Isikhova esimnyama Iyinyoni yasebusuku edla inyama emndenini wesikhova. Laba bangabazingeli abayingozi abanokuzwa okuhle kakhulu, abaqothula amagundane nezinye izilwane ezincane. Bangaphila ngokujulile ehlathini nasedolobheni, bazinza esakhiweni esishiyiwe. Imvamisa ayiyona ingozi kubantu, ngaphandle uma bevikela isidleke.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Owl
Kunezinguqulo eziningana eziyinhloko zemvelaphi yezinyoni. Ngokusho komunye wabo, i-Archeopteryx ithathwa njengesihlobo esidala kunazo zonke, futhi zavela esikhathini seJurassic futhi zazihlobene nama-dinosaurs-maniraptors. Ngokusho kwenye inkolelo-mbono, bavuka phambilini, emuva esikhathini seTriassic, futhi behla kuma-archosaurs, kanti ama-protoavis aba yinyoni yokuqala.
Kepha ngaphambi kokuvela kwezikhova, ikakhulukazi izikhova, kwakusesekude kakhulu - kucatshangwa ukuthi okhokho babo babeyizinyoni ezikhuphuka, ezihlobene ne-raksha-like, kanti izikhova zokuqala zavele sezivele sezivele ekupheleni kwePaleocene.
Ividiyo: Owl
Isikhova esidala kunazo zonke esaziwa yisayensi yi-Ogygoptynx wetmorei. Uhlobo abekade ekulo selufe ngokuphelele, njengezinye izikhova ezavela kuqala. Izikhova ezindala kakhulu ezitholwe ngabadokotela be-paleoanthologists zibuyele emuva eLower Pleistocene - ngakho-ke, baphila cishe eminyakeni engama-600,000 edlule, okuncane kakhulu ngezindinganiso zokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi izikhova zokuqala zazisebenza emini futhi zazondla kakhulu ngezinambuzane, okungenzeka ukuthi zazikhethekile ngokufa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bashintshele kwindlela yokuphila yasebusuku - lokhu bekungenxa yokuthi izinambuzane ezinkulu kakhulu ziyasebenza ebusuku, kanti izikhova sezijwayele isigqi sempilo yazo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ebusuku babencintisana kakhulu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinto ababezibeka phambili zashintsha, futhi baqala ukuzondla kakhulu ngamagundane, yize izikhova eziningi zesimanje, kufaka phakathi izikhova ezinombala omnyama, kwesinye isikhathi zidla izinambuzane. Babuye bazakhela isitayela sabo sokuzingela, hhayi ngokusukela ngejubane lokundiza, njengezinyoni zasemini, kepha ekulandeleni ngasese isisulu nokuhlaselwa okungazelelwe.
Incazelo yesayensi yezikhova yenziwa nguKarl Linnaeus ngo-1758, waphinde waqamba igama lohlobo lweStrix, waphinde wachaza nezinhlobo eziningi ezingazodwana. Le nqubo yaqhubeka phakathi nekhulu le-XVIII-XX, kanti i-Desert Owl yahlukaniswa kuphela ngo-2015, phambilini yabhekwa njengezinhlanya zesikhova esiphaphathekile.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Grey Owl
Ubude bomzimba womuntu ovuthiwe ngokobulili bungahluka kusuka kumasentimitha angama-30 kuye kwangama-70, kuya ngohlobo lwazo - ezinye zincane impela, kanti ezinye zihlaba umxhwele izinyoni. Isikhova esivamile singenye yezincane kunazo zonke - ubukhulu baso kuvame ukuba ngamasentimitha angama-35-40, futhi isisindo saso asidluli ku-600-700 amagremu.
Isikhova asinazo "izindlebe" zophaphe, lokhu kuyisici esibalulekile lapho singahlukaniswa khona ngaphandle kwezinye izikhova eziningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inemigodi emikhulu yezindlebe, embozwe ngesibaya sesikhumba. Umlomo uphakeme, futhi ucwecwe ngokusobala kusuka ezinhlangothini.
Izimpaphe zingaba mpunga ngokusobala ngokugqamile, imvamisa zinamabala ansundu amnyama. Amehlo amnyama, aphuzi kwezinye izinhlobo (isibonelo, ku-pallid owl). Izimpaphe zithambile, izikhova ziyaphapha kakhulu, ngenxa yokuthi zibukeka zikhulu kakhulu kunalokho eziyikho ngempela.
