Chomga noma i-grebe enkulu (P. cristatus) iyinyoni evela ku-order grebe. Itholakala emachibini nasemachibini cishe kuyo yonke i-Eurasia. Inyoni engu-tricolor elingana nedada. Naphezu kwegama layo elihlambalazayo, elamukelwa inyama enganambitheki nephunga le-fetid elibabayo, le grebe iyinyoni engajwayelekile eyakha izidleke ezimangalisayo. Abantu abaningi kakhulu baseRussia.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Chomga
AmaGrebes ayiqembu lezinyoni elihluke ngokuphelele ngokuya ngomzimba wazo. Ekuqaleni kwakucatshangwa ukuthi zihlobene nama-loon, nawo ahamba ngezinyoni zasemanzini, futhi yomibili imindeni yake yahlukaniswa njenge-oda elilodwa. Ngama-1930s, lokhu kwahlonzwa njengesibonelo sokuguquguquka okuguqukayo okuqhutshwa ngamathuba akhethiwe abhekene nezinhlobo zezinyoni ezingahlobene eziphila ngendlela efanayo yokuphila. ILoon neGrebes manje bahlukaniswa njengama-oda ahlukile ePodicipediformes kanye neGaviiformes.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Izifundo zamangqamuzana kanye nokuhlaziywa kokulandelana akuxazululi kahle ubudlelwane bama-grebes nezinye izinhlobo. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi lezi zinyoni zakha umugqa wasendulo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo noma zicindezelwa ngokukhetha ziye ezingeni lamangqamuzana, ezingaboshiwe ngama-loon.
Ucwaningo olunzulu kakhulu lwe-bird phylogenomics, olushicilelwe ngo-2014, luveze ukuthi ama-grebes nama-flamingo angamalungu eColumbea, igatsha elihlanganisa namajuba, ama-hazel grouse, kanye nama-mesites. Izifundo zakamuva zamangqamuzana zikhombe isixhumanisi sama-flamingo. Zinezici okungenani eziyishumi nanye ze-morphological ezinye izinyoni ezingenazo. Eziningi zalezi zici zikhonjwe phambilini kuma-flamingo, kepha hhayi kuma-grebes. Izinhlobo zezinsalela ezivela ku-Ice Age zingabhekwa njengokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuphakathi nendawo phakathi kwama-flamingo nama-grebes.
Ama-grebes weqiniso atholakala ezinsaleleni eziseLate Oligocene noma eMiocene. Ngenkathi kukhona izizukulwane ezimbalwa zangaphambi komlando esezingasekho ngokuphelele. IThiornis (iSpain) nePliolymbus (i-USA, iMexico) zisukela esikhathini lapho cishe yonke imikhakha ekhona yayivele ikhona. Njengoba ama-grebes ayehlukanisiwe ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, aqala ukutholakala ezinsaleleni zezinsalela zaseNyakatho Nenkabazwe, kepha kungenzeka ukuthi zazivela eNingizimu Nenkabazwe.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inyoni enkulu e-crested
I-Grebes yizitokisi ezinkulu kunazo zonke eYurophu. Izimpaphe ezingemuva nasezinhlangothini zinombala onsundu. Ingemuva lentamo limnyama ngokunsundu kanti ingaphambili nengaphansi lentamo kumhlophe. Zinezintamo ezinde nezimpaphe ezibomvu ngokusawolintshi ezinamathiphu amnyama emakhanda azo. Lezi zimpaphe zikhona kuphela ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, ziqala ukukhula ebusika futhi zikhule ngokuphelele entwasahlobo. Izinyoni nazo zinamagquma amnyama e-erectile phezulu kwamakhanda awo, akhona unyaka wonke. ICrested Grebe inemisila emifushane nemilenze ebekwe emuva kakhulu ukuze ibhukude kahle. Izinyoni ezincane zinemivimbo emnyama ezihlathini zazo.
