Dingo Uyinja yasekhaya yasendle ehlala e-Australia. Lesi silwane sehlukile kuzo zonke ezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye zase-Australia ngokuthi amaphuphu aso avele esigabeni esithuthukile, abe ngamathambo. Igama lesiLatini linamagama amathathu, okusho ukuthi awezinja, izimpisi futhi linegama lomuntu siqu - idingo: Canis lupus dingo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Dingo
Lesi silwane esincelisayo esivela ekuhleleni kwezilwane kungokwomndeni we-canid, kepha kuhlobo nezinhlobo zezimpisi, ezigqame njengezinhlayiya ezihlukile - idingo. Izinsalela zasendulo zalezo zilwane zatholakala eVietnam futhi zahlehlela emuva eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezine BC, eTimor-Leste eziqhingini zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia - eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezintathu ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu. Izinsalela zedingo zitholakale eStrait of Toress, zineminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-2.1 ubudala.Izinsalela zezinja ezintsha zaseGuinea eminyakeni emi-2,5-2.3 eyizinkulungwane BC zaqoshwa ngaphambili. futhi ababona okhokho beNja Yokucula YaseNew Guinea.
Izinsalela zamathambo ezindala kakhulu zedingo:
- kusuka emhumeni wase-Australia waseMandura eningizimu-mpumalanga yeWestern Australia (iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-3.4 BC);
- lapho kuhlala khona iWumba eNew South Wales (iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-3.3 BC);
- eMannum eMfuleni uMurray eSouth Australia (iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-3.1 BC);
- eNtabeni iBurr eSouth Australia (iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-8.5 BC).
Ucwaningo lwe-Genetic lukhombisa ukuthi i-dingo ingelinye lamagatsha egatsha lempisi empunga, kepha hhayi inzalo yezinhlobo zamanje. Banokhokho abafanayo, kepha okhokho bedingo bafa ekupheleni kukaPleistocene ongasekho. Izinja nama-dingo kungamalungu egatsha elifanayo - i-clade. Izinja eziculayo zaseNew Guinea nezidingo ezisuka eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Australia zihlobene kakhulu nezofuzo.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Lezi zinja azikhonkothi, kodwa ziyakwazi ukukhala nokubhonga.
Ngemuva kokuthi izinja ezifuywayo zifike ezwenikazi lase-Australia, zaphinde zaba zasendle. Abahlali bokuqala baseYurophu bajwayelana nalezi zilwane esezifomini lapho lezi zilwane zitholakala khona kuze kube namuhla.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: i-wild dog dingo
Isilwane sikhulu ngokwesilinganiso uma siqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zezinja. Zingu-50-60 cm ubude (ama-bitches amancane kancane), isisindo esingu-13-19 kg. Inhloko emise okwekhanda ibonakala incane kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nomzimba, kepha inomusa. Ukhakhayi oluphakeme oluno-occiput othuthukile, oluyisicaba futhi olubanzi phakathi kwezindlebe, lubheke ekhaleni Amakhala amnyama avulekile (ezinjeni ezinombala okhanyayo, anombala wesibindi). Umhlathi ongezansi onamandla ubonakala kahle. Izindebe zimboza amazinyo. I-Scissor bite ngokulunywa okugcwele.
Ividiyo: iDingo
Amehlo afana ne-alimondi, asethwe kancane kancane, ubukhulu buphakathi, umbala umnyama. Izindlebe zingunxantathu, zime ngothiphu oyindilinga, ziveza kakhulu futhi zitholakala phezulu kogebhezi. Intamo yemisipha eyenziwe kahle inobude obulinganiselwe futhi ikhanda libekwe phezulu. Umhlane wesilwane uqonde futhi uqinile, isifuba asisindi. I-croup ibanzi, i-angular, futhi kunobude obanele ukusuka enqulwini kuya e-hock ukuze isebenze njengesiphethu sokugxuma, njengesibindi esisebenzayo sokwenza ijubane. Ama-paws amile okweqanda, kukhona izinwele phakathi kwamaphakethe.