Njengoba isikhova sizingela ebumnyameni, sincika kakhulu ekuzweni, ngenhlanhla, kuhle kakhulu. Idivayisi yamaphiko ayimvumeli ukuba andize ngokushesha njengezidlakela zasemini njengokhozi noKlebe, futhi futhi enze iziqubu ezifanayo ezinzima emoyeni.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Kwesinye isikhathi abantu bacosha amatshwele ezikhova awe esidlekeni. Kuyafaneleka ukwenza lokhu ngaphandle kokuthi balimale, bese kungengesabi - abazali babo bangavela ngokuzumayo. Iphuphu lesikhova eliphilile lizokwazi ukubuyela esidlekeni lodwa.
Uhlala kuphi isikhova?
Isithombe: Isikhova esikhulu esimpunga
Ububanzi buxhomeke ezinhlotsheni, kwesinye isikhathi zingaze zihlangane.
Ngokwesibonelo:
- U-Owl Chaco uhlala eGran Chaco, eNingizimu Melika, kanye nasezindaweni ezizungezile;
- isikhova esiphaphatheka sithanda ukuhlala eGibhithe, eSyria, kwa-Israyeli naseSaudi Arabia;
- ama-ciccabs amnyama namhlophe namabala ahlala eMelika Ephakathi, eVenezuela, eColombia, e-Ecuador;
- IGrey Grey Owl enkulu - ku-taiga kusuka esifundeni saseMurmansk kuya ePrimorye.
Ngaphandle kwalezi, kunezinye izinhlobo eziningi. Omunye wabo angatholakala cishe yonke indawo: kusukela eningizimu ye-Argentina kuya enkabazwe nase-Arctic Circle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bahlala phansi, okungukuthi, bahlala endaweni efanayo lapho bazalelwa khona. Uma isikhova esi-tawny sisuka lapho sizalelwa khona, kungenxa yokuthi izimo lapho ziye zaba zimbi kakhulu, futhi imvamisa azikude.
Bahlala emahlathini ahlabayo, ama-coniferous noma axubekile, kuyilapho kungashiwo ukuthi bayayifuna kakhulu imvelo, futhi kwesinye isikhathi bangahlala emadolobheni, bakhethe izihlahla epaki noma ama-attic angasetshenziswanga - bakhangwa iqiniso lokuthi kulula kakhulu ukuthola ukudla edolobheni. kunasehlathini.
Yize kunjalo, izikhova eziningi azilingwa yilokhu futhi zihlala emahlathini, ngoba izidleke zikhetha imigodi ezihlahleni ezindala noma zimane zihlala esidlekeni senye inyoni esishiyiwe. Abahlali ezintabeni - abagibeli ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-2 000, futhi nakulezi zindawo eziphakemeyo kuyaqabukela uhlangane nabo.
Izindawo zokuhlala zikhethwa budebuduze nokuhlanzwa noma imiphetho yehlathi - zihamba phambili ekuzingeleni endaweni evulekile, hhayi ehlathini elicinene, lapho ikude kakhulu khona.
Yini edliwa yisikhova?
Isithombe: Isikhova Esinomsila omude
Isisekelo "semenyu" yesikhova yile:
- amagundane - amagundane, izingwejeje nokunye;
- izibankwa;
- amaxoxo;
- izinyoni ezincane neziphakathi nendawo njenge-grouse emnyama noma i-hazel grouse;
- izinambuzane;
- ama-arthropods;
- inhlanzi.
Ngokuya ngohlobo kanye nendawo okuhlala kuyo, kunama-nuances - ngokwesibonelo, izikhova ezishisayo zingondla ngezicabucabu ezinkulu. Iningi lezinhlobo zizingela ebusuku, yize kukhona nabazingeli basemini - ngokwesibonelo, isikhova esikhulu esimpunga.
Njengomthetho, lezi zilwane ezidla izinyoni zindizela ngaphandle ebumnyameni, zilalelisise futhi zibambe yonke imisindo, ngisho neziqubu ezithule nezikude azibaleki kuzo. Izikhova zinquma ngosayizi wesilwane ngomsindo futhi, uma silingana, okungukuthi, sincane ngokwanele, ziye ziqamekele ukuze zingasabisi inyamazane engaba khona ngomsindo wamaphiko azo.
