima ukukholelwa ukuthi inani lezinja zasemaphandleni belijwayele ukuba likhulu kakhulu futhi alizange libe nosongo lokuqothulwa. Esikhathini esifushane, isimo sesishintshe kakhulu kangangokuba manje ezinye izinhlobo zezinto zibanga ukukhathazeka futhi zinganyamalala ngokuphelele, ngoba inani lazo lehle kakhulu.
Isizathu sesimo esidumaza kangako yindoda okuthi, kaningi, yenze kuphela ngokuya ngezintshisekelo zayo, ikhohlwe ngabafowabo abancane. Ezinhlotsheni ezinhlanu zezinja zasemaphandleni, ezimbili zibhalwe ku-IUCN Red Data Book, zifaka phakathi izinja zasemaphandleni zaseMexico naseYuta (Yutas). Eyokuqala yalezi zilwane ezisengcupheni yokufakwa ohlwini ibhalwe kwiSithasiselo I se-International Trade Convention.
Isimo salezi zinhlobo zezinja sithi ngayinye yazo iyinhlobo encane, inani layo eliqhubeka nokwehla.Izici ezikhawulela kakhulu yizenzo zabantu eziholela ekufudukisweni kwezilwane zisuka ezindaweni zazo ezihlala unomphela. Njengamanje, abantu bagade izinja zasemaphandleni ezindaweni eziqiwini ezahlukahlukene futhi benza imizamo yokuzihlalisa kabusha ezindaweni ezazakhelwe abantu ngaphambili. Kuyathenjwa ukuthi lezi zinyathelo zokuphepha zizoletha imiphumela emihle.
Ngingathanda ukukuqaphela lokho inja yasendle babukeka bebahle futhi benesimilo esihle kangangokuba baphakamisa imimoya yabo ngokubuka nje. Lawa mafutha athambile ahlekisa kakhulu, futhi kuyintokozo ukuwabuka. Akusizi ngalutho ukuthi abaningi baqala ukuziqala njengezilwane ezifuywayo, ngoba izinja kulula ukuzithambisa, zihlangana kakhulu futhi zithanda umnikazi wazo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08.07.2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 09/24/2019 ngo-21: 03