Umsila ukhule kahle futhi uvuleka uye phakathi nobude bese uthepha ngasekugcineni. Abantu ezifundeni ezisenyakatho zaleli zwekazi banoboya obunengubo yangaphansi nezinwele ezivikelayo ezingenhla, kuyilapho izinja ezivela ezifundeni eziseningizimu zingenayo ingubo yangaphansi. Umbala ubomvu ngokubomvu, ukhilimu onombala wegolide, onsundu, kukhona abantu abamnyama. Kungaba nesifihla-buso esikhanyayo ebusweni, kanti nomthunzi okhanyayo ubuye ubekhona emphinjeni, esiswini nangaphansi komsila. Ama-dingos amnyama nansundu angaba nezindawo ezinemibala ekhanyayo emilenzeni, esifubeni, ezihlathini nasemashiya. Lesi yisilwane esihlakaniphe kakhulu, sinelukuluku kodwa siyaqapha. Iqinile, iphendula ngokushesha lapho ishukunyiswa. Ngokwemvelo, izinja zizimele, kepha ziyazi ukuthi kufanele ziziphathe kanjani ephaketheni.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kabili ngonyaka, ama-dingo enza uhambo oluya ogwini lolwandle. Abantu abahlala eNew South Wales nabo bakhuphuka emizileni yezintaba baye eNew Ingled nakwamanye amabanga e-Australia Alps kabili ngonyaka ngo-Ephreli nangoNovemba.
Ihlala kuphi idingo?
Isithombe: iDingo e-Australia
Lolu hlobo lwenja yasendle lungatholakala kulo lonke elase-Australia. Indawo enabantu abaningi yingxenye esenyakatho. Maphakathi nale ndawo, indawo yokuhlala enolimi olukhulu yehlela eningizimu engxenyeni emaphakathi yezwekazi, futhi ihlanganisa nengxenye esentshonalanga engxenyeni eyindilinga. Lapha i-dingo itholakala kaningi, yize kwezinye izifunda lesi silwane asivamile. Amaqembu amancane ahlukene ahlala eNew Guinea nakwamanye amazwe aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia:
- IMyanmar;
- Thailand;
- ILaos;
- Borneo;
- EPhilippines;
- EMalaysia;
- IBangladesh;
- eningizimu-mpumalanga yeChina.
Ngokuhlaliswa kabusha kwezinja, izinja zikhetha amahlathi e-eucalyptus kanye nama-semi-desert. Ezindaweni ezinezihlahla, bahlela imibhede nemihume ngaphansi kwezimpande zezihlahla, ngaphansi kwezinkuni ezibabayo, ezihlahleni eziminyene zezihlahla noma zotshani, emifantwini nasemihumeni enamadwala. Futhi, izinja zivame ukuhlala emigodini engenalutho yezilwane eziba yisisulu sama-dingo. Banikeza ukukhetha izindawo eziseduze nemifula neminye imithombo yamanzi ahlanzekile. Ama-dingoes ajwayele ukuhlala eduze nezindawo zokuhlala abantu, lapho angathola khona kalula ukudla ezindaweni zokulahla udoti noma ezifuywayo ezizingelwayo.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: I-Australia inothango olude kunawo wonke emhlabeni olubizwa nge- "Dingo Fence". Ihlukanisa eningizimu-mpumalanga yezwe nezinye futhi ihloselwe ukuvikela amadlelo ezolimo ekuhlaselweni izinja. Ukuphakama kocingo lwe-mesh kungu-1.8 m. Ezinhlangothini zombili, indawo engamamitha amahlanu isuswe uhlaza. Okuthunyelwe ngokhuni kusebenza njengezisekeli. Kwezinye izindawo kunokukhanya, amandla anikezwa ngamapaneli elanga.
