Izimvubu, noma izimvubu (i-Нirrootamus) ziwuhlobo olukhulu ngokwedlulele, ezimelwe ama-artiodactyls, manje afaka okuwukuphela kohlobo lwesimanje, imvubu ejwayelekile, kanye nenani elikhulu lezinhlobo ezingasekho.
Incazelo yezimvubu
Igama lesiLatini lezimvubu labolekwa olimini lwesiGreki sasendulo, lapho izilwane ezinjalo zazibizwa ngokuthi "ihhashi lomfula". Yile ndlela amaGrikhi asendulo ayevame ukubiza ngayo izilwane ezinkulu ezihlala emanzini ahlanzekile futhi akwazi ukwenza imisindo ezwakalayo ngokwanele, okufana nokukhala kwehhashi. Ensimini yezwe lethu nakwamanye amazwe e-CIS, isilwane esincelisayo esinjalo sibizwa ngemvubu, kodwa ngokujwayelekile, izimvubu nezimvubu ziyisilwane esisodwa.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ekuqaleni, izingulube kwakungezesihlobo esiseduze sezimvubu, kodwa ngenxa yocwaningo olwenziwa eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule, kwafakazelwa ukuthi kunezibopho ezihlobene kakhulu nemikhomo.
Izimpawu ezijwayelekile zimelelwa amandla ezilwane ezinjalo ukuzala inzalo yazo nokondla izingane ngaphansi kwamanzi, ukungabi bikho kwezindlala ezibusayo, ukuba khona kohlelo olukhethekile lwezimpawu ezisetshenziselwa ukuxhumana, kanye nokwakheka kwezitho zokuzala.
Ukubukeka
Ukubukeka okwehlukile kwezimvubu akuvumeli ukuthi zididaniswe nezinye izilwane ezinkulu zasendle. Zinomzimba omkhulu omise okomgqomo futhi aziphansi kakhulu ngosayizi wezindlovu. Izimvubu zikhula kukho konke ukuphila kwazo, kanti lapho zineminyaka eyishumi, abesilisa nabesifazane banesisindo esicishe silingane. Kungemva kwalokho kuphela, abesilisa baqala ukukhulisa isisindo sabo somzimba ngokuqina ngangokunokwenzeka, ngakho-ke bashesha baba bakhulu kunabesifazane.
Umzimba omkhulu utholakala emilenzeni emifushane, ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokuhamba, isisu sesilwane sivame ukuthinta ubuso bomhlaba. Emilenzeni kukhona izinzwane ezine kanye nezinselo ezingajwayelekile. Esikhaleni esiphakathi kweminwe kukhona ulwelwesi, ngenxa yokuthi isilwane esincelisayo sikwazi ukubhukuda ngokuphelele. Umsila wemvubu ejwayelekile ufinyelela kubude obungu-55- 56 cm, obukhulu esisekelweni, oyindilinga, kancane kancane uthinta futhi ucishe ube caba ngasekugcineni. Ngenxa yesakhiwo esikhethekile somsila, izilwane zasendle zifutha ubulongwe bazo ebangeni elihlaba umxhwele futhi zimake indawo yazo ngendlela engajwayelekile.
Kuyathakazelisa! Inhloko yemvubu endala, enobukhulu obukhulu, ithatha ingxenye yesine yesisindo sesilwane futhi ivame ukuba nesisindo esingangethani.
Ingxenye yangaphakathi yogebhezi iyisidudla kancane, futhi kuphrofayli ibonakala ngokuma okungunxande. Izindlebe zesilwane zincane ngosayizi, zihamba kakhulu, amakhala ayizinhlobo ezinwetshiwe, amehlo mancane futhi aminza ezinkophe zenyama. Izindlebe, amakhala kanye namehlo emvubu abonakala ngokuhlala phezulu nokuma emugqeni owodwa, okuvumela isilwane ukuthi sicwilise ngokuphelele emanzini futhi ngasikhathi sinye siqhubeke nokubheka, ukuphefumula noma ukuzwa. Izimvubu zabesilisa ziyahlukahluka kwabesifazane ngokuvuvukala okukhethekile kukaphayini okutholakala engxenyeni eseceleni, eduze kwamakhala. Lawa ma-bulges amele izisekelo zama-canine amakhulu. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, abesifazane bancane kancane kunabesilisa.
