Ibhungane laseColorado (I-Leptinotarsa decemlineata) yisinambuzane esise-oda i-Coleoptera kanye nomndeni wamabhungane amaqabunga, asohlotsheni lwe-Leptinotarsa futhi ukuphela komeleli wawo.
Njengoba kwenzeka, izwe lakubo lalesi sinambuzane lisenyakatho-mpumalanga yeMexico, lapho langena khona kancane kancane ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane, kufaka phakathi i-United States, lapho lajwayela khona ngokushesha izimo zezulu. Sekuyikhulu nesigamu, ibhungane lamazambane laseColorado selisabalele ngokoqobo emhlabeni wonke futhi seliyisijeziso sabo bonke abatshali bamazambane.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: I-Colorado amazambane beetle
Ngokokuqala ngqa, kwatholwa ibhungane lamazambane laseColorado futhi lachazwa ngokuningiliziwe ngudokotela wezifo zezinambuzane waseMelika uThomas Sayem. Kwabuyela emuva ngo-1824. Usosayensi waqoqa amakhophi amaningana webhungane kuze kube manje angaziwa yisayensi eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States.
Igama elithi "Colorado potato beetle" lavela kamuva kuphela - ngo-1859, lapho ukuhlasela kwalezi zinambuzane kubhubhisa amasimu wonke amazambane eColorado (eU.SA). Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka kamuva, kwakukhona amabhungane amaningi kakhulu kulesi sifundazwe kangangokuba iningi labalimi bendawo baphoqeleka ukuthi bayeke ukulima amazambane, yize intengo yawo yayinyuke kakhulu.
Ividiyo: I-Colorado amazambane beetle
Kancane kancane, unyaka nonyaka, ezindaweni zokugcina imikhumbi yasolwandle, ezazilayishwa nezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane, leli bhungane lawela i-Atlantic Ocean lafika eYurophu. Ngo-1876, yatholwa eLeipzig, kwathi ngemuva kweminye iminyaka engama-30, ibhungane lamazambane laseColorado latholakala kulo lonke elaseNtshonalanga Yurophu, ngaphandle kweGreat Britain.
Kuze kube ngo-1918, izikhungo zokuzalela i-Colorado amazambane beetle zabhujiswa ngempumelelo, waze wakwazi ukuhlala eFrance (esifundeni saseBordeaux). Ngokusobala, isimo sezulu saseBordeaux sasifanele lesi silokazane, ngoba saqala ukwanda lapho ngokushesha futhi sasakazekela ngokoqobo eNtshonalanga Yurophu nangale kwayo.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ngenxa yesici sokwakheka kwayo, ibhungane lamazambane laseColorado alinakuminza emanzini, ngakho-ke nemizimba emikhulu yamanzi ayisona isithiyo esikhulu sayo ekufuneni ukudla.
Ibhungane langena emkhakheni we-USSR mhlawumbe ngo-1940, kwathi ngemuva kweminyaka engu-15 lase litholakale yonke indawo engxenyeni esentshonalanga ye-Ukraine SSR (Ukraine) neBSSR (Belarus). Ngo-1975, ibhungane lamazambane laseColorado lafinyelela e-Urals. Isizathu salokhu kwaba yisomiso esingajwayelekile esathatha isikhathi eside, ngenxa yokuthi kwalethwa ifolishi lemfuyo (hay, straw) e-Urals evela e-Ukraine. Ngokusobala ibhungane lezilokazane lafika lapha ngotshani.