Uthango lwakhiwa ekuqaleni ngo-1880 ukunqanda ukubhebhetheka konogwaja, kodwa kwaba wukuchitha isikhathi kwathi ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, lesi sakhiwo sadilika ezindaweni eziningi. Kepha-ke, kwezinye izifundazwe, kwathathwa isinqumo sokwakhiwa kabusha kocingo ukuvimbela izinja zasendle ekuhlaseleni izimvu. Ngakho-ke ngo-1932, uhulumeni waseQueensland wathenga anezikhala ezingama-32 000 km ukubuyisela uthango. Ngeminyaka yamashumi amane, izigaba ngazinye zahlanganiswa zaba iketanga elilodwa, kanti ubude babuba ngamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-8.6. Manje ukwakhiwa kudlula izinkulungwane ezingama-5.6. Kuthatha kuze kufike ezigidini eziyizigidi eziyi-10 ukuyigcina.
Manje uyazi lapho idingo ihlala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi inja yasendle idlani.
Idlani idingo?
Isithombe: i-dingo yase-Australia
Inja, lapho ifika e-Australia, ayizange ihlangane nezinye izidlakela ezinkulu, ngaphandle kwezimpisi ze-marsupial kanye ne-Tasmanian devil, ngakho-ke yahlala kalula kuyo yonke insimu futhi yazingela izilwane ezinobukhulu obufanele. Bakhiphe ngokuphelele izimbangi zabo ezwenikazi.
Izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane ezinjengamagundane, onogwaja, ama-opossum nama-wallabies kudla ngaphezu kwengxenye yokudla okuyinhloko kwenja, futhi kudla ama-kangaroo amakhulu nama-wombat. Izinyoni, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini, inhlanzi, ama-crustaceans, izidumbu, izinambuzane zenza cishe u-40% wemenyu.
I-kangaroo iyashesha futhi inkulu kune-dingo, kodwa iphakethe lezinja lingajaha isilwane esincelisayo se-marsupial amahora amaningi, lithathelane elinye kude futhi lisebenzise ithuba lokuphefumula. I-kangaroo iyakhathala ngenxa yokufuna isikhathi eside futhi ayikwazi ukuyimela. AmaDingo emhlambini alandela njalo ukuhleleka kwesidlo. Amalungu amakhulu futhi avelele athola iziqephu ezinhle kakhulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umhlambi wamadingo angama-12-14, ohlasela izimvu, ungabhubhisa kuze kufike kumakhanda angama-20 ngasikhathi sinye, ngaphandle kokuwadla. Isabelo semfuyo ekudleni singamaphesenti amane futhi ingxenye enkulu izinkukhu: izinkukhu, amadada, amahansi, ama-turkeys.
Ama-dingoes nawo azingela ama-emus, amakhulu kakhulu kunawo. Inja izama ukubamba intamo yenyoni ngesikhathi igxuma, isondele ekhanda ngangokunokwenzeka. U-Emu, ebona ingozi, wenza ukweqa okuphezulu futhi azame ukusunduza umhlaseli ngonyawo. I-dingo ayihlali isezinyweni zesisulu esikhulu futhi esishesha kangaka, ngakho-ke inja ayisiyona ingozi enkulu kule nyoni. Emazweni ase-Indochina, imenyu ye-dingo iqukethe imfucumfucu eminingi yokudla kwabantu: irayisi, izithelo, inhlanzi, inkukhu. Kwesinye isikhathi bazingela amagundane, izibankwa, izinyoka.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inja yaseDingo
Isigaba esisebenzayo empilweni yedingo siwela emahoreni kusihlwa. Emini, ngenkathi eshisayo, lezi zinja ziphumula ezihlahleni zotshani noma ehlathini. Kusihlwa, bephuma bayozingela, bahlala emhlambini. Izilwane ezincane ziba isisulu sabantu abangashadile.