Isifonyo semvubu sibanzi ngosayizi, sigcotshwe ngaphambili nge-vibrissae emfushane futhi eqinile kakhulu. Lapho uvula umlomo, i-engeli engu-150mayelana, nobubanzi bemihlathi enamandla ngokwanele bumaphakathi ngama-60-70 cm... Izimvubu ezivamile zinamazinyo angama-36, ambozwe ngoqweqwe lwawo oluphuzi.
Umhlathi ngamunye unama-molars ayisithupha, amazinyo ayisithupha we-premolar, kanye ne-canines kanye ne-incisors ezine. Abesilisa bakhiqize ikakhulukazi iminyovu ebukhali, ehlukaniswa ngohlaka lwenhlavu nolwe-longitudinal olutholakala emihlathini engezansi. Ngokukhula, ama-canine agobeka kancane emuva. Ezinye izimvubu zinemigogodla efinyelela ubude obungu-58-60 cm nobunzima obufinyelela ku-3.0 kg.
Izimvubu yizilwane ezinesikhumba esijiyile ngokweqile, kepha esikhungweni se-caudal, isikhumba sincane. Indawo yangemuva inombala ompunga noma onsundu, kanti isisu, izindlebe kanye nxazonke zamehlo ziphinki. Cishe azikho izinwele esikhunjeni, futhi okuhlukile kunama-bristles amafushane atholakala ezindlebeni nasethiphu lomsila.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izimvubu ezindala ziphefumula cishe kube kahlanu ngomzuzu, ngakho ziyakwazi ukucwilisa ngaphandle komoya ngaphansi kwamanzi kuze kube yimizuzu eyishumi.
Izinwele ezincane kakhulu zikhula ezinhlangothini nasesiswini. Imvubu ayinazo izindlala zokujuluka nezokuqina, kepha kunezindlala ezikhethekile zesikhumba eziyizimpawu zezilwane ezinjalo kuphela. Ngezinsuku ezishisayo, isikhumba sesilwane esincelisayo simbozwe yimfihlo ebomvu emifino ebomvu, eyenza imisebenzi yokuvikela ne-antiseptic, futhi ibuye isabise abancancisi begazi.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Izimvubu azikhululeki ukuba zodwa, ngakho-ke zithanda ukuhlangana ngamaqembu abantu abayi-15-100... Usuku lonke, lo mhlambi uyakwazi ukungena emanzini, futhi kusihlwa kuphela uyofuna ukudla. Abesifazane kuphela ababhekele imvelo ezolile emhlambini, eqapha imfuyo eseholidini. Ezesilisa nazo zilawula iqembu, ziqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabesifazane hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi namazinyane. Abesilisa yizilwane ezinolaka kakhulu. Lapho nje owesilisa efika eminyakeni eyisikhombisa, uzama ukuthola isikhundla esiphakeme nokubusa emphakathini, afafaze amanye amaduna ngomquba nomchamo, azamule ngomlomo wonke futhi asebenzise ukubhonga okukhulu.
Ubuvila, ubuvila nokukhuluphala kwemvubu kuyakhohlisa. Isilwane esikhulu kangaka siyakwazi ukugijima ngejubane elifinyelela ku-30 km / h. Izimvubu zibonakala ngokuxhumana okukhulumisana ngezwi elifana nokububula noma ukukhala kwehhashi. Pose, ukuveza ukuzithoba, ikhanda libheke phansi, kuthathwa izimvubu ezibuthakathaka, eziwela emkhakheni wokubuka owesilisa ovelele. Kugadwe kakhulu ngabesilisa abadala nensimu yabo. Imizila yomuntu ngamunye imakwa ngenkuthalo ngezimvubu, futhi amamaki anjalo ayingqayizivele avuselelwa nsuku zonke.