Ividiyo: Chomga
Ama-grebe amakhulu amakhulu anama-cm angama-46 kuye kwangama-52 ubude, amaphiko angamasentimitha angama-59 kuya kuma-73. Anesisindo esisuka ku-800 kuye ku-1400 g. Abesilisa bakhudlwana kancane futhi banekhola elibanzi kancane kanye ne-hood ende ekugqokeni kwabo. Umlomo ubomvu kuzo zonke izingubo ezinesikhumba esinsundu nangaphezulu okukhanyayo. Iris ibomvu ngendandatho ekhanyayo esawolintshi imboze umfundi. Imilenze nama-lobes entantayo mpunga oluhlaza okotshani.
Amachwane e-chomga asanda kuchanyuselwa anengubo emfushane futhi eminyene eshonile. Inhloko nentamo kudwetshwe ngemigqa yombala omnyama nomhlophe etholakala kuzikhombisi zesikhathi eside. Amabala ansundu osayizi abahlukahlukene avela emphinjeni omhlophe. Ingemuva nezinhlangothi zomzimba ekuqaleni akuqhathaniseki kangako, kunombala onsundu ngokunsundu nokumnyama onsundu. Umzimba ongezansi nesifuba kumhlophe.
Ihlala kuphi i-grebe?
Isithombe: Great grest crested eRussia
Ama-grebes amakhulu amakhulu ahlala eNtshonalanga naseMpumalanga Yurophu, eGreat Britain nase-Ireland, izingxenye eziseningizimu nasempumalanga ye-Afrika, e-Australia naseNew Zealand. Abantu besizwe batholakala eMpumalanga Yurophu, eningizimu yeRussia naseMongolia. Ngemuva kokufuduka, abantu abasebusika bangatholakala emanzini asogwini eYurophu, eningizimu ye-Afrika nase-Australia, kanye nasemizimbeni yamanzi kulo lonke elase-Asia eseningizimu.
Izinhlobo ezinkulu zeGrebe eziqhamuka ezindaweni ezinotshani zamachibi anamanzi angenasawoti. P. subspecies nge. UCristatus utholakala kulo lonke elaseYurophu nase-Asia. Ihlala entshonalanga ethambile yobubanzi bayo, kepha isuka ezifundeni ezibandayo iye kulezo ezifudumele. Ubusika emachibini anamanzi angenasawoti kanye neziziba noma ogwini. Ama-subspecies ase-Afrika P. infuscatus kanye nama-subspecies ase-Australasia P. c. i-australis iningi lihlala phansi.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: IGreat Crested Grebes ingatholakala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zasemanzini, kufaka phakathi amachibi, imizimba yokufakelwa yamanzi, imifula egelezayo, amaxhaphozi, amatheku namachibi. Izindawo zokuzalela ziqukethe imizimba yamanzi angajulile angahlanzekile noma amnandi. Kufanele futhi kube nezimila ogwini nasemanzini ukuhlinzeka ngezindawo ezifanele zokwakha izidleke.
Ebusika, abantu abathile bathuthela emizimbeni yamanzi esezindaweni ezipholile. ILake Geneva, iLake Constance kanye neLake Neuchâtel kungelinye lamachibi aseYurophu, lapho kuhlala amaGrebes amaningi ezinyangeni zasebusika. Futhi basebusika ogwini olusentshonalanga ye-Atlantic, lapho befika ngobuningi ngo-Okthoba nangoNovemba futhi bahlala kuze kube sekupheleni kukaFebhuwari noma ekuqaleni kukaMashi.
Ezinye izindawo ezibalulekile ebusika uLwandle iCaspian, uLwandle Olumnyama kanye namanzi akhethwe ngaphakathi ezweni e-Asia Ephakathi. E-East Asia, ubusika eningizimu-mpumalanga naseningizimu yeChina, eTaiwan, eJapan naseNdiya. Lapha futhi bahlala ikakhulukazi endaweni engasogwini.
Yini edliwa yi-grested grebe?
Isithombe: I-Grebe enhle kakhulu emvelweni
Ama-Grebes amakhulu abamba inyamazane yawo ngokuntywila ngaphansi kwamanzi. Bavuna kakhulu entathakusa nasebusuku, mhlawumbe ngoba kulapho inyamazane yabo iphakama isondela ngaphezulu. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukubona izinhlanzi ngokubukeka futhi kunciphisa nebanga lokutshuza.