IDingo ayinqobi ngaso sonke isikhathi nge-kangaroo. Ikakhulukazi uma engabaleki, kepha emi endaweni yokuzivikela, uzama ukwethusa isitha, ukulwa nezidladla zakhe zangaphambili ngezinzipho. Futhi izinja ngokwazo aziyingeni eyokulwa ngqo, zihlaziya amandla azo. Umhlambi uzingela ngendlela yokuphishekela, uhlasela isitha, esikhulu kunezinja, kusuka ezinhlangothini ezahlukene.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izilwane ezinkulu nezindala ziya kozingela kude nomhume. Insimu eseduze nendawo yokuhlala ihlala abantu abasha, abasenakho okuhlangenwe nakho.
Ekushiseni kwesasasa, izinja zingagijima zifike kumakhilomitha angama-20 ngosuku, ngenkathi zakha ijubane lama-55 km ngehora. Ama-dingo yizilwane ezishesha kakhulu, eziguquguqukayo, ziyashesha ukuhlakanipha futhi zihlakaniphile. Yingakho kwakunzima kubalimi ukubhekana nalezi zilwane. Zigwema izingibe futhi ziyaxwaya kakhulu ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zesithibelo.
Izimvu zase-Australia zivame ukudla ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu futhi zigadwe kuphela ngezinja zokwalusa. Izinja ezifuywayo, noma ngabe zinkulu kunosayizi wedingo, azikwazi ukumelana nomhlambi wama-dingo ngaso sonke isikhathi, ezingadabula phakathi unogada onoboya futhi zisike izimvu azivikelayo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: UDingo, onqunywe izinja ezifuywayo kubantu besizwe sakubo, angalwa kanzima, naphezu kokuphelelwa ngamandla okusobala, kepha ngasikhathi sinye kuvame ukukhombisa ubuqili. Inja yasendle ingazenza ngathi ifile bese, ibamba umzuzwana, ibalekele abayixoshayo.
Ungatshela isiphambano phakathi kwedingo ne-purebred yangempela ngamandla okukhonkotha. Futhi, noma ngabe okhokho bezinja ezifuywayo banolaka kangakanani, abahlaseli abantu, okungeke kushiwo ngalezo zilwane ezawela nezinye izinhlobo.
Imidlwane yeDingo kulula ukuyithambisa, kepha njengoba ikhula, isimilo sayo esizimele siyabonakala. Lokhu kubonakala ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Kunoma ikuphi, le nja ibona umnikazi oyedwa kuphela futhi uma ilahlekile, iyafa noma iye endle.
Ngenxa yengozi yokuwela lezi zinja nezinye izinhlobo ezifuywayo nokubonakaliswa kobudlova enzalweni kulolo doti oluxubekile, akuvunyelwe ukuba ne-dingo e-Australia. Kwamanye amazwe aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, izinja ezifuywayo zizimele impela, zihlala eduze komuzi womuntu futhi azikaze zizingele, zidla lokho ezingakuthola noma lokho umnikazi akunikezayo.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Abomdabu base-Australia babevame ukuthatha imidlwane ye-dingo ukuyinakekela. Bafundise ukuzingela nokusesha izimpande zokudla eziwusizo. Ngemuva kokushona kwesilwane wangcwatshwa ngezihlonipho.
Ngesikhathi sasehlobo esomile, imihlambi yama-dingo iyahlakazeka. Futhi, lezi zilwane zivumelane nesomiso, okuqukethwe kuphela uketshezi oluqukethwe ekudleni. Emidlwane engasadli ubisi, izinja zizobuyisa amanzi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: imidlwane yeDingo
Ama-dingoes avame ukwakha imihlambi yabantu abayi-10-14. Isakhiwo sabo nokuziphatha kwabantu ngabanye emphakathini kungafaniswa nephakethe lezimpisi, lapho kunesigaba sabaphathi esiqinile, futhi abesilisa abakhulu nabaqinile banikezwa indima ephambili yomholi. Umhlambi unendawo yawo yokuzingela futhi ungavikela imingcele yawo ngokubambana nelinye iqembu lama-dingo. Abantu abasha bavame ukuzingela bodwa, yize bezingela inyamazane enkulu bangahlangana njengeqembu.