Ziphila isikhathi esingakanani izimvubu
Isikhathi sokuphila semvubu cishe iminyaka engamashumi amane, ngakho-ke, ochwepheshe abacwaninga ngezilwane ezinjalo bathi kuze kube manje abakaze bahlangane nezimvubu ezindala kuneminyaka engama-41-42 endle. Ekuthunjweni, ubude bempilo yezilwane ezinjalo bungafinyelela engxenyeni yekhulu leminyaka, futhi kwezinye izimo, ezingavamile, izimvubu zihlala iminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha... Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngemuva kokulimala okuphelele kwama-molars, isilwane esincelisayo asikwazi ukuhlala isikhathi eside kakhulu.
Izinhlobo zezimvubu
Izinhlobo zezimvubu ezidume kakhulu yilezi:
- Imvubu ejwayelekile, noma imvubu (Нirrorotamus amphibius), Isilwane esincelisayo esivela ku-oda i-Artiodactyls kanye ne-suborder Pig-like (non-ruminants) evela emndenini weHippopotamus. Isici esibalulekile simelelwa yindlela yokuphila yasemanzini;
- Imvubu yaseYurophu (I-antiquus ye-Нirrorotamus) - esinye sezinhlobo ezingasekho ezazihlala eYurophu ngesikhathi sePleistocene;
- Imvubu yaseCygmy cretan (Нirrorotamus сrеutzburgi) - enye yezinhlobo ezingasekho ezazihlala eKrethe ngesikhathi sePleistocene, futhi imelwe yizinhlayiya ezincane: I-Нirrorotamus сreutzburgi сreutzburgi ne-Нirrorotamus сreutzburgi parvus;
- Imvubu enkulu (Нirrorotamus mаjоr) Ingabe kungenye yezinhlobo ezingasekho ezaziphila ngesikhathi sePleistocene endaweni yaseYurophu. Izimvubu ezinkulu zazingelwa amaNeanderthal;
- Imvubu yasePygmy maltese (Нirrorotamus melitensis) Ingabe kungenye yezinhlobo ezingasekho zezimvubu zohlanga ezafaka ikoloni eMalta futhi zahlala lapho ngesikhathi sePleistocene. Ngenxa yokungabi bikho kwezilwane ezidla ezinye, kuye kwaba nobuncane obuningi;
- Imvubu ye-Pygmy cypriot (Нirrorotamus minоr) Ingabe kungenye yezinhlobo zemvubu ezingasekho ezazihlala eCyprus ngaphambi kweHolocene yokuqala. Izimvubu zaseCypriot pygmy zafinyelela esisindweni somzimba esingamakhilogremu angamakhulu amabili.
Izinhlobo ezinemibandela yohlobo lwe-Нirrootamus zimelwe nguH. Aethioricus, H. afarensis noma uTriloborhorus afarensis, H. behemoth, H. kaisensis noH. Sirensis.
Indawo yokuhlala
Izimvubu ezivamile zihlala kuphela eduze nemizimba yamanzi amasha, kepha ziyakwazi ukuzithola ngezikhathi ezithile emanzini olwandle. Bahlala e-Afrika, ogwini lwemizimba yamanzi ahlanzekile eKenya, eTanzania nase-Uganda, eZambia naseMozambique, kanye namanzi akwamanye amazwe aseningizimu yeSahara.
Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwemvubu yaseYurophu ibimelwe yinsimu esuka e-Peninsula yase-Iberia kuze kufike e-British Isles, kanye noMfula i-Rhine. Imvubu ye-pygmy yahlanganiswa yiKrethe ngesikhathi se-Middle Pleistocene. Izimvubu zanamuhla ze-pygmy zihlala e-Afrika kuphela, kubandakanya iLiberia, iRiphabhlikhi yaseGuinea, iSierra Leone kanye neRiphabhlikhi yaseCôte D'Ivoire.
Ukudla kwezimvubu
Noma ngabe ubukhulu namandla abo ahlaba umxhwele, kanye nokubukeka okusabisayo nobudlova obubonakalayo, zonke izimvubu zingaphansi kwesigaba sezilwane ezidla izilwane... Ngokuqala kokuhlwa, abamele abajabulayo be-oda le-Artiodactyl nomndeni wakwaHippopotamus bathuthela emadlelweni ngenani elanele lezitshalo ezinobuthi. Ngokushoda kotshani endaweni ekhethiwe, izilwane ziyakwazi ukuhamba ziyofuna ukudla amakhilomitha amaningana.