Ukudla kwamaGreater Crested Toadstools kuqukethe ikakhulukazi:
- inhlanzi enkulu;
- izicabucabu nezinambuzane zasemanzini;
- ama-crustaceans amancane;
- izimbaza;
- amaxoxo abantu abadala kanye nesibungu;
- okusha;
- izibungu ezingenamgogodla.
Inhlanzi enkulu engadliwa yi-Grebes ingamasentimitha angama-25. Izinhlanzi zazo ezijwayelekile zamanzi ahlanzekile zifaka: i-verkhovka, i-carp, i-roach, i-whitefish, i-gobies, i-zander, i-pike. Ucwaningo olunemininingwane eminingi lukhombisile ukuthi kunokwehluka okuphawulekayo ekubunjweni kokudla okunempilo phakathi kwamaqembu ngamanye ezinhlobo.
Isidingo sokudla sansuku zonke singama-gramu angama-200. Amachwane adla izinambuzane kuqala. Ezindaweni zobusika, amaGrisi amaCrested Grebes adla kuphela ngezinhlanzi. Emanzini anosawoti goby, kutholakala i-herring, i-stickleback, i-cod ne-carp, okuyiyona eyakha iningi lokubanjwa kwazo. Abakhulu badla izinhlanzi ezinkulu ebusweni bamanzi, bagwinye amakhanda kuqala. Abantu abancane badliwa ngaphansi kwamanzi. Zitshuza okungenani imizuzwana engama-45 ngenkathi zizingela futhi zibhukuda ngaphansi kwamanzi ngebanga lamamitha ayi-2-4.Ibanga eliphakeme kakhulu lokutshuza elingamamitha angu-40.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Ezinkulu azinandawo phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika, iningi lazo yizinyoni ezizimele zodwa. Ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, ama-pair akha futhi kunokuxhumana okuncane phakathi kwamabili ahlukene. Amakholoni angaqiniseki, aqukethe ngamabili ambalwa, akhiwa ngezikhathi ezithile. Amakholoni maningi amathuba okuthi kwakheke uma kunokushoda kwezindawo ezifanele zokuzalela noma uma izindawo eziyinhloko zokuzalisa zihlangene.
Amabili okuzalanisa avikela izindawo zokwakha izidleke. Ubukhulu bendawo uqobo buyehluka kakhulu phakathi kwamabili nabantu. Abesilisa nabesifazane ngababili bavikela izihlobo zabo, isidleke namachwane. Ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, ukushayisana okuvamile kwakubonwa kwenye yezindawo zokuzalela. Ukuvikelwa kwendawo kuyama ngemuva kokuphela kokuzala.
Iqiniso Elijabulisayo: Abakhulu badla izimpaphe zabo. Ziyaziphuza kaningi lapho ukudla kunganakho ukudla okugayekayo, futhi kukholelwa ukuthi kuyindlela yokwakha amaphilisi angalahlwa kude ukunciphisa ukubonakala kwama-parasites ohlelweni lwesisu.
Ezinkulu ikakhulukazi izinyoni ezitshuza futhi zithanda ukutshuza nokubhukuda kunokuba zindize. Ziphakathi kwezinyoni ezijika njalo, futhi zibheka ukudla kuphela ngezikhathi zasemini. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sokuqomisana, amazwi abo azwakala ebusuku. Izinyoni ziyaphumula zilale phezu kwamanzi. Kuphela ngenkathi yokuzalanisa lapho kwesinye isikhathi besebenzisa amapulatifomu wesikhashana noma izidleke ezisele ngemuva kokuchamisela. Bavuka emanzini ngemuva kokugijima isikhashana. Indiza iyashesha ngokushaya okusheshayo kwamaphiko. Ngesikhathi sendiza, zolula imilenze yazo emuva nentamo yazo iya phambili.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Chomga chomga
Izinyoni zeCrested Grebe zifinyelela ekuvuthweni kwazo ngokocansi hhayi ngaphambi kokuphela konyaka wokuqala wokuphila, kepha imvamisa azizali ngempumelelo ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila. Banesikhathi somshado womuntu oyedwa. EYurophu, bafika endaweni yokuzalanisa ngoMashi / Ephreli. Isikhathi sokuzalisa siqala ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli kuya ngasekupheleni kukaJuni, isimo sezulu sivuma, kodwa nangoMashi. Ikhule isuka kokunye kuya kwamabili ngonyaka ngonyaka. Amabili angaqala ukwakheka ngoJanuwari. Uma sezisendaweni yokuzalanisa, amaGrebes aqala ukwenza imizamo yokuzala kuphela lapho kufika izimo ezifanele.
