INkosi Yogwadule, umsizi omkhulu nomdala kunabo bonke womuntu ikamela le-bactrian... Amakamela kwesinye isikhathi abizwa ngokuthi "Imikhumbi Yogwadule" phakathi kwabantu ngenxa yekhono labo lokunqoba amabanga amakhulu ehlane ngaphandle kokudla namanzi isikhathi eside. Amakamela amaBactrian ayisimangaliso sangempela esidalwe yimvelo, futhi esacekelwa phansi ngumuntu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ikamela laseBactrian
Ikamela likaBactrian noma iBactrian (iCamelus bactrianus) elingelama-camelids ohlobo. Isigaba: izilwane ezincelisayo. I-oda: ama-artiodactyls. Umehluko omkhulu wekamela le-bactrian kusuka kwabanye abamele lolu hlobo akuzona nje kuphela lapho kukhona i-hump yesibili, kodwa futhi nejazi eliwugqinsi. Amakamela amaBactrian yizilwane eziqinile kakhulu, angaphila kalula kwisomiso sasehlobo, iqhwa neqhwa ebusika.
Ividiyo: IBactrian Camel
Amakamela yizilwane zasendulo kakhulu, izithombe zokuqala zekamela zihlehlela emuva ngekhulu le-19 BC. Ukutholwa kokuqala kwezinsalela zamakamela asendulo kubuyela emuva ku-2500 BC. Amakamela afuywa eminyakeni eyi-6-7 yeminyaka BC. Amakamela angesinye sezilwane zokuqala abantu abaqala ukuzikhulisa futhi bazikhulisela izidingo zabo. Abantu basebenzise futhi basebenzisa amakamela ikakhulukazi njengezokuthutha. Okunye okubalulekile ngoboya bekamela, lapho ungenza khona izingubo, nobisi, inyama yekamela, elungele ukudla. Abantu bamakamela abakhulu babehlala e-Asia yasendulo.
Incazelo yokuqala yalolu hlobo yenziwa ngo-1878 ngumcwaningi uN.M. Przhevalsky. Ngokungafani namakamela anomuntu oyedwa, amakamela amabili anomswakama asinda endle. Namuhla amakamela ama-bactrian ahlukaniswe izinhlobo ezi-2: ICamelus ferus ikamela lasendle kanti uCamelus bactrianus uyiBactrian yasekhaya. Muva nje, inani lalezi zinhlobo liyancipha ngokushesha, futhi umuntu kufanele asolwe ngalokhu.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ikamela laseBactrian, noma iBactrian
Ikamela le-bactrian yisilwane esikhulu esinomzimba oqinile futhi omkhulu. ICamelus bactrianus inomzimba omkhulu, oyindilinga. Imilenze emide futhi emikhulu egcina ngonyawo olubili kumcamelo wommbila. Intamo yekamela iqine futhi iqinile, eguqa phansi bese iba nokugoba. Amakamela asendle alezi zinhlobo anengubo ejiyile futhi eminyene yombala onsundu - oyisihlabathi. Kodwa-ke, kukhona namakamela ansundu namhlophe (ayisikhilimu). Yiqiniso, amakamela anemibala ekhanyayo awavamile futhi aziswa kakhulu.
Ikhanda lekamela lincane. Ikamela linezindebe ezingavamile ezihambayo neziqinile, ezijwayele ukukha uhlaza lwasogwadule olumunyu nomdolofiya onameva. Indebe engenhla yesilwane imfoloko kancane. Izindlebe ziyindilinga futhi zincane. Ngemuva kwekhanda kunezindlala ezibhangqiwe, ezithuthukiswa kakhulu kwabesilisa. Amehlo ekamela avikelwe esihlabathini nasothulini ngezinkophe ezinde neziwugqinsi.
Amakamela amaBactrian yizilwane ezinkulu futhi ezinkulu. Ukuphakama kowesilisa ekubuneni kungafinyelela ku-230-240 cm.I-serlovina ye-humps iphakeme ngamasentimitha angu-170, ukuphakama kwama-humps kungahluka kuye ngesimo sangaphakathi sesilwane, kepha imvamisa ubukhulu bama-humps ukuphakama bungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-0.5. Ibanga eliphakathi kwama-humps lingama-cm 30. Isisindo sowesilisa osekhulile sisuka ku-750 kg kuye ku-1 ton. Abesifazane balezi zinhlobo bancipha kaningana kunabesilisa kusuka ku-400 kuya ku-750 kg.
