Ushaka waseGreenland ihamba kancane, kepha ngakolunye uhlangothi iphila isikhathi eside ngokumangazayo, lokhu kungenye yezimangaliso zangempela zemvelo: kokubili ubude bempilo yayo nokuzivumelanisa kwayo namanzi eqhwa kuyathakazelisa. Ngezinhlanzi zalolu sayizi, lezi zici zehlukile. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ngokungafani "nezihlobo" zakhe eziseningizimu, uzolile futhi akasabisi abantu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: ushaka waseGreenland
I-superorder yezinhlanzi ezidlayo ibizwa ngokuthi oshaka, igama labo ngesiLatini nguSelachii. Omdala kunabo bonke, ama-hybodontids, wavela enkathini ephezulu ye-Devonia. USelachia wasendulo wanyamalala ngesikhathi sokuqothulwa kwePermian, kwavula indlela yokuvela okusebenzayo kwezinhlobo ezisele kanye nokuguqulwa kwazo kube oshaka banamuhla.
Ukubukeka kwazo kubuyele ekuqaleni kweMesozoic futhi kuqala ngokuhlukaniswa koshaka nemisebe efanele. Phakathi nezikhathi ze-Lower and Middle Jurassic, kwakukhona ukuziphendukela okusebenzayo, khona-ke cishe kwakhiwa yonke imiyalo yanamuhla, kufaka phakathi ama-katraniformes, okukhona kuwo ushaka waseGreenland.
Ividiyo: IGreenland Shark
Ngokuyinhloko oshaka bahehwa, futhi kuze kube namuhla basakhangwa yizilwandle ezifudumele, ukuthi abanye babo bahlala kanjani olwandle olubandayo futhi bashintsha bahlala kulo akukakamiswa ngokwethembeka, futhi nokuthi lokhu kwenzeke ngasiphi isikhathi - lo ngomunye wemibuzo ehlala abacwaningi ...
Incazelo yoshaka baseGreenland yenziwa ngo-1801 nguMarcus Bloch noJohann Schneider. Ngemuva kwalokho bathola igama lesayensi i-squalus microcephalus - igama lokuqala lisho katrana, elesibili lihunyushwa ngokuthi "ikhanda elincane".
Ngemuva kwalokho, kanye nolunye uhlobo lwendalo, babelwa umndeni wama-somnios, ngenkathi beqhubeka nokuba yingxenye ye-catraniforms. Ngokunjalo, igama lohlobo lashintshwa laba yiSomniosus microcephalus.
Kakade ngo-2004, kwatholakala ukuthi abanye boshaka, ababekade behlukaniswa njengeGreenlandic, empeleni bayizinhlobo ezihlukile - babizwa nge-Antarctic. Njengoba igama lisho, bahlala e-Antarctic - futhi kuphela kuyo, kuyilapho abaseGreenland - behlala e-Arctic kuphela.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Isici esiphawuleka kakhulu salo shaka wukuphila isikhathi eside. Kulabo bantu okutholwe ubudala babo, omdala kunabo bonke uneminyaka engu-512. Lokhu kwenza kube i-vertebrate endala kunazo zonke eziphilayo. Bonke abamele lolu hlobo, ngaphandle kokuthi bafe ngamanxeba noma izifo, bayakwazi ukuphila kuze kube seminyakeni eyikhulu namakhulu ambalwa.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Greenland Arctic Shark
Inesimo esifana ne-torpedo, emzimbeni wayo ngezinga eliphansi kakhulu kunaboshaka abaningi, amaphiko ahlukaniswa ngokubonakalayo, ngoba usayizi wawo mncane kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, athuthukile kahle, njengesiqu somsila, ngakho-ke ijubane loshaka iGreenland alihlukile neze.
Ikhanda nalo aligqamisi kakhulu ngenxa yempumulo emfushane futhi eyindilinga. Ama-gill slits mancane uma kuqhathaniswa nosayizi kashaka uqobo. Amazinyo aphezulu anciphile, kuyilapho lawo aphansi, kunalokho, ebanzi, ngaphezu kwalokho, acabalele futhi ahlanganiswa, ngokungafani nalawa aphezulu aphezulu.
Ubude obumaphakathi bakalo shaki bungamamitha ayi-3-5, kanti isisindo singama-300-500 kilograms. Ushaka waseGreenland ukhula kancane, kepha futhi uhlala isikhathi eside ngokumangazayo - amakhulu eminyaka, futhi ngalesi sikhathi abantu abadala kunabo bonke bangafika kumamitha ayi-7 bese benesisindo esifinyelela ku-1,500 kilograms.
Umbala wabantu abahlukene ungahluka kakhulu: okukhanyayo kunombala ophuzi-ukhilimu, futhi amnyama kakhulu acishe abe mnyama. Yonke imibala yesikhashana nayo iyethulwa. Umbala uncike endaweni yokuhlala nemikhuba yokudla koshaka, futhi ungashintsha kancane. Imvamisa iyafana, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kuba nezindawo ezimnyama noma ezimhlophe ngemuva.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ososayensi bachaza isikhathi eside soshaka baseGreenland ngokuyinhloko ngokuthi bahlala endaweni ebandayo - imetabolism yomzimba wabo yehliswe kakhulu, ngakho-ke izicubu zigcinwa isikhathi eside kakhulu. Ukufundwa kwalaba shaka kunganikeza ukhiye wokubambezela ukuguga komuntu..
Uhlala kuphi ushaka waseGreenland?