Ukuzinikela ngokudla, izimvubu zihlafuna ukudla amahora amaningana, zisebenzisa amakhilogremu angamashumi amane okudla kwezitshalo ngale njongo ngokudla ngakunye. Izimvubu zidla zonke izinhlayiya, umhlanga kanye namahlumela amancane ezihlahla noma izihlahlana. Kuyinto engavamile kakhulu ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo ezinjalo zidle izidumbu eduze kwezidumbu zamanzi. Ngokusho kwabanye ososayensi, ukudla izidumbu kugqugquzelwa ukuphazamiseka kwempilo noma ukushoda kokudla okuyisisekelo, ngoba uhlelo lokugaya ukudla lwabameli bomyalelo we-Artiodactyl alushintshiwe ngokuphelele ukucutshungulwa okuphelele kwenyama.
Ukuvakashela idlelo, kusetshenziswa imikhondo efanayo, futhi izindawo zokudla okunomsoco zishiya izilwane ngaphambi kokuntwela kokusa. Uma kudingeka ukupholisa noma ukuthola amandla, izimvubu zivamise ukuzulazula zize zingene nasemizimbeni yabantu. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi izimvubu azinazo izindlela zokuhlafuna uhlaza njengamanye ama-ruminants, ngakho-ke zidiliza imifino ngamazinyo azo, noma ziyimunce ngezindebe zazo ezinomzimba nezicubu, ezicishe zibe uhhafu wemitha.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ukukhiqizwa kwemvubu akufundiswanga kahle uma kuqhathaniswa nenqubo efanayo kweminye imifino emikhulu e-Afrika, kubandakanya obhejane nezindlovu. Owesifazane ufinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi phakathi kweminyaka eyisikhombisa neyishumi nanhlanu ubudala, bese kuthi abesilisa bavuthwe ngokuphelele ocansini ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, isikhathi sokuzalanisa semvubu singaboshelwa ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu sonyaka, kepha ukukhwelwa, njengokujwayelekile, kwenzeka kaningana ngonyaka, cishe ngo-Agasti nangoFebhuwari. Cishe ama-60% wamawundlu azalwa ngesikhathi semvula.
Emhlambini ngamunye, iduna elilodwa elibusayo livame ukuba khona, lihlangana nabesifazane abavuthiwe ngokocansi. Leli lungelo ligcinwa yizilwane ngenkathi zilwa nabanye abantu. Impi ihambisana namanxeba e-canine nobudlova, kwesinye isikhathi obulala amakhanda. Isikhumba sowesilisa osekhulile sihlala simbozwe izibazi eziningi. Inqubo yokukhwelana yenziwa emanzini angajulile echibini.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukuthomba kwangaphambilini kukhuthaza ukwenziwa kokusebenza kwezinga lezimvubu, ngakho-ke, inani labantu labamele i-Artiodactyl oda kanye nomndeni wakwaHippopotamus bangalulama ngokushesha.
Ukukhulelwa kwezinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili kuphetha ngokubeletha, ngaphambi kwalokho owesifazane ashiye umhlambi... Ukuzalwa kwenzalo kungenzeka emanzini nasemhlabeni, ngokufana nesidleke sotshani. Isisindo somntwana osanda kuzalwa cishe singama-28-48 kg, ubude bomzimba obucishe bube imitha nohhafu wemitha wesilwane emahlombe. Izinyane lizivumelanisa ngokushesha ngokwanele ukuze lihlale ngezinyawo zalo. Insikazi enezinyane iphuma emhlambini cishe izinsuku eziyishumi, kanti isikhathi esiphelele sokuncelisa unyaka owodwa nengxenye. Ukondla ubisi kaningi kwenzeka emanzini.
Izitha zemvelo
Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, izimvubu ezindala azinazo izitha eziningi kakhulu, futhi ingozi ebucayi ezilwaneni ezinjalo ivela kuphela ebhubesini noma kwingwenya yeNayile. Kodwa-ke, amaduna amadala, ahlukaniswa ngosayizi wawo omkhulu, amandla amakhulu kanye nohlobo olude lwe-canine, kuyaqabukela abe yizisulu zokufundela izilwane ezinkulu.