Ngemuva kwalokho balinda umzuzu lapho engakwazi ukuzivikela khona, futhi bamfinyelele kudeshi elilodwa ngokushesha, basebenzise ukuzwa okukodwa ukuthola indawo ngqo. Ukuphuthuma okunjalo kwesisulu kuvame ukushesha kakhulu, ukuze isisulu singabi naso ngisho nesikhathi sokubuyela ezingqondweni zaso, njengoba kuvela ezinzwaneni zesikhova esi-tawny - kwesinye isikhathi sinqoba amamitha ayi-5-8.
Lezi zinyoni ziqothula amagundane ngempumelelo, ngakho-ke, uma isikhova sihlala eduze komhlaba olinyiwe, kuzuzisa wona kuphela. Zincamela ukuzondla ngamagundane, futhi zibheke ezinye izisulu kuphela uma zingabanjwa, zingabhubhisa amagundane ayi-150-200 ngenyanga.
Kepha kulabo abazingela enyakatho ngokuvuna izikhumba kubo ingozi enkulu - abagcini ngokuqothula izilwane ezibalulekile zoboya, kepha futhi bavame ukudla labo asebevele bebanjiwe, konakalisa izikhumba - angithi, akudingeki babanjwe.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Owl Tawny
Isikhova sizingela ebumnyameni, kodwa hhayi ebusuku - sivame ukukwenza kusihlwa noma ekuseni kakhulu ngaphambi kokuntwela kokusa. Kulokhu, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zinezinto ezizithandayo. Ezinye izikhova zize zizingele emini, futhi ngisho nalezo ezivame ukusebenza ebusuku kwesinye isikhathi zingakwenza emini - ikakhulukazi ebusika.
Isikhova ngokuvamile sinesikhathi esiningi esikhululekile ekuzingeleni nasekulaleni; sisisebenzisa esidlekeni saso noma esiseduzane, imvamisa asibonisi msebenzi omningi futhi siyaphumula nje. Ngasikhathi sinye, uhlala ephapheme futhi ekulungele ukuhlasela noma ephumule.
Uma isikhova esi-tawny siqaphela okuthile okusolisayo, siyabuka buthule, sizame ukungazinikeli ngaso. Uma ethathe isinqumo sokuthi ingozi inkulu, khona-ke undiza asuke ngendlela engenamsindo, noma ahlasele uma kunesidingo sokuvikela amaphuphu. Izikhova ezinombala omnyama azenzi nhlobo imisindo, kepha ekushoneni kwelanga kwesinye isikhathi ziqala ukukhala.
Ngemuva kwalokho baqala ukulungiselela ukuzingelwa: bangandiza kusengaphambili, imvamisa iphansi ngenhla komhlaba - ngesikhathi sezindiza ezinjalo, babheka izisulu ezizayo. Izindiza ezinjalo ziba njalo kakhulu uma kukhona inyamazane encane, futhi ngobuningi bayo, inyoni imvamisa ayikhathazeki futhi ayenzi "ukuhlola" okunjalo. Uma inyamazane ezungeze indlu yakhe inganele njalo, angandiza aye kwenye indawo.
Isikhathi sokuphila sezikhova sinqunywa ngosayizi wazo - uma zikhula lezi zinyoni, zihlala isikhathi eside ngokwesilinganiso. Kuzikhova ezivamile zesikhova, ngokufanele, isikhathi sokuphila sifushane futhi imvamisa iba yiminyaka emihlanu, kanti ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu ingafinyelela eminyakeni engu-7-8.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Yize izikhova zivame ukuthambekela kokuhlala phansi, kwesinye isikhathi inani elikhulu labantu lingandiza amabanga amade ngasikhathi sinye. Bangakwazi futhi ukuhlala ezindaweni lapho lezi zinhlobo zazingamelwe nhlobo phambilini, ngaleyo ndlela kwandiswe ububanzi bazo. Izinyoni ezisencane zibamba iqhaza ekufudukeni kwabantu abaningi kangaka lapho zikhula ekwindla.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Amachwane we-Owl
Imvamisa, izikhova zihlala ngazimbili, zingahlala futhi ngamaqembu amakhulu, kepha kude kakhulu, ngoba uma kungenjalo ngeke kube khona isisulu esanele sawo wonke umuntu. Kodwa-ke, kuya ngohlobo lwenyoni: kunezinye ezinolaka ezingakubekezeleli ukusondela kwezinye izikhova, kuncane - kwesinye isikhathi zihlala esihlahleni esisodwa nezinyoni ezidla ezinye izinhlobo.