Lezi zilwane zinomfazi oyedwa. Zizala kanye ngonyaka. Yimbhangqwana evelele kuphela eletha imidlwane ephaketheni, eminye imidlwane ibhujiswa ngabesifazane kusuka kubabili abahamba phambili. Amanye amalungu omphakathi asiza ekunakekelweni nasekufundisweni kwesizukulwane esisha. Ezinkulu, izilwane ezindala ziba yizimbangi eziholayo hhayi ngaphambi konyaka wesithathu. Isikhathi sokukhwelana e-Australia senzeka ngoMashi nango-Ephreli, nasezifundeni zase-Asia ngo-Agasti nangoSepthemba.
Izindawo zokufihla ikhanda eziyimfihlo zenzalo ye-dingo eyondlayo neyesihlengikazi zihlelwe emigodini, emihumeni, emigodini nangaphansi kwezimpande zezihlahla. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-61-68. Ngokwesilinganiso, kuzalwa imidlwane engu-5-6, kepha kukhona udoti futhi kufinyelela kubantu abayishumi. Zimbozwe ngoboya, kepha aziboni ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuphila kwazo. Uma i-bitch izwa nganoma iyiphi ingozi, lapho-ke idlulisela konke okungaphansi komunye umgodi.
Ngemuva kwamasonto amathathu, imidlwane iyasuka emgodini. Ezinyangeni ezimbili ziyayeka ukuncela ubisi lukanina. Hhayi abazali kuphela abondla inzalo, kepha futhi namalungu ephakethe ephansi esigabeni sabaphathi, abuyisa inyama edliwe ngemuva kokuzingelwa, emidlwane. Ngemuva kwamasonto ayisishiyagalombili, izingane zijoyina umhlambi, ziqala ukuzingela kusukela ezinyangeni ezine.
Iminyaka emibili yokuphila, izinja ezincane zichitha isikhathi nomama wazo, zithola ulwazi lokuzingela namakhono empilo. Ukuthomba kwenzeka eminyakeni engaba ngu-2-3. Isikhathi sokuphila sezilwane zasendle cishe siyiminyaka eyishumi.
Izitha zemvelo zedingo
Isithombe: Dingo
Phakathi kwezilwane zase-Australia, idingo linezitha ezimbalwa, yingakho lolu hlobo lwenja yasendle luhlala kalula nje kulo lonke izwekazi. Izimpisi zasekhaya ze-marsupial kanye nodeveli, ababehlala e-Australia phambilini, base behlala eTasmania kuphela, abazange bancintisane nabo. Kamuva, abaseYurophu baletha izimpungushe nezinja ezifuywayo, okuyizitha zedingo. Izingwenya, ezivame ukuqamekela inyamazane yazo lapho kuniselwa khona, nazo zingaba yingozi kuzo.
Isizukulwane esisha singawela ezinyoni ezidla inyama. I-giant Monitor lizard nayo ihlasela i-dingo, kepha umhlaseli oshesha ukushesha futhi ongasheshi ukuba yizisulu zalesi sibankwa. I-ambush pythons izingela izinja, ikakhulukazi abantu abasha noma ababuthakathaka. Izitha zedingo zingabamele izinkomo ezifuywayo nezinyathi.
Isitha esikhulu sedingo ngumuntu. Njengoba lesi silwane sikwazi ukuhlaba izimvu eziningana ngasikhathi sinye, noma kunalokho, lokhu kuyaqhubeka kuze kuvele izinja ezingabelusi noma abantu abanezibhamu, kungumphikisi omkhulu wabazalisi bezimvu. Leli gatsha lezolimo labaluleka kakhulu ngekhulu le-19, kusukela lapho ama-dingoes aqala ukudubula, afaka ushevu, abeka izingibe kuwo, okwaholela ekwehleni kwesibalo sezilwane. Cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu namashumi amabili edlule, kwanikezwa osheleni ababili inja ngayinye ebulewe. Namuhla izinkokhelo ezinjalo zingama- $ 100 uma inja icekelwa phansi eduze kocingo.