Kuvela ukuthi e-USSR nakwamanye amazwe ekamu lobusoshiyali, ukusakazeka ngobuningi kwebhungane kwaqondana nokuqala kwalokhu okubizwa ngokuthi "yimpi ebandayo", ngakho-ke izinsolo zenhlekelele ebingalindelekile zabhekiswa kwinkonzo eyimfihlo yaseMelika yeCIA. Amaphephandaba asePoland naseJalimane ngisho nangalesi sikhathi abhale ukuthi ibhungane laphonswa ngamabomu yizindiza zaseMelika endaweni ye-GDR nePoland.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: I-Colorado amazambane beetle ngokwemvelo
I-Colorado amazambane beetle iyinambuzane enkulu kakhulu. Abantu abadala bangakhula bafike ku-8 - 12 mm ubude futhi cishe abe ngu-7 mm ububanzi. Ukuma komzimba wamabhungane kucishe kufane nokwehla kwethonsi lamanzi: liyindilinga, liyisicaba ngezansi futhi liyindilinga ngaphezulu. Ibhungane elidala lingaba nesisindo esingu-140-160 mg.
Ubuso bomzimba webhungane bunzima futhi bucwebezela kancane. Kulokhu, ingemuva linombala ophuzi-mnyama ngemivimbo emnyama ye-longitudinal, kanti isisu siyi-orange ekhanyayo. Amehlo amnyama ayisiyingi webhungane atholakala ezinhlangothini zekhanda eliyindilinga nelibanzi. Ekhanda lebhungane kunendawo emnyama, efana nonxantathu, kanye nezimpondo ezihambayo, ezihlukanisiwe, ezinamalungu ayi-11.
I-elytra elukhuni futhi eqinile yebhungane lamazambane lihlangana ngokuqinile nomzimba futhi imvamisa iba phuzi ngokusawolintshi, imvamisa ayiphuzi, enemigqa emide. Izimpiko zeColorado zinewebhu, zikhule kahle, futhi zinamandla kakhulu, okuvumela ibhungane ukuba lihambe amabanga amade liyofuna imithombo yokudla. Izinsikazi zamabhungane zivame ukuba zincane kancane kunezeduna futhi azihlukile kuzo nganoma iyiphi enye indlela.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Ibhungane lamazambane laseColorado lingandiza ngokushesha okukhulu - ngejubane elingaba ngu-8 km ngehora, kanye nokukhuphukela ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu.
Uhlala kuphi ibhungane lamazambane laseColorado?
Isithombe: I-Colorado amazambane beetle eRussia
Izazi zezinambuzane zikholelwa ukuthi isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila kwebhungane lamazambane laseColorado cishe lonyaka owodwa. Ngasikhathi sinye, abanye abantu abaqinile bangabekezelela kalula ubusika futhi nangaphezu kokukodwa. Bakwenza kanjani lokhu? Kulula kakhulu - bawela ekushoneni (ukulala ubusika bonke), ngakho-ke, kuma-specimens anjalo, ubudala noma eminyakeni emithathu akuwona umkhawulo.
Ngenkathi efudumele, izinambuzane zihlala ebusweni bomhlaba noma ezitshalweni ezidla kuzo. Amabhungane aseColorado alinda ekwindla nasebusika, egobhoza enhlabathini aze afike engxenyeni yemitha, futhi azame ukubekezelela ukubanda lapho kuze kufike emazingeni ayi-10. Lapho kufika intwasahlobo futhi inhlabathi ifudumala kahle - ngenhla kanye nama-degree ayi-13, amabhungane akhasa phansi emhlabathini futhi ngokushesha aqale ukufuna ukudla namabhangqa okuzala. Le nqubo ayinkulu kakhulu futhi imvamisa ithatha izinyanga ezi-2-2.5, okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ekulweni nesilokazane.
Ngaphandle kokuthi indawo yokuhlala i-Colorado amazambane beetle inyuke cishe izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane eziningana ngaphezulu kwekhulu nesigamu, kunamazwe amaningana emhlabeni lapho lesi silokazane singakabonakali emehlweni futhi singeke sithathwe njengesiyingozi. Awekho ama-Colourad eSweden naseDenmark, e-Ireland naseNorway, eMorocco, eTunisia, kwa-Israyeli, e-Algeria, eJapane.
Manje uyazi ukuthi i-Colorado amazambane beetle avelaphi. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Yini edliwa yi-Colorado potato beetle?