Isici esibaluleke kakhulu esinquma ukuqala kokuzala kabusha yilesi:
- inani lendawo yokuhlala embozwe etholakalayo yokwakha izidleke ezivikelekile;
- izimo zezulu ezinhle;
- izinga lamanzi emadamini;
- ukutholakala kwenani elanele lokudla.
Uma izinga lamanzi liphakeme, iningi lezimila ezizungezile lizokhukhula. Lokhu kunikeza ikhava eyengeziwe yezidleke ezivikelwe. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu nokudla okunothile nakho kungaholela ekuzalaneni kwangaphambilini. Izidleke zakhiwa ngokhula lwasemanzini, umhlanga, amahlathi kanye namaqabunga e-algae. Lezi zinto zokwakha zilukiwe zibe izitshalo ezikhona zasemanzini. Izidleke zilenga emanzini, ezivikela i-clutch ezilwaneni ezidla phansi.
"Isidleke sangempela", lapho amaqanda abekwa khona, siyaphuma emanzini futhi sihluke kuzingxenyekazi ezimbili ezizungezile, elinye lalo lingasetshenziselwa ukuxubana elinye liphumule ngesikhathi sokufukamela nokufukamela. Usayizi we-Clutch uyehluka kusuka emaqanda ayi-1 kuye kwayi-9, kepha ngokwesilinganiso i-3 - 4. Ukufukamela kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-27 - 29. Abesilisa nabesifazane bafukama ngendlela efanayo. Ngokuya ngemininingwane yezifundo zaseRussia, amaGrebes ashiya izidleke zawo isikhathi semizuzu engu-0,5 kuya kwengu-28 kuphela.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukufukamela kuqala ngemuva kokubekwa kweqanda lokuqala, okwenza ukukhula kwemibungu kanye nokuchamuselwa kwabo kube kuhle. Lokhu kuveza isigaba sobukhosi beselamani lapho amaphuphu echanyuselwa.
Isidleke sishiywa ngemuva kokuthi ichwane lokugcina selichanyuselwe. Usayizi we-Brood uvame ukusuka ku-1 kuye ku-4 amaphuphu. Le nombolo yehluka kusayizi we-clutch ngenxa yokuncintisana kwezelamani, isimo sezulu esibi, noma ukuphazamiseka ekuchamuseleni. Amachwane amancane aqina phakathi kwezinsuku ezingama-71 kuya kwezingama-79 ubudala.
Izitha zemvelo ze-grebe
Abazali bahlanganisa amaqanda ngezinto ezivela esidlekeni ngaphambi kokushiya isidleke. Lokhu kuziphatha kuvikela kahle ezilwaneni eziyingozi, ama-coots (i-Fulica atra), edla amaqanda. Lapho kuvela ingozi, umzali uyawavala amaqanda, angene emanzini bese ebhukuda aye endaweni ekude kakhulu nesidleke. Enye indlela yokulwa nezilwane ezisiza ama-grebes ukufihla amaqanda awo yisakhiwo sezidleke, ezimiswe ngokuphelele noma ngokwengxenye emanzini. Lokhu kuvikela amaqanda kunoma iziphi izilwane ezidla umhlaba.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ukugwema ukuzingelwa, abantu abadala bathwala amaphuphu emhlane wabo kuze kube amasonto amathathu ngemuva kokuchamisela.