Ngasocingweni olukhona, ama-dingo ahlala esebenza, aqapha ubuqotho benetha futhi uma ethola ama-dingo, awabhubhise. Abomdabu base-Australia phambilini babezidla njalo lezi zidlakela, njengoba manje sebenza emazweni ase-Asia. E-Thailand, cishe izilwane ezingamakhulu amabili zingena ezimakethe zokudla masonto onke.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: i-wild dog dingo
Ubukhulu besibalo sedingo abaziwa, njengoba kunabantu abaningi abaxubekile abangahlukaniswa nabangaphandle ngaphandle. ENingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Australia kuhlala izilwane eziningi, kepha inani lezinja ezihlanzekile belilokhu lehla njalo kule minyaka engamashumi amahlanu edlule: ama-50% kuma-60s, ama-17% kuma-80s. Manje sekunzima ukukhuluma ngama-dingo angenawo amandla kulezi zindawo zase-Asia. Enyakatho, enyakatho-ntshonalanga nasenkabeni ye-Australia, ukuminyana kwezinja, zombili ezingaxutshiwe kanye nezenzalo, akukho ngaphezu kuka-0.3 ngekhilomitha lesikwele. Izilwane azitholakalanga ePapua New Guinea isikhathi eside, zivame kakhulu ePhilippines. Kukhona eVietnam, eCambodia, eBurma, eLaos, eMalaysia, eNdiya naseChina, kepha isibalo asikapheli.
Indawo yokuhlala ihlanganisa izindawo ezishisayo ezisezintabeni eziphakeme cishe ngamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezi-3.5 - 3.8, amahlathi eziqongweni zezintaba empumalanga ye-Australia, amahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo, izingwadule ezishisayo nezindawo ezingamahlane ezomile. Kuyaqabukela ukuthola izinja emadlelweni nasezindaweni zokudla emadlelweni ngenxa yokushushiswa ngabantu.I-Dingo, uhlobo olwethulwe ngumuntu, bahlaba izimvu, futhi kunezimo zokuhlaselwa kwalezi zilwane ezinganeni, eziqinisekisa izindlela ezihlose ukubhujiswa kwalezi zinja.
Ukusetshenziswa kocingo lwe-dingo kuyabacasula abantu bendawo, ngoba kudinga umzamo omkhulu nemali ukuyigcina, kanti izinja zisalunqamula uthango, olinyazwa izimpungushe, onogwaja, nezimbumbu. Izishoshovu zezilwane nazo ziyakuphikisa ukudutshulwa nokubhujiswa kwama-dingo. Ososayensi babuye bazwakalise ukungabaza mayelana nokuncipha kokuncipha kwenani labo, ngoba sekungamakhulu eminyaka izinja zikhona endle e-Australia futhi zithathe ngokuqinile indawo yazo yemvelo. Ukwehla kwesibalo sama-dingo kungaholela ekukhiqizweni kwama-kangaroo, kuzobukela phansi ukuzalaniswa kwezimvu, ngoba zisebenzisa amadlelo afanayo.
Lesi silwane sisesimweni sokuba sengozini, inani lezinja zasendle likhulu ngokwedlulele, kepha inani le-purebred liyancipha ngenxa yokuvela kwenzalo. Indima dingo esimisweni semvelo sezwekazi lase-Australia kubalulekile. Umzingeli ulawula inani lonogwaja abazalanayo ngokushesha, okuyisifo futhi esibahlupho kubafuyi bezimvu, badla uhlaza, babhubhise ngokuphelele ikhava yotshani. Ama-dingoes abuye azingele amakati nezimpungushe zasendle, okuwusongo ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezilwane nezinyoni zase-Australia. Yize i-dingo uqobo ibambe iqhaza ekwehliseni nasekunyamalaleni kwenani labanye abamele umhlaba wezilwane waleli zwekazi eliseningizimu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 07.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 24.09.2019 ngo-20: 43