Isakhiwo sangaphakathi sekamela le-bactrian siyefana nesawo wonke amakholi. Ikamela linesisu esinamagumbi amathathu lapho kunezigaba ezi-3 (isibazi, i-abomasum ne-mesh). Ama-cecum ngamakamela amafushane. Izinso zingamunca amanzi emchameni. Igazi lekamela likwazi ukugcina uketshezi olujwayelekile, noma selujiyile, ngenxa yokuma okweqanda okukhethekile kwamaseli abomvu egazi angadlula kalula kuma-capillaries. Futhi, ama-erythrocyte egazini lekamela ayakwazi ukuqoqa uketshezi ngokwawo, amahlandla ambalwa, akhuphule ivolumu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ikamela elinomswakama omabili lingenza ngaphandle kwamanzi kuze kube yisonto, okungenzeki ngezilwane ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ehlane. Kodwa lapho ikamela lifinyelela emanzini, lingaphuza kuze kufike kumalitha ayi-100 ngasikhathi.
Izikhumba zamakamela ziqukethe amafutha, okuyisitolo sezakhi. Ama-humps afaka isandla ekuvikeleni okushisayo kwesilwane. Ukube amafutha abiwa ngokulingana emzimbeni wonke wekamela, bekungeke kuvumele ukushisa kuphume emzimbeni. Izikhumba zamakamela zinamafutha afinyelela ku-150 kg.
Izici zesakhiwo sangaphandle sesilwane zikuvumela ukuthi ugcine umswakama emzimbeni. Amakhala ekamela ahlala avaliwe, avuleka kuphela lapho ehogela noma ekhipha umoya. Lokhu, nokho, kusiza ukuhamba ehlane ngokunciphisa ukungena kothuli emakhaleni. Umjuluko osemzimbeni wekamela ubonakala lapho izinga lokushisa lomzimba wekamela lishisa lifinyelela ku-41 ° C. Amakamela anesibindi eside, ngokwesilinganiso ikamela lasendle lihlala ezimeni ezinhle zokuphila, ngokwesilinganiso kuze kube yiminyaka engama-40-50.
Manje uyazi igama lekamela le-bactrian. Ake sibone ukuthi uhlala kuphi.
Ihlala kuphi ikamela likaBactrian?
Isithombe: Ikamela laseBactrian eMongolia
Esikhathini esedlule, amakamela ayezinza ezindaweni ezinkulu impela. Amakamela amaBactrian angatholakala e-Asia, China, Mongolia. Ezweni lanamuhla, inani lamakamela ama-bactrian lehle kakhulu, futhi uhla lwezilwane selube ncane. Manje lezi zilwane zigonona ezindaweni ezine eziqhelile eChina naseMongolia. EMongolia, amakamela atholakala eGobi. E-China, amakamela ahlala ngaseLake Lop Nor.
Amakamela asekhaya ashubile angatholakala nase-Asia, Mongolia, Kalmykia, Kazakhstan. Izinhlobo zasekhaya zamakamela afuywayo zasekhaya: ikamela laseMongolia iBactrian, Kazakh Bactrian, Kalmyk Bactrian. Izilwane zalezi zinhlobo ziyahluka ngosayizi, ikhwalithi yoboya, ukuma, kanye nosayizi wama-humps.
Endle, amakamela amaBactrian ahlala ehamba. Kumele bahlale befuduka ukuze bazitholele umthombo wamanzi nokudla. Izimo ezinzima zesimo sezulu esibi azivumeli izilwane ukuba ziphumule. Ezindaweni zokuhlala zomhlambi, izilwane ziboshelwe emizimbeni yamanzi. Ngesikhathi semvula, amakamela ahlala eduze kwechibi. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sasehlobo kungena isomiso, futhi lapho amadamu eba mancane, nezimila ziba zincane, amakamela ayahamba ayofuna amanzi nokudla.
Ehlobo, amakamela angaya kude ezintabeni futhi akhuphukele endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-3200 ngaphezu kolwandle. Ngesikhathi sasebusika, izilwane ziya eningizimu. Bangakwazi ukuhamba u-400-700 km. ngaseningizimu, lapho bahlala khona phansi kwamagquma ezintaba nasezigodini lapho bezovikelwa khona emimoyeni ebandayo. Ebusika, into esemqoka ngamakamela ukuzitholela ukudla, ngokungafani namahhashi, amakamela awakwazi ukumba iqhwa ukufuna ukudla ngaphansi kwawo. Ngakho-ke, ukufuduka kwekwindla kuyadingeka ukuze amakamela asindise izimpilo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, ikamela elidala lingahamba ibanga elingama-90-100 km!
Adla ini amakamela amaBactrian?
Isithombe: Ikamela lakwaBactrian elivela eRed Book
I-Bactrian iyi-herbivore engenabungozi ngokuphelele.