Isithombe: I-Colorado amazambane beetle eqabungeni
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwamabhungane aseColorado, kanye nezibungu zawo, amahlumela amancane namaqabunga ezitshalo zomndeni wakwaSolanaceae. Amabhungane azothola ukudla kwawo nomaphi lapho kukhula khona amazambane, utamatisi, ugwayi, izitshalo zamaqanda, ama-petunias, upelepele omnandi, i-physalis. Futhi abazideleli izitshalo zasendle zalo mndeni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphezu kwakho konke, amabhungane athanda ukudla amazambane nezitshalo zamaqanda. Izinambuzane zingadla lezi zitshalo cishe ngokuphelele: amaqabunga, iziqu, izilimo eziyizigaxa, izithelo. Ngokufuna ukudla, ziyakwazi ukundiza ziye kude kakhulu, ngisho namashumi amakhilomitha. Ngaphandle kokuthi izinambuzane zinamandla amakhulu, zingakhuthazelela kalula indlala ephoqelelwe kuze kufike ezinyangeni eziyi-1.5-2, zimane nje ziwele ebuthongweni besikhashana.
Ngenxa yokuthi ibhungane lamazambane laseColorado londla ngobuningi obuluhlaza bezitshalo zomndeni wakwaSolanaceae, into enobuthi, i-solanine, ihlangana njalo emzimbeni wayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, ibhungane linezitha ezimbalwa kakhulu zemvelo, ngoba ibhungane alidleki futhi linobuthi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ingozi enkulu ezitshalweni ayibangelwa izinyoni ezindala zaseColorado, kodwa yizibungu zazo (izigaba 3 no-4), ngoba zinamandla kakhulu futhi zikwazi ukucekela phansi amasimu wonke ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezinhle.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-Colorado amazambane beetle
Ibhungane lamazambane laseColorado likhulu kakhulu, liminzile futhi lingashesha ukujwayela izinto ezahlukahlukene zemvelo, kungaba ukushisa noma ukubanda. Izinambuzane zivame ukudlula ezimeni ezingezinhle, zilala isikhashana, futhi zingakwenza lokhu nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka.
I-juvenile Colorado potato beetle (hhayi isibungu) i-orange ekhanyayo ngombala futhi inekhava elingaphandle elithambile kakhulu. Kakade amahora angu-3-4 ngemuva kokuzalwa, amabhungane avela ku-pupa athola ukubukeka okujwayelekile. Isinambuzane ngokushesha siqala ukondla ngokuqinile, sidle amaqabunga namahlumela, futhi ngemuva kwamasonto ama-3-4 sifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi. Amabhungane aseColorado azalwa ngo-Agasti futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi avame ukulala ngaphandle kwenzalo, kepha iningi lizobamba ihlobo elizayo.
Esinye sezici ezitholakala kuphela kulezi zinhlobo zamabhungane yikhono lokungena ebusika obude (diapause), obuhlala iminyaka emithathu noma ngaphezulu. Yize lesi silokazane sihamba kahle, esisizwa ngamaphiko aqinile, athuthukile, ngasizathu simbe asikwenzi lokhu ngezikhathi zengozi, kepha sizenza ngathi sifile, sicindezela imilenze yaso esiswini bese siwela phansi. Ngakho-ke, isitha asinakho okunye esingakwenza ngaphandle kokuthi sihambe nje. Khonamanjalo, ibhungane "liyaphila" futhi liqhubeka nebhizinisi lalo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Colorado mabhungane
Njengalokhu, amabhungane aseColorado awanawo umphakathi, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zezinambuzane (izintuthwane, izinyosi, umuhlwa), ngoba ziyizinambuzane ezingashadile, okusho ukuthi, umuntu ngamunye uphila yedwa futhi uyaziphilela, hhayi ngamaqembu. Lapho kuthokomala ngokwanele entwasahlobo, amabhungane asebenze ngaphezu kwamanzi akhasa phansi futhi, njengoba esethole amandla amancane, abesilisa baqala ukubheka abesifazane futhi baqala ukukhwelana. Ngemuva kwalokho okubizwa ngemidlalo yokukhwelana, abesifazane abavundisiwe bazalela amaqanda ngaphansi kwamaqabunga ezitshalo abondla kuzo.
