I-Nutcracker - inyoni, ebizwa nangokuthi i-walnut, ingeyomuntu odlulayo futhi ingeyomndeni omkhulu wale oda - ama-corvids. Igama lomhlaba jikelele lokuhlukaniswa kwesayensi yiNucifraga caryocatactes. Kusho ukuthi "umonakalisi wamantongomane" noma "i-nutcracker" encazelweni yayo - yile ndlela igama lale nyoni elihunyushwa ngayo lisuselwa esiLatin, isiGrikhi, isiJalimane, isiNgisi nezinye izilimi zaseYurophu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Kedrovka
Ama-Nutcrackers, kanye nezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni eziyi-120 zomndeni wakwaCorvidae, banezinyanya ezivamile, izinsalela zokuqala ezitholakala eJalimane naseFrance. Atholwe eminye iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-17 BC. Ekubukeni kwayo, i-nutcracker ifana negwababa kuzinhlaka, kepha lincane kakhulu kunale nyoni.
Kukhona ukwahlukana okuba ama-subspecies ayisishiyagalolunye ahlukile ngokubukeka, uhlobo lokudla nendawo yokuhlala, kepha ama-ornithologists amaningi athanda ukuwahlanganisa abe ngamaqembu amabili: enyakatho naseningizimu. Zitholakala ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zase-Eurasia.
Ividiyo: Kedrovka
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona nolunye uhlobo oluhlala emahlathini e-coniferous aseNyakatho Melika - iNucifraga columbiana noma iClark's nutcracker. Lezi zinyoni zincane kunezinye zase-Eurasia futhi zinezimpunga ezikhanyayo, izimpaphe zomlotha, kanti izimpiko nomsila kumnyama. Zakha emahlathini kaphayini wezintaba futhi kunokufana okuningi nabanye abamele ama-corvids - amaPodoces noma ama-jay ogwadule.
Ngokuya ngohlobo lokudla, izinyoni zehlukaniswe ngama-walnuts - labo ukudla kwabo kubuswa ama-hazelnut namantongomane. Ama-hazelnuts anomlomo oqinile kodwa omfushane. ESiberia, kutholakala abantu abanomlomo omncane futhi omude, ojwayele ukudla amantongomane kaphayini.
Indawo yokuhlala enkulu eYurophu inamahlathi:
- ngidla okujwayelekile;
- Iphayini laseSwitzerland;
- amahlathi e-fir ahlanganisiwe;
- Uphayini weScots;
- uphayini omnyama;
- Iphayini laseMakedoniya;
- hazel (Corylus).
Izakhamizi zaseSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude zithanda:
- umsedari;
- Iphayini laseSiberia;
- Umsedari waseJapan;
- ISakhalin fir.
Izakhamizi zaseTien Shan zihehwa ngamahlathi esihlahla sonwele saseTien Shan. E-Himalaya, indawo yokuhlala ejwayelekile ngamahlathi e-coniferous, umsedari we-deodar, i-pine eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-pinvoy fir, i-Himalayan fir, i-Morind spruce enamahlathi e-rhododendron.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Bird nutcracker
Laba bameleli be-oda elidlulayo bancane kancane kune-jackdaw, bangaqhathaniswa nosayizi we-jay ngosayizi. Ubude benyoni busuka ku-30 kuye ku-40 cm, u-10-12 cm uwela emsileni. Izimpiko zisuka ku-50 kuye ku-60 cm. Insikazi ingaba nesisindo esingu-125-190 g, bese kuthi abesilisa - babe ngaphakathi kuka-130-200 g. Abesifazane abagcini nje ngokuba bancane kunabamele abobulili obuhlukile, kepha umbala wabo mncane, futhi amabala amhlophe awaziwa kangako ...
INutcracker, etholakala ezindaweni eziningi eRussia (N. caryocatactes), inezimpaphe ezinombala onsundu onsundu onamabala amhlophe. Awekho amabala anjalo esihlokweni nasemuva kwekhanda. Iphiko limnyama ngombala oluhlaza okotshani; ezinye izimpaphe zokundiza zinezeluleko ezimhlophe.
Umsila nawo umnyama. Izimpaphe zemisila ezimbili eziphakathi ekugcineni zinemibala enomugqa omncane omhlophe, kuyilapho ezinhlangothini zinomugqa obanzi. Izimpaphe zomsila ezingaphansi zimhlophe. Imilenze noqhwaku kumnyama mpunga, amehlo anombala onsundu. Izidladla uqobo zinamandla ngezinzipho eziqinile ezisiza ukubamba izigaxa lapho zihlutshiwe.