Amagwababa eguni nezimpisi bahlasela ama-grebes amancane lapho beshiywe ngabazali babo. Izinguquko emazingeni amanzi zingenye imbangela yokulahleka kwenzalo. Ngokwezifundo ezahlukahlukene e-UK, ezwekazini i-Europe kanye neRussia, kukhona phakathi kwamazinyane aphakathi kuka-2.1 no-2.6 ngebhande ngalinye. Amanye amatshwele abulawa yindlala, ngoba alahlekelwa ukuxhumana nenyoni engumzali. Izimo zezulu ezingathandeki nazo zinomthelela omubi enanini lamachwane asindile.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukuvikelwa kweGreat Crested Grebe ngekhulu le-19 kwaba yinjongo enkulu yeBritish Animal Welfare Association. Izinsiba eziminyene, ezisilika esifubeni nasesiswini bese zisetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yezemfashini. Abasiki bengqephu bakha izingcezu ezinjengoboya bezinhlamvu, izigqoko kanye nama-muffs ngawo. Ngenxa yemizamo yokuvikela i-RSPB, lolu hlobo luye lwagcinwa e-UK.
Njengoba inhlanzi ingumthombo oyinhloko wokudla kwe-grebe, abantu bebelokhu bekuphishekela. Isongo esikhulu kunazo zonke sivela kubadobi, abazingeli nabathandi bemidlalo yamanzi, abavame ukuvakashela imizimba emincane yamanzi nezindawo zabo ezingasogwini, ngakho-ke izinyoni, naphezu kokulondolozwa kwezindawo zemvelo, ziya ngokuya zivama.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Idada elikhulu elicwecwe
Ngemuva kokuthi inani lamaGrebes lehle ngenxa yokungenelela kokuzingela kanye nokonakala kwendawo, kwathathwa izinyathelo zokunciphisa ukuzingelwa kwabo, futhi kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1960 kube nokwenyuka okukhulu enanini labantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo zande kakhulu endaweni yazo. Ukwanda kwenani labantu nokwandiswa kwale ndawo kungenxa yokuchithwa kwamanzi ngenxa yokwanda kokudla okunomsoco futhi, ngalokho, kube nokudla okungcono, ikakhulukazi izinhlanzi ezimhlophe. Ukwakhiwa kwamachibi ezinhlanzi nezinqolobane nakho kube nomthelela.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Inani labantu eYurophu lisuka ku-300,000 kuya ku-450,000 ngazimbili ezizalisayo. Isibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke sikhona engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia, lapho kunabantu abavela ku-90,000 kuya ku-150,000 ngababili abazalanayo. Amazwe anamabhangqa angaphezu kwezi-15,000 azalanayo yiFinland, iLithuania, iPoland, iRomania, iSweden ne-Ukraine. EYurophu Ephakathi, ama-63,000 kuya ku-90,000 ama-pair of breeding are bred.
ICrested Grebe ngokomlando ibizingelwa ukudla eNew Zealand kanye nezimpaphe eBrithani. Azisasongelwa ngokuzingela, kepha zingasongelwa yimithelela ye-anthropogenic, kufaka phakathi ukuguqula amachibi, ukuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha, izimbangi, izidalwa, amanetha okudoba, ukuchitheka kukawoyela nomkhuhlane wezinyoni. Kodwa-ke, njengamanje banesimo sokongiwa esingakhathazi kangako ngokwe-IUCN.
Chomga enye yezinhlobo ezizothinteka ikakhulukazi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ithimba labacwaningi, elicubungula ukusatshalaliswa kwesikhathi esizayo kwezinyoni ezizalisayo zaseYurophu ngokususelwa kumamodeli wesimo sezulu, lilinganisela ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kwalezi zinhlobo kuzoshintsha kakhulu ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-21. Ngokusho kwalesi sibikezelo, indawo yokwabiwa izokwehla cishe ngesigamu sesithathu futhi ngasikhathi sinye izothuthela enyakatho-mpumalanga. Izindawo ezingahle zisatshalaliswe ngokuzayo zifaka iKola Peninsula, ingxenye esenyakatho nesentshonalanga yeRussia.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 11.07.2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 07/05/2020 ngo-11: 24