Owesifazane omdala oyedwa, kuya ngesimo sezulu nesimo sezulu sendawo, uyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda angaba ngu-500-1000 ngesikhathi sehlobo. Amaqanda e-Colourada imvamisa awolintshi, 1.8 mm ngosayizi, ama-oblong-oval, atholakala ngamaqembu ama-20-50 ama-PC. Ngezinsuku eziyi-17-18, izibungu ziyaqanduselwa emaqandeni, ezaziwa ngokuminza kwazo.
Izigaba zokuthuthukiswa kwezibungu zebhungane lamazambane e-Colorado:
- esigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthuka, isibungu sebhungane lamazambane laseColorado limpunga emnyama ngomzimba ofinyelela ku-2.5 mm ubude nezinwele ezincane ezinhle kuso. Idla amaqabunga amancane athambile, idla inyama yayo ngezansi;
- esigabeni sesibili, izibungu sezivele zibomvu ngombala futhi zingafinyelela osayizi obungu-4-4.5 mm. Bangadla lonke iqabunga, kusale umthambo owodwa kuphela ophakathi;
- esigabeni sesithathu, izibungu zishintsha umbala zibe bomvu-phuzi futhi zikhule ngobude ziye ku-7-9 mm. Azisekho izinwele ebusweni bomzimba wabantu besigaba sesithathu;
- esigabeni sesine sokuthuthuka, isibungu sebhungane sishintsha umbala futhi - manje sibe sesiphuzi-orange futhi sikhule size sifike ku-16 mm. Kusukela esigabeni sesithathu, izibungu ziyakwazi ukukhasa zisuka esitshalweni ziye kwesinye, ngenkathi zingadli nje kuphela uginindela wamaqabunga, kepha namahlumela amancane, ngaleyo ndlela zidale ukulimala okukhulu ezitshalweni, zinciphise ukukhula kwazo futhi zincishe abalimi isivuno esilindelekile.
Zonke izigaba ezine zokuthuthuka kwesibungu sebhungane lamazambane iColorado zihlala cishe amasonto amathathu, ngemuva kwalokho ziphenduka isiphungumangathi. Izibungu "Zabantu abadala" zingena emhlabathini ziye ekujuleni kwe-10 cm, lapho zifunda khona. Isiphungumangathi ngokuvamile sibomvana noma siphuzi ngokusawolintshi. Ubude besigaba se-pupal buya ngesimo sezulu. Uma kufudumele ngaphandle, khona-ke emva kwezinsuku eziyi-15-20, iphenduka isinambuzane esikhulile esikhasa phezulu. Uma kupholile, le nqubo inganciphisa izikhathi ezingama-2-3.
Izitha zemvelo ze-Colorado amazambane mabhungane
Isithombe: I-Colorado amazambane beetle
Izitha eziyinhloko ze-Colorado amazambane beetle yizimbungulu ze-perillus (Perillus bioculatus) ne-podizus (Podisus maculiventris). Izimbungulu ezindala, kanye nezibungu zazo, zidla amaqanda ezibhungane zaseColorado. Futhi, igalelo elibalulekile ekulweni nalezi zinambuzane lenziwa izimpukane ezinama-dorophagous, eziguqukele ukubeka izibungu zazo emzimbeni weColorado.
Ngeshwa, lezi zimpukane zikhetha isimo sezulu esifudumele futhi esimnene, ngakho-ke azihlali ezimeni ezinzima zaseYurophu nase-Asia. Futhi, izinambuzane zasendaweni ezijwayelekile zondla amaqanda nezibungu ezisencane ze-Colorado amazambane beetle: amabhungane omhlabathi, ama-ladybugs, ama-lacewing beetle.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ikusasa ekulweni nezinambuzane zezitshalo ezitshaliwe, kufaka phakathi amabhungane aseColorado, akuwona owamakhemikhali, kepha izitha zabo zemvelo, ngoba le ndlela ingeyendalo futhi ayibangeli monakalo omkhulu emvelweni.