Izimpaphe eziphawulwe zimaski le nyoni kahle. Lokhu kufakwa umbala kuyadingeka kwi-nutcracker engekho emincane kakhulu. Akanayo indiza enomusa futhi akathandi ukwenza izindiza ezinde. Ukuhlola indawo ezungezile, izinyoni zikhetha amagatsha angenalutho noma amahlumela.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Inyoni encane ihlasela ngesibindi isikwashi ukuze ithathe isigaxa sikaphayini noma i-hazelnut kuso.
Uhlala kuphi u-nutcracker?
Isithombe: Kedrovka eRussia
Ayikho indawo eqhubekayo yama-nutcrackers e-Eurasia, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yaseYurophu. Kuya ngobukhona bamahlathi abunganikeza ukudla okuyinhloko kwalezi zinyoni - amantongomane. INutcracker itholakala ezifundeni eziningi ezisenyakatho yezwekazi, lapho indawo ehlala khona yehlela eningizimu yeYurophu emaphakathi, esifundeni iTien Shan nasempumalanga yeziqhingi zaseJapan. Atholakala emazweni aseScandinavia nase-Alps enyakatho ye-Italy, mhlawumbe nasePyrenees.
Umngcele oseningizimu ugudla amaCarpathia, ukhuphukela eningizimu yeBelarus, ugudle isigodi soMfula iKama. E-Asia, umngcele oseningizimu wehlela ezintabeni i-Altai, eMongolia ugudla iKhangi neKentey, iBig Khingan, eChina - uhla lwezintaba iZhangguangtsailin, lukhuphukela eningizimu yePrimorye. Enyakatho, umngcele kuyo yonke indawo uhlangana nomngcele wehlathi kanye nehlathi le-tundra zone. Izindawo zokuhlala ezihlukanisiwe zifaka phakathi iTien Shan Mountains, Dzhungarskiy Alatau, Ketmen, Kirghiz Range, spurs western of the Talas massif, emithambekeni esempumalanga yezintaba i-Altai.
E-Kashmir, ama-subspecies ama-nutcracker aseSiberia aguqulwa aba yi-N. Multipunctata. Le nyoni inkulu futhi imnyama, kepha amabala akhanyayo anezinhlaka ezinkulu. Eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Himalaya, kutholakala amanye ama-subspecies, uN. Hemispila, alinganiswa ngosayizi nabantu baseKashmir, kepha umbala wawo omkhulu ulula, futhi amabala amhlophe mancane. Ububanzi bale nyoni buhlanganisa iningi lezintaba ze-Himalaya, empumalanga yeTibet nezindawo eziseningizimu yeChina, kusukela empumalanga ye-Afghanistan kuye eNhlonhlweni YaseKorea.
UNutcracker uhamba kancane esikhaleni, uthanda impilo ezinzile. Unamahloni ikakhulukazi ngezikhala zamanzi. Eminyakeni emincane, lezi zinyoni ziphoqeleka ukuba zenze izindiza ezikude kakhulu ziyofuna ukudla. Izazi ze-ornithologists zikholelwa ukuthi yile ndlela abafika ngayo ama-nutcracker eziqhingini zaseKuril naseJapan, eSakhalin.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukufuduka kwabantu abaningi be-nutcrackers kwabonwa ngo-1885 kusuka enyakatho-mpumalanga yeRussia (izifundazwe zase-Arkhangelsk nasePerm) kuya eningizimu-ntshonalanga yaseningizimu-mpumalanga yezintaba ze-Ural. Ohlangothini oluseningizimu-ntshonalanga, izinyoni zadabula iPoland neHungary, zathuthela eJalimane naseBelgium, eHolland, eFrance, eSouth England. Ingxenye encane kuphela yezinyoni eyabuyela emuva. Inqwaba yafa, abanye bahlala ezifundeni ezintsha.
Manje uyazi ukuthi inyoni ye-nutcracker ihlala kuphi. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Yini i-nutcracker edlayo?
Isithombe: Kedrovka ebusika
Lezi zinyoni zithanda amantongomane kaphayini ekudleni kwazo, kepha ezindaweni eziningi lapho kunamahlathi ahlabayo, zidla amantongomane ama-hazel, imbewu ye-beech nezinye izitshalo. Amanye ama-conifers nawo angaba yingxenye yokuthandwa kokudla kwalomhlali wasehlathini. Izinyoni zivuna kakhulu ekwindla, ziqoqa amantongomane ezindaweni zokucasha.