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwamaBactria yilokhu:
- izihlahla nezihlahlana zesitshalo seSálsola;
- ikamela-ameva;
- i-ephedra (Éphedra);
- amahlumela amasha namaqabunga eSaxaul (Halóxylon);
- barnyard, iqabunga eliluhlaza.
Izici zokwakheka komlomo nezindebe zekamela zenzelwe ukuthi lezi zilwane zikwazi ukukha zidle izitshalo ezilukhuni nezinameva ngezinaliti ezinkulu ngaphandle kokulimaza umzimba. Ekwindla, amakamela angadla amaqabunga e-poplar, umhlanga no-anyanisi. Ebusika, lapho kungekho zimila, futhi amakamela adinga umthombo wamaprotheni, amakamela angadla izikhumba namathambo ezilwane. Amakamela asendle angaphuza ngokuphepha amanzi anosawoti emadamini. Amakamela asekhaya angakhetha kakhulu futhi adinga amanzi ahlanzekile okuphuza. Amakamela asekhaya angadla utshani, i-oats notshani be-buckwheat nephalishi kuwo, ama-breadcrumbs ebusika. Ehlobo, amakamela afuna utshani obunzima.
AmaBactrian ayathanda ukugcinwa kwezolimo ngoba akakhethi ekudleni futhi akazithobeki ezimweni zokuboshwa. Amakamela, njengezilwane eziningi ezinegazi elifudumele, alulama kakhulu ekwindla. Zinqwabelana emafutheni ukuze ziphile ebusika kalula. Ukuzila isikhathi eside kulula kumakamela. Kulezi zilwane, kwesinye isikhathi ukuzila kungcono kakhulu kunokudla ngokweqile.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ikamela laseBactrian
Amakamela asendle amaBactrian anolaka futhi anothando. Bahlakaniphile futhi banakekela ngokwanele. Ngenxa yokufuduka kwabo kaningi, bayabekezela, bakwazi ukuhamba amabanga amade. Izilwane ezifuywayo zinomoya ophansi, kaningi ngisho nokunganaki, amahloni neziphukuphuku. Ngokwemvelo, amakamela agcina emihlambini emincane yamakhanda ayi-7-30. Umhlambi unesakhiwo esithuthukile senhlalo. Kukhona umholi - lokhu kuvame ukuba yindoda enkulu ebusayo, ngesikhathi sokubamba umholi ukuphela komuntu wesilisa osemhlambini, uvikela abesifazane nezilwane ezincane. Lapho zimile, abanye besilisa abadala nabo bangajoyina umhlambi, kufanele balalele intando yomholi.
Ngenxa yokuthi iningi lomhlambi lincane futhi liyizinsikazi, iningi lomhlambi lihlala ngokuthula. Izimpi ezinkulu zenzeka phakathi kwabesilisa, ilungelo lokuba ngumholi, nowesifazane. Amakamela wesilisa ayingozi enkulu ngesikhathi sokudlikiza, kubantu nakwezinye izilwane. Kaningi, abesilisa abadala bangaphila futhi bathuthe bodwa. Izinsikazi zihlala ziphambukela emhlambini, zivikele inzalo yazo. Amakamela ayasebenza emini. Amakamela alala noma ahlafune ushingamu ebusuku. Esimweni sezulu esibi, amakamela acasha emihumeni, ezihosheni, phansi kwezintaba. Ngesikhathi sesiphepho sesihlabathi noma isiphepho, ikamela lingahlala linganyakazi izinsuku ezimbalwa.
Ukushisa kwehlobo nokushisa, lezi zilwane zibekezelela kalula, amakamela ahamba ngokuthula, ebe ezishaya ngomsila. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, bahamba amabanga amade. Ehlobo, abamele lolu hlobo bahamba beyofuna uhlaza oluhlaza namanzi ezintabeni, ebusika baya ngaseningizimu.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ngaphandle kokuthi amakamela ahlala kakhulu ogwadule, lezi zilwane zikwazi ukubhukuda. Awabesabi amanzi futhi angabhukuda anqamule imizimba yamanzi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ikamela Lezingane LaseBactrian
Amakamela, owesilisa nowesifazane, afinyelela ekuvuthweni ngeminyaka emi-3-5. Isikhathi sokukhwelana kwamakamela siwela ekwindla. Ngalesi sikhathi, izilwane zizizwa zizinhle, kanti abesifazane banezinsizakusebenza zokuzala izingane ezinempilo. Ngesikhathi se-rut, abesilisa banolaka ikakhulukazi. Ukulwa kwenzeka njalo phakathi kwabesilisa, kwesinye isikhathi abesilisa bangazama ukuhlangana nabanye besilisa. Abesilisa baqala ukugadla ngokusangana, bahlasele abanye, futhi benze imisindo ephezulu.