Amanye amapulazi ephilayo asebenzisa ama-turkeys nezinyoni ze-Guinea ukulawula i-Colorado potato beetle. Lezi zinkukhu ziyakuthanda kakhulu ukudla zombili ezindala kanye nezibungu zazo, ngoba lokhu kuyisici sohlobo, futhi zikujwayeza ukudla okunjalo cishe kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuphila.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: I-Colorado amazambane beetle eRussia
Sekuyikhulu nesigamu ngemuva kokutholakala nencazelo, indawo yokuhlala ibhungane lamazambane laseColorado selikhule ngaphezu kwezikhathi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili. Njengoba wazi, ibhungane lamazambane liyisilokazane esiyinhloko sokutshala amazambane hhayi kuphela kumafemu amakhulu ezolimo, kodwa nasemapulazini amancane, kanye nasemapulazini angasese. Ngalesi sizathu, noma kunoma yisiphi isakhamuzi sasehlobo, umbuzo wokuthi ungasusa kanjani ibhungane lamazambane e-Colorado uhlala usebenza. Ukulwa neColorado kudinga umzamo omkhulu.
Kuze kube manje, izinhlobo ezimbili zokulawulwa kwezinambuzane zisetshenziswa kakhulu:
- amakhemikhali;
- amakhambi wesintu.
Izindawo ezinkulu zokutshalwa kwamazambane emapulazini amakhulu zivame ukuphathwa ngemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ekhethekile engabangeli ukulutheka kubhungane. Ayabiza futhi anobuthi kakhulu. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukwelashwa kokugcina kufanele kwenziwe kungakapheli amasonto ama-3 ngaphambi kokuvuna, ngoba ubuthi obuyingozi buthelela kwizilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, kuye kwavela ama-biological control agents we-Colorado amazambane beetle. Izidakamizwa ezinjalo aziqoqeki kumahlumela nezilimo eziyizigaxa. Okubi kakhulu ngale ndlela yokulawula isidingo sokunamathela ngokuqinile kwinani nangesikhathi semithi yokwelashwa. Ukufeza umphumela oyifunayo, kuyadingeka ukwenza okungenani imishanguzo emithathu ngekhefu lesonto elilodwa ngqo.
Amakhemikhali (ama-insecticide, isenzo sebhayoloji) kufanele asetshenziswe ngokulandela imiyalo, ehlala iphrintiwe kupakethe, elandela imithetho ethile futhi ehlala esebenzisa okokuvikela. Ngakho-ke ukuthi abalimi, abalimi kanye namafemu ezolimo abahlushwa ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane, abalimi basebenze iminyaka eminingi ukuthuthukisa izinhlobo zamazambane namanye ama-nightshades amelana ne-Colorado amazambane beetle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le parameter ingaxhomeka ezintweni eziningi - imithetho yokunakekelwa, ukunambitheka kwamaqabunga, njll. Ososayensi ngalesi sikhathi sebenze iziphetho ezithile ngalokhu.
Thola izilimo ezingadli nhlobo Ibhungane laseColorado, abalimi abakaphumeleli, kepha sesivele singakhuluma ngezici ezithile zokumelana. Akuyona indima encane kulokhu edlalwa ubuchwepheshe bokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, lapho kufakwa ufuzo lomunye kuzakhi zofuzo zesidalwa esisodwa, esiguqula ngokuphelele ukuthambekela kwalo ezifweni, ezinambuzane, kanye nemiphumela emibi yesimo sezulu. Kodwa-ke, muva nje kwabezindaba, abaphikisana nama-GMO bebekhankasa ngenkuthalo futhi nentuthuko kule ndawo, uma yenziwa, ayikhangisiwe kakhulu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 05.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/24/2019 ngo-20: 21