Izimvubu zabesifazane, zivikela izinyane lazo, zivame ukukhombisa ukufutheka okumangalisayo namandla, okuzivumela ukuthi ziphindise ukuhlaselwa ngumhlambi wonke wezingonyama. Imvamisa, izimvubu zibhujiswa yizilwane ezisemhlabeni, zikude kakhulu nedamu.
Ngokuya ngokubonwa okuningi, izimvubu nezingwenya zaseNayile kaningi aziphikisani, futhi kwesinye isikhathi izilwane ezinkulu kangaka ngokuhlanganyela zixosha abaphikisana nabo echibini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimvubu zesifazane zishiya ukukhula okuncane esezandleni zezingwenya, ezingabavikeli bazo ezimpisini nasemabhubesini. Yize kunjalo, kunamacala aziwayo lapho abesilisa abakhulu bezimvubu nabesifazane abanezinyane elincane bebonisa ubudlova obedlulele ezingwenya, futhi izingwenya ezindala ngokwazo kwesinye isikhathi ziyakwazi ukuzingela izimvubu ezisanda kuzalwa, abantu abadala abagulayo noma abalimele.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izimvubu zithathwa njengezilwane eziyingozi kakhulu zase-Afrika ezihlasela abantu kaningi kakhulu kunezilwane ezizingelayo ezifana nezingwe nezingonyama.
Amazinyane emvubu amancane kakhulu futhi angavuthiwe, ahlala nonina anganakiwe okwesikhashana, angaba yisisulu esilula kakhulu futhi esingabizi kakhulu ezingonweni kuphela, kodwa nasezingonyameni, izingwe, izimpisi nezinja zempisi. Izimvubu ezindala ngokwazo zingaba usongo olukhulu ezimvubu ezincane, ezinyathela izingane emhlambini osondele kakhulu futhi omkhulu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Endaweni yokwabiwa, izimvubu azitholakali yonke indawo ngamanani amakhulu... Abantu bebebaningi futhi bezinzile engxenyeni eyikhulu edlule, ebikhona ikakhulukazi ekuvikelweni ngabantu, izindawo eziqokelwe ngokukhethekile. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kwalezi zindawo, inani eliphelele labamele i-Artiodactyl oda kanye nomndeni weHippopotamus belilokhu lingelikhulu kakhulu, futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, kwenzeka ukuwohloka okuphawulekayo kwesimo.
Isilwane esincelisayo saqothulwa ngenkuthalo:
- inyama yemvubu iyadliwa, inamafutha aphansi futhi inezinga eliphezulu lokudla okunempilo, ngakho-ke isetshenziselwa kakhulu ukupheka ngabantu base-Afrika;
- isikhumba semvubu esigqoke ngezindlela ezikhethekile sisetshenziswa ngenkuthalo ekwenzeni amasondo okugaya asetshenziselwa ukucubungula amadayimane;
- imvubu iyinto yokuhlobisa enzima kakhulu, inani layo eliphakeme kakhulu kunenani lezinyo lendlovu;
- abamele i-oda le-Artiodactyl nomndeni weHippopotamus baphakathi kwezinto ezidumile zokuzingela ezemidlalo.
Eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule, endaweni yase-Afrika, ngokusho kwemininingwane ehlukahlukene esemthethweni, kwakukhona abantu abayi-120 kuya ku-140-150 abayizinkulungwane, kepha ngokwezifundo zeqembu elikhethekile le-IUCN, uhla olungenzeka kakhulu lukhona ku-125-148 ayizinkulungwane.
Namuhla, iningi labantu bemvubu liyabonakala eNingizimu-mpumalanga naseMpumalanga Afrika, kubandakanya iKenya neTanzania, i-Uganda neZambia, iMalawi neMozambique. Isimo samanje sokongiwa kwemvubu "yizilwane ezisengozini". Noma kunjalo, phakathi kwezinye izizwe zase-Afrika, izimvubu ziyizilwane ezingcwele, futhi ukuqothulwa kwazo kujeziswa kanzima.