Izinyoni ezincane, ngokwesibonelo, abadlulayo, basabela esikhova esindizayo ngokukhala okuthusayo, bexwayisa izihlobo zabo ngengozi. Imvamisa ayincintisani nezilwane ezinkulu ezidla ezinye, ngoba zizingela emini, kepha izingxabano zisenokwenzeka.
Ezinye izinhlobo zinendawo enkulu futhi zivame ukuvikela "isizinda" sazo. Uma othile ekuzo, inyoni iyakhala futhi ngazo zonke izindlela ikhombise ukulungela kwayo ukuhlasela, kepha ayihlaseli ngokushesha futhi inikeze isikhathi sokuhamba. Uma "umhlaseli" engalisebenzisanga leli thuba, uqhubekela ezenzweni ezisebenzayo - amakati, izinja, izimpungushe, nabantu futhi, bahlaselwe yizikhova ngaphezu kwesikhathi esisodwa.
Amabili awenziwanga unyaka owodwa - izikhova zingachitha impilo yazo yonke ndawonye. Ukushada nomuntu oyedwa kukhuthazwa ngokulingana okulinganayo kwabesilisa nabesifazane ngesikhathi sokuthomba. Kepha kwezinye izinhlobo, i-bigamy nayo iyajwayelekile - kwesinye isikhathi abesifazane ababili bahlanganyela owesilisa oyedwa, kanti bangaba nesidleke esisodwa noma ezimbili eduze.
Ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza kabusha, kunezici ezithile ezishiwoyo. Ngakho-ke, iGrey Grey Owl, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo, ayizakhi nhlobo izidleke, kunalokho ihlala ezidlekeni ezilahliwe zezinye izinyoni ezinobukhulu obufanele. Imvamisa, bahlela izidleke emigodini, kwesinye isikhathi zibe ophahleni lwezindlu ezishiyiwe.
Ukuqala kwenkathi yokukhwelana kunqunywa isimo sezulu lapho isikhova sihlala khona. Ezimweni ezibandayo, kungafika nje lapho kuphela ubusika, kuthi phakathi nendawo noma ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo, amaphuphu asevele eqala impilo yawo ezimele. Ezindaweni ezishisayo, kungaba ngasekupheleni kwehlobo noma ekuqaleni kwekwindla. Amasiginali womsindo angahlukaniswa namasiko - lapho kuqala isikhathi sokukhwelana, ihlathi ligcwala ukukhala okuqhubekayo kwabesilisa nezimpendulo ezimfushane zabesifazane.
Zivamise ukubeka amaqanda ukusuka ku-2 kuye ku-4, kuthi ngemva kwalokho awafukamele ngenkuthalo kuze kube yilapho amaphuphu echanyuselwa - lokhu kuvame ukuthatha amasonto amane. Kwesinye isikhathi amaduna nawo abamba iqhaza ekufukameleni, kodwa hhayi kuzo zonke izinhlobo. Zibuye zivikele isidleke ekungeneleleni kwezilwane futhi zilethe ukudla kwabesifazane abangakwazi ukuyeka ukuqandusela amaqanda ngokuzingela.
Amachwane asanda kuzalwa anemhlophe phansi, bese kuthi imivimbo emnyama imboze kancane kancane. Ngenyanga eyodwa nohhafu, sebevele bekwazi ukundiza kancane, futhi bazinikele ngokuphelele ngo-3-4. Cishe ngokushesha ngemuva kwalokho, bayashiya esidlekeni baqale ukuhlala ngokuzimela, yize kwezinye izinhlobo izikhova ezincane zingahlala nabazali bazo izinyanga ezifika kwezingu-6-7.