Abaholi bomhlambi baqhubela abesifazane endaweni eyodwa, futhi bangabavumeli bahlakazeke. Ngesikhathi se-rut, abesilisa bayingozi kakhulu. Bangakwazi ukuhlasela abantu nezinye izilwane. Ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa, abesilisa nabesifazane bamaka indawo yabo ngomchamo; ngezinhloso ezifanayo, abesilisa basebenzisa nezindlala ze-occipital, bathinta amatshe ngekhanda labo. Ngesikhathi semidlalo yokukhwelana, insikazi yazisa owesilisa ngokulungela kwakhe ukukhwelwa ngokulala phansi phambi kwakhe futhi agobe yonke imilenze emine.
Amakamela amlingani alala phansi. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, abesilisa badla amazinyo futhi banegwebu elimhlophe emlonyeni. Ukukhulelwa ekamelweni lesifazane kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-13. Ikamela lizalwa linesisindo esisuka kumakhilogremu angama-30 kuye kwangama-45. Amakamela asanda kuzalwa ame kahle ngezinyawo zawo, futhi cishe ngokushesha ngemuva kokuzalwa angalandela unina. Amakamela aneziqalo ze-humps, ezingakabi nawo amafutha, kepha-ke, ama-humps anyuka ngenyanga yesibili yokuphila.
Insikazi yondla amawundlu aze afike eminyakeni engu-1.5 ubudala. Kulezi, kuze kufike ezinyangeni ezine, ukudla kwekamela kuqukethe ubisi lukamama kuphela, ngemuva kokuthi amawundlu aqale ukujwayela ukutshala ukudla, utshani, izihlahlana. Insikazi ingabeletha izikhathi eziningana ngonyaka, futhi kunamacala lapho insikazi ngasikhathi sinye iphakela amawundlu ayo amadala nangaphansi. Abesifazane bavikela inzalo yabo, bavikele amawundlu abo kanye nawabanye kwezinye izilwane.
Izitha zemvelo zamakamela ama-bactrian
Isithombe: Ikamela lakwaBactrian ehlane
Esikhathini esidlule, ihlosi laliyisitha esikhulu samakamela. Amahlosi ayehlala endaweni yeLake Lob-Nor, futhi amakamela ayehlala lapho. Amahlosi ayizidlakela ezinobuqili futhi eziyingozi, awesabi ukuthi ikamela likhulu kakhulu kunaye. Amahlosi axosha inyamazane yawo isikhathi eside futhi ahlasela ezimweni ezinjalo lapho ikamela lingahlomile ngokuphelele. Imvamisa, izilwane ezisencane nezesifazane ezibuthakathaka ziba yizisulu zezilwane ezidla ezinye.
Ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kwamahlosi emihlambini efuywayo, abantu baqala ukuzingela nokubulala amahlosi eduze nemizana lapho kwakukhuliselwe khona amakamela. Namuhla, amakamela namahlosi akatholakali, njengoba amahlosi enyamalele ezindaweni ezihlala amakamela. Futhi izimpisi zaba izitha eziyingozi ezinkulu zamakamela. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi, yize amakamela enobugwala, ayizilwane eziyiziphukuphuku zonke izilwane ezidliwayo zibahlasela. Naphezu kobukhulu obukhulu besilwane, ngisho negwababa nezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama zingayicasula ngokukhotha amanxeba angapholi emzimbeni wesilwane. Ngaphezu kwezidliwayo, izimuncagazi nazo ziyingozi emakameleni.
Izinambuzane eziyinhloko lapho i-bacrian ingenzeka khona:
- imikhaza;
- ama-tapeworms nama-annelids;
- izibungu nemitode;
- helminths ahlukahlukene.
Amakamela avame ukubulawa ukutheleleka ngama-parasites-worm. Phakathi kwamakamela, isifo se-parasitic worm yisifo esivame kakhulu. Ukutheleleka kwenzeka ngokudla. Amaqanda e-helminths atholakala ezitshalweni isilwane esidla ukudla, futhi ngokudla izibungu zingena emzimbeni wekamela.
Amakamela nawo angenwa yizifo ezinjengalezi:
- ngqi;
- isifo sofuba.