Uqhwaku olunamandla lusiza ama-gourmets asehlathini ukuthola izinhlamvu zamantongomane. I-nutcracker iyivula kancane bese ishaya igobolondo. Ukushayeka kwehlela ngamaphuzu amabili ngasikhathi sinye kuphule igobolondo. Ngisho nama-walnuts atholakala ezinqolobaneni zama-nutcrackers; uqhwaku olunamandla luyakwazi ukuhlukanisa amagobolondo awo amakhulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Lapho uphethe amasheya, i-nutcracker isebenzisa isikhwama esingamagama amancane, lapho ingabeka khona amantongomane ephayini ayikhulu.
Izinyoni zifihla amasheya ezindaweni ezahlukene, zithanda ukukwenza emifantwini, emithambekeni enamadwala. Ngisho nasentwasahlobo, izinyoni ezonga imali ziyaqhubeka nokuthola amaphenti azo bese zondla amaphuphu ngamasheya. Zikhumbula kahle izindawo ezinqolobane ezinjalo futhi zithola kalula izindlu zazo zokugcina izinto ngaphansi kweqhwa. Inyoni encane, engafinyeleli kangako kuma-gramu angama-200, iyakwazi ukugcina kuze kufike kuma-60 kg, kwesinye isikhathi kuze kufike kuma-90 kg wamantongomane ephayini ebusika. Futhi esiswini sakhe kubekwe i-10-13 nucleoli.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Ama-cache anezinqolobane ezingasetshenziswanga ama-nutcrackers enza kube lula ukuthi amahlumela wemisedari enamandla yesikhathi esizayo avele. Le nyoni ingumsabalalisi omkhulu wephayini laseSiberia kanye nemisedari emifushane ephakeme ezintabeni nasenyakatho ekude. Imbewu yalezi zihlahla itholakala kuma-nutcrackers 'pantries afinyelela kumakhilomitha amane ukusuka lapho.
Ngisho nasendaweni ye-tundra kanye nama-loaches, ungabona amahlumela omsedari alethwe yi-nutcracker engakhathali. Amahlumela awasindi ezimeni ezinzima kangako futhi ayafa ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa. Kepha iningi lala masheya enziwa izinyoni emaphethelweni ehlathi, onqenqemeni lwamahlathi e-taiga, okusiza ukuvela kwamahlumela amasha omsedari onamandla.
Imenyu ye-nutcracker ifaka phakathi:
- amajikijolo;
- izinambuzane nezibungu zazo;
- ama-crustaceans asemhlabeni;
- amaqanda ezinye izinyoni.
I-Nutcracker ingahlasela ngokuphepha izinyoni ezincane, futhi ngokuwina, okokuqala nje, izokhipha ubuchopho kokudla kwayo. Le nyoni ayideleli futhi ifile, ingadla izilwane ezibanjwe ogibeni noma emgodini. Uma isihlahla sigcwele izibungu zezinambuzane, khona-ke izinyoni ziyahlangana sizungeze sona ukuze sizuze. Bangasebenzisa ngisho nemilomo yabo ukukhipha izinambuzane ezihamba ngaphansi komhlaba ukuyofunda.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Bird nutcracker
Indlela yokuphila yale nyoni yasehlathini iyehluka ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene zonyaka. Ngesikhathi sokuzalela, ithola amakhona ayimfihlo ehlathini elisehlathini futhi kuyaqabukela ishiye le ndawo encane. Uma ngalesi sikhathi umuntu esondela ngengozi kule ndawo, khona-ke inyoni icasha ngokushesha, izigqibe eziqongweni zezihlahla.
Ngezinye izikhathi zonyaka, lezi zinyoni ziyakwazi ukuzijabulisa, azibesabi nakancane abantu futhi zingahlala eduze nezindlu, zazi ukuthi kuhlale kunokuthile okungazuza kukho. Ngokuvamile, ama-nutcrackers angabonakala emaphethelweni ehlathi nasekuqothulweni kwehlathi, emaphethelweni ehlathi, eduze nemifula yehlathi nemifudlana.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ama-Nutcrackers, njengamanye amanga, adala kakhulu. Abaqaphi bezinyoni babukela njengoba bezingela amacimbi e-pine moth ngoNovemba ngqo ngaphansi kweqhwa, benza amapaseji oblique esembozweni seqhwa.