Izitha zemvelo zezikhova
Isithombe: Grey Owl
Azikho izitha ezikhethekile - okungukuthi, akekho ozizingela ngamabomu. Kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi izikhova azikho engozini - empeleni, zikhona impela ezimbalwa zazo. Ngaphezu kwezifo ezibulalayo nokuntuleka kokudla okunempilo, okuyizimbangela ezivame kakhulu zokufa kwabo, izinyoni ezinkulu ezidla inyama nazo zingaba yingozi.
Okokuqala, izikhova zisongelwa izinkozi, izinkozi zegolide noklebe. Noma zicishe zilingane, lezi zinyoni zinamaphiko athuthuke kakhulu ezizinika ithuba, futhi zinolaka kakhulu futhi zivumelane nokulwa nezinye izinyoni.
Yize isikhova sikwazi ukuzimela, ikakhulukazi uma bekufanele sivikele isidleke - kulokhu, silwa nanoma yimuphi umhlaseli, ngaphandle kwamathuba, noma ngabe ibhere lithathe isinqumo sokudla amaqanda. Ngakho-ke, kungcono ungasondeli esidlekeni - inyoni ethukuthele ingavimbela ngisho namehlo ayo.
Ingozi nayo ingasongelwa izikhova ezinkudlwana, ikakhulukazi izikhova, kanye nabantu bezinye izizwe - imvamisa izikhova aziphikisani, kepha kukhona okuhlukile. Esikhathini esiningi zihlotshaniswa nokugcwala ngokweqile kwendawo yizikhova, ngenxa yokuthi kuvela ukungqubuzana phakathi kwazo ukudla.
Ngokuvamile, indoda iba imbangela yokufa kwesikhova esi-tawny: abazingeli bayabadubula, bawela ezingibeni ezibekwe kumagundane, noma bafakwe ubuthi ngenxa yokulwa namagundane afanayo ngosizo lwe-zinc phosphide.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: inyoni ye-Owl
Cishe zonke izinhlobo zezikhova zasendle zihlukaniswa njengeNkinga Engaphansi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ububanzi babo bubanzi ngokwanele, futhi inani labantu likhulu, ngakho-ke akukho lutho olubasongelayo. Vele, ngenxa yokwehla kwesibalo samahlathi, kuba kuncane futhi kungacaci, kepha kusenendawo enkulu impela kubo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, bayakwazi ukuhlala esikhaleni esakhiwe ngabantu, ngisho nasezindaweni zokuhlala - futhi ezimweni ezinjalo bazingela emasimini aseduze. Izinhlobo eziningana zisalokhu zingandile futhi zithole isimo sokusongelwa - noma kunjalo, azikho ezibalwe kuRed Book yamazwe omhlaba.
Kepha kwezinye izindawo, izinhlobo ezingavamile zingathathwa ngaphansi kokuvikelwa uma inhloso ukuzivikela esifundeni. Isibonelo, isikhova esinomsila omude sivikelwe emazweni aseBaltic, eBelarus, e-Ukraine, nakwezinye izindawo zaseRussia.
Kungathathwa izinyathelo ezahlukahlukene ukonga inani labantu, isibonelo, ukuhlelwa kwezidleke zokufakelwa ezindaweni lapho, ngenxa yokuvuselelwa kwamahlathi, kunzima ukuthola isihlahla esidala esinomgodi ofanele isidleke. Ngenxa yalokhu, izingodo noma amabhokisi angenalutho aqoqwe ndawonye avela emabhodini alengiswa ezihlahleni eziseduze nemiphetho.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Njengezinye izikhova, izikhova zinokuzwa okuhle ngokwedlulele - ziyakwazi ukuthatha imisindo enokuvama okungu-2 Hz, uma kuqhathaniswa, indlebe yomuntu ingezwa kusuka ku-16 Hz. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlebe zitholakala ngokulingana - lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi unqume kangcono ukuthi isisulu esizwakalayo siphi.
Isikhova esimnyama Isidliwayo sasebusuku esidlala indima ebalulekile ku-ecosystem. Futhi kungcono ukuthi ungabathukuthelisi, ngoba bona, noma bethule futhi bancane ngosayizi, baba yizimpi kakhulu uma kufanele uzivikele. Lezi yizinyoni zasehlathini ezithokozisayo okufanele zifundwe, okufanele zihlukaniswe nezinye izikhova - zinemikhuba ehluke kancane nendlela yokuphila.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 25.06.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/23/2019 ngo-21: 38