Ukusuka kumswakama nobumanzi obunokuzivikela okuncishisiwe, ama-mycoses angakha. Lokhu ukutheleleka kwefungal kwesikhumba okuyingozi kakhulu ezilwaneni. Isitha sokugcina samakamela, kodwa esiyingozi kakhulu, ngumuntu. Muva nje, ukuvinjelwa kwamakamela ama-bactrian kuvinjelwe, kepha esikhathini esedlule, amakamela ayevame ukubulawa ukuthola isikhumba, uboya nenyama yezilwane. Ngenxa yalokho, inani lalezi zinhlobo lehle kakhulu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Amakamela eBactrian
Amakamela asendle amaBactrian abhekwa njengezilwane ezingavamile kakhulu kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Okwamanje, inani lamakamela ashubile amabili lisengcupheni yokuqothulwa. Kusele amakhulu ambalwa kuphela alezi zilwane emhlabeni wonke. Ngokusho kweminye imininingwane, cishe i-300, ngokusho kweminye imininingwane, cishe abantu abayi-900. ICamelus bactrianus ibhalwe kuRed Data Book futhi inesimo sezinhlobo ezisengozini enkulu. Ukuzingelwa kwamakamela sekuneminyaka eminingi kungavunyelwe, kepha abazingeli abazingeli abasabulala izilwane. Amakamela afinyelela ku-30 abulawa abazingeli abangekho emthethweni minyaka yonke. Ngokuvamile, abazingeli abangekho emthethweni baqamekela izilwane lapho zifuduka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umonakalo omkhulu emphakathini walezi zinhlobo wenziwa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwenuzi okwenziwa yiChina. Imvelo yaseChina isesimweni esidabukisayo, futhi ngemuva kwalezi zivivinyo, umhlaba nemizimba yamanzi izoba yingozi eminyakeni eminingi ezayo. Imfucumfucu yenuzi ingcolisa inhlabathi namanzi. Futhi hhayi amakamela kuphela, kodwa nezinye izilwane eziningi zibulawa ubuthi nokuchayeka emisebeni. Futhi, amakamela alinyazwa kakhulu ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zezimayini zegolide, ukwakhiwa kwamafemu eMongolia naseChina.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Ikamela elidala liqinile kangangokuba lingaphila ngisho noma lingenamanzi kakhulu. Ngokwesilwane esijwayelekile, ukulahlekelwa u-20% wamanzi aqukethwe emzimbeni kungukufa okuqinisekile, ikamela lisinda ngisho nasekulahlekelweni okufika ku-40% woketshezi.
Amakamela ashiya izindawo zawo zokuhlala ngoba abantu beze lapho. Amakamela afakwe ubuthi yi-potassium cyanide, engena emvelweni ngenkathi kucutshungulwa igolide.
IBactrian Camel Guard
Isithombe: Ikamela lakwaBactrian elivela eRed Book
Amakamela amaBactrian avikelwe yizifundazwe zaseChina naseMongolia. Ukuzingela izilwane akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho kuwo womabili la mazwe.Ngaphezu kwalokho, indawo yokugcina i- "Artszinshal" yasungulwa eChina, futhi kwagcinwa indawo enegama elifanayo ezungeze ichibi laseLob-Nor, lapho kuhlala amakamela ama-bactrian, anqamula esiqiwini se- "Artszinshal". Isiqiwu semvelo iGobi-A sesisungulwe eMongolia. Futhi kuleli zwe kunesikhungo esikhethekile sokuzalisa lolu hlobo ekuthunjweni. Izilwane zihlala lapho emakhejini avulekile futhi zizalana kahle. Okwamanje, kwenziwa uhlelo olukhethekile lokwethula izilwane ezivalelwe endle.
ERussia, amakamela asendle amaBactrian angatholakala eZoo yaseMoscow, lapho izilwane zigcinwa khona ezimweni ezinhle futhi zizala izingane. Umsebenzi wabo bonke abantu emhlabeni wethu ukuhlonipha imvelo. Kusezandleni zethu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inani lamakamela ama-bactrian, nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane, ziyagcinwa. Kwanele nje ukuqaphela kakhulu imvelo, ukufaka izinsiza zokwelapha emabhizinisini, hhayi ukugawula amahlathi, nokwenza ngcono izinqolobane namapaki. Masinakekele iplanethi yethu ndawonye ukuze izizukulwane ezizayo zikwazi ukubona izilwane ezihlala kuleplanethi yethu manje.
Ikamela laseBactrian isilwane esimangalisa ngempela, esivumelaniswe nezimo ezinzima kakhulu zemvelo. Kodwa ngisho nezilwane ezinamandla neziqinile zazisengcupheni yokuqothulwa, ngenxa yezenzo zomuntu ezingenangqondo. Masivikele imvelo futhi sizame ukugcina inani lamakamela ama-bactrian.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 06.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/24/2019 ngo-20: 31