Imvamisa izinyoni zihlala emagatsheni aphansi ezihlahla, zikhipha imbewu ezigibeni. Uma bebona ingozi, bangasuka cishe bathule bacashe esihlahleni kwesinye sezihlahla eziseduze. Kwesinye isikhathi inyoni ingavumela umuntu asondele kakhulu.
Ama-Nutcrackers enza imisindo ethokozisayo. Zingafaniswa nokukhala kwegwababa, kepha hhayi ukuginqika, kufana nokukhala kwejay. Izingcingo zabo zingazwakala njenge- "kray-kray", uma bekhathazeke kakhulu, besaba-ke - "kr-cr-cr." Kwesinye isikhathi isethi yemisindo ingabizwa ngokuthi uhlobo lokucula.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Nutcracker ehlathini
Ama-Nutcrackers angabizwa ngokuthi izinyoni zomphakathi, ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokufukamela. Uma ubona inyoni eyodwa, kuhlale kunethuba lokuhlangana nezinye eziningana eziseduze. Amabili awakhiwa ekupheleni kobusika, futhi kuhlelwa izindawo zokwakha izidleke ngaphambi kokuba iqhwa lokugcina licibilike. Isidleke salo mhlali wehlathi singatholakala ngokungajwayelekile, kuphela emahlathini akude kakhulu, uma ngalesi sikhathi umuntu ehlangana ne-nutcracker, ifuna ukusuka kuye inganakiwe. Ngokuya ngezimo zezulu, lezi zinyoni, ezinsikazi nezeduna, zibamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwesidleke sazo kusukela ngoMashi kuya kuMeyi.
Lesi yisakhiwo esikhulu impela cishe esingama-30 cm ububanzi futhi size sifike ku-15 cm ukuphinde.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithileyi lincane kakhulu: cishe lingama-10-15 cm ububanzi. Isidleke sisezingeni eliphakeme ngesihlahla sonwele noma ezinye izihlahla ze-coniferous, endaweni lapho igatsha lishiya khona isiqu. Emazingeni alo, kubekwa amagatsha omile ama-conifers, ambozwe u-lichen, ungqimba olulandelayo ngamagatsha e-birch, isidleke sigcwele utshani, imicu evela ngaphansi kwegxolo, konke lokhu kuza nokuhlanganiswa kobumba, kanti phezulu kumbozwe ngotshani obomile, ubulembu, phansi.
Izinyoni zizalela ama-3 kuye ku-7, kepha imvamisa amaqanda ama-5 aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma amhlophe. Ngemuva kwesizinda segobolondo kukhona ama-olive noma amancanyana amancane ansomi-mpunga. Kwesinye isikhathi kuba nokufakwa okumbalwa futhi kuqoqwa ekugcineni okungacacile. Amaqanda angama-oblong cishe angamasentimitha amathathu ubude namasentimitha amabili nohhafu ububanzi.
Bobabili abazali bayabandakanyeka ekufukameleni. Amachwane achamisela ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-19. Okokuqala, zondliwa izinambuzane namajikijolo, izinhlamvu zezinhlamvu. Ngemuva kwamasonto amathathu, amaphuphu asevele endiza esidlekeni futhi akwazi ukuzifunela ukudla wodwa. Kepha nezinyoni ezincane kakhulu azisafihli, zimemeza zibingelela abazali bazo ziletha ukudla, kuthi izinyoni ezindala, ngokukhala okuxakile, zigijimele kunoma ngubani ongena ezinganeni zazo. Ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa kwamachwane, izinyoni ezindala zizoncibilika. Lapho izingane ziba namandla, ama-nutcrackers ahamba ngemihlambi esuka ezindaweni ezikude kuya kwamanye avulekile. Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kulezi zinyoni kwenzeka ngonyaka owodwa noma emibili.
Izitha zemvelo zama-nutcrackers
Isithombe: Nutcracker ngokwemvelo
Inyoni yasehlathini, nakuba ingekho enkulu, iyasinda lapho isuka futhi ayikwazi ukuzivikela lapho imba imithombo yayo egciniwe, ngenkathi ilahlekelwa ukuqapha nokuqapha kwayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, impungushe, impisi, kanye nezilwane ezidla ezinye ezincane zingangena kuwo: i-marten, i-sable, i-weasel. Usengozini futhi uma efihla izimpahla. Uma inyoni ibinaka ukuthi ibibukelwe ngalesi sikhathi, izama ukufihla iphenti layo.
I-lynx iyingozi ezihlahleni, futhi abamele umndeni we-weasel, abangakhuphuka ngokuphelele emithini, bayakwazi ukonakalisa izidleke, ukubhubhisa imvuthu noma ukuhlasela amatshwele. Izinyoni ezidla inyama nazo zidla ama-nutcrackers: oklebe, izikhova, onogolantethe, ama-kites.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Uma i-clutch icekelwa phansi yizilwane ezidla ezinye, ama-nutcrackers angenza isidleke esisha futhi abeke amaqanda futhi.
Esinye sezitha zama-nutcrackers ngumuntu. Akukho ukuzingelwa okukhethekile ngayo, yize inyama ye-nutcracker iyadliwa, kepha ukunambitheka kucacile, kuyababa. Imisebenzi yabantu ekuqothulweni kwamahlathi iyingozi kakhulu. Kepha inhlekelele enkulu kakhulu imililo yehlathi, equbuka njalo ngonyaka ngephutha lomuntu, amahektha amaningi amahlathi minyaka yonke ayasha eWestern Siberia, e-Irkutsk Oblast, eBuryatia, kuyo yonke iTransbaikalia. Yilapho kunamapheshana amakhulu omsedari, okuyindawo eyinhloko yokuhlala nokuhlinzekwa kokudla kwama-nutcrackers. Izidleke ezinamaqhuqhuva namachwane ziyashabalala ngomlilo. Izinyoni ezindala zincishwa ukudla namakhekhe azo, okukulahlekisela ebusika obulambile, okungezona zonke izinyoni ezizophila ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Kedrovka eRussia
Laba bameleli bamanga bahlala emahlathini e-coniferous futhi axubekile e-coniferous-birch, ane-conifers. Amahlathi asezintabeni anemiphetho yehlathi kanye nezimfunda eziphakeme yizindawo eziyinhloko lapho i-nutcracker yaseYurophu ihlala khona. Kusuka eningizimu yeFrance, le ndawo ifinyelela e-Urals naseKazakhstan, isatshalaliswa eMongolia naseSiberia, ifinyelela eMpumalanga Ekude futhi ithathe iKamchatka, enyakatho neChina, Korea neJapan.
Ukwehla kwenani lama-nutcrackers kuthonywa yisimo se-technogenic, imililo yamahlathi ejwayelekile, nokwanda ezindaweni zezolimo ngenxa yamahlathi. Kepha inani lalezi zinyoni alikho engcupheni futhi, yize kunokwehla, lihlala lizinzile.
Indawo okuhlala kuyo i-nutcracker ibanzi ngokwanele futhi ayisondeli emkhawulweni wokuba sengozini. Amaphesenti wokwehla kwabantu angaphansi kwama-30 eminyakeni eyishumi noma izizukulwane ezintathu. Isibalo sama-nutcrackers emhlabeni wonke silinganiselwa kubantu abayizigidi ezingama-4.9 - 14.99. Izazi ze-Ornithologists zikholelwa ukuthi izidleke eziyizigidi ezingama-370 - 1.1 million eYurophu, okungabantu abayizigidi ezingama-739 - 2.2 million, okungaba ngu-15% wenani eliphelele.
Izilinganiso zikazwelonke zesibalo sabantu abazalanayo ngababili yilezi:
- I-China - ama-pair of 10,000-100,000;
- Korea - 1 ngazimbili ngazimbili;
- IJapan - ngamabili ayizinkulungwane eziyi-100-10;
- I-Russia - izinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-100 eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu.
Ama-subspecies aseningizimu ayancipha ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi aseTaiwan, ngenkathi ese-walnut yaseYurophu ngesikhathi sango-1980-2013. wayenomkhuba ozinzile wokugcina imfuyo.
I-Nutcracker - inyoni encane yehlathi idlala indima ebalulekile ekusatshalalisweni kwembewu yama-conifers ahlukahlukene, lapho kuvela khona izihlahla ezintsha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babhubhisa izinambuzane zemithi ezihlale kuzo. Izinyoni, zifuna ukudla kwazo, ezimweni eziningi zikhipha izigaxa zomsedari ezihlahleni ezinde, ngaleyo ndlela zisize ezinye izilwane ukuzilungiselela ubusika. Ngisho namabhere, azulazula emahlathini anjengomsedari, adle izigaxa eziwile, azithumele ziphelele emlonyeni wazo. Amantongomane noma i-nutcracker iyinyoni ethakazelisa kakhulu futhi esebenzisekayo, efanele ukunakekelwa nokuvikelwa.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 01.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/23/2019 ngo-22: 42