Isithombe: ushaka waseGreenland
Bahlala kuphela e-Arctic, olwandle oluqhwaqhwa - enyakatho yanoma yimuphi omunye ushaka. Incazelo ilula: ushaka waseGreenland uwuthanda kakhulu amakhaza futhi, uma eselwandle olufudumele, usheshe afe, ngoba umzimba wawo uguqulwe kuphela ngamanzi abandayo. Izinga lokushisa lamanzi elikhethwayo lisebangeni elisuka ku-0.5 liye ku-12 ° C.
Ngokuyinhloko indawo yayo yokuhlala ihlanganisa izilwandle ze-Atlantic ne-Arctic Oceans, kodwa hhayi zonke - okokuqala, zihlala ngasogwini lwaseCanada, eGreenland nasolwandle olusenyakatho neYurophu, kepha kulezo ezigeza iRussia kusuka enyakatho, zimbalwa kakhulu zazo.
Izindawo zokuhlala eziyinhloko:
- ngasogwini lwasenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-US uthi (Maine, Massachusetts);
- itheku laseSt. Lawrence;
- uLwandle i-Labrador;
- ULwandle iBaffin;
- Ulwandle iGreenland;
- IBay of Biscay;
- Ulwandle Olusenyakatho;
- amanzi azungeze i-Ireland ne-Iceland.
Imvamisa zingatholakala ngqo eshalofini, eduze nogu lwasempumalanga noma eziqhingini, kepha kwesinye isikhathi zingabhukuda zize ziye olwandle, ekujuleni okungafika kumamitha angama-2 200. Kepha imvamisa awehli ekujuleni okunjalo ngokweqile - ehlobo babhukuda amamitha angamakhulu amaningana ngaphansi komhlaba.
Ebusika, basondela ogwini, ngalesi sikhathi bangatholakala endaweni ye-surf noma ngisho nasemlanjeni womfula, emanzini angajulile. Ushintsho ekujuleni emini nalo luphawuliwe: oshaka abaningana abavela kubantu baseBaffin Sea, ababebonwa, behlela ekujuleni kwamamitha angamakhulu amaningana ekuseni, futhi kusukela emini bakhuphuka, njalonjalo nsuku zonke.
Yini edliwa ushaka waseGreenland?
Isithombe: Greenland Arctic Shark
Akakwazi ukuthuthukisa hhayi kuphela okuphezulu, kepha ngisho nesivinini esimaphakathi: umkhawulo wakhe ngu-2.7 km / h, ohamba kancane kunezinye izinhlanzi. Futhi lokhu kusashesha kuye - akakwazi ukugcina isivinini "esiphakeme" isikhathi eside, futhi imvamisa kuba ngu-1-1.8 km / h. Ngezimfanelo ezinesivinini esikhulu kangaka, akakwazi ukuhambisana nokubamba olwandle.
Ubuvila buchazwa iqiniso lokuthi amaphiko akhe amafushane, futhi isisindo sikhulu, ngaphandle kwalokho, ngenxa yokuhamba kancane komzimba, imisipha yakhe nayo iyahamba kancane: kuthatha imizuzwana eyisikhombisa ukwenza ukunyakaza okukodwa ngomsila wayo!
Yize kunjalo, ushaka waseGreenland uzondla ngezilwane ngokushesha ukwedlula yena - kunzima kakhulu ukuwubamba futhi, uma siqhathanisa ngesisindo, ukuthi bangaki abadla ushaka waseGreenland abangabamba futhi abanye basheshe abahlala ezilwandle ezifudumele, umphumela uzohluka kakhulu. futhi nangama-oda wobukhulu - ngokwemvelo, hhayi ngokuvumelana neGreenlandic.
Noma kunjalo, ngisho nokubanjwa ngesizotha kumanele, ngoba isifiso sakhe sokudla futhi siyimiyalo ephansi kakhulu kunaleyo yoshaka abasheshayo besisindo esifanayo - lokhu kungenxa yesici esifanayo semetabolism ephuza.
Isisekelo sokudla koshaka eGreenland:
- inhlanzi;
- ama-stingray;
- umqubuko;
- izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle.
Lesi sakamuva sithakazelisa ngokukhethekile: zishesha kakhulu, ngakho-ke, ngenkathi ziphapheme, ushaka akanalo ithuba lokuzibamba. Ngakho-ke, ibaqamekela belele - futhi balala emanzini ukuze bangabi yizisulu zamabhere asezindaweni eziphakeme. Le yiyo kuphela indlela oshaka baseGreenland abangasondela ngayo badle inyama, isibonelo, uphawu.
I-carrion nayo ingadla: impela ayikwazi ukubaleka, ngaphandle kokuthi izothathwa igagasi elisheshayo, ngemuva kwalokho ushaka waseGreenland ngeke akwazi ukuqhubeka. Ngakho-ke, esiswini sabantu ababanjiwe, izinsalela zezinyamazane namabhere zatholwa, oshaka ngokusobala abakwazanga ukuzibamba.
Uma oshaka abajwayelekile bebhukuda bephunga legazi, khona-ke iGreenland idonswa inyama ebolile, ngenxa yalokho kwesinye isikhathi ilandela imikhumbi yokudoba ngamaqembu wonke futhi ishwabadele izidalwa eziphilayo eziphonswe kuzo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Old Greenland Shark
Ngenxa yemetabolism yabo ephansi, oshaka baseGreenland benza konke kancane kakhulu: bayabhukuda, baphenduke, bavele futhi bacwilise. Ngenxa yalokhu, bathole idumela njengezinhlanzi ezivilaphayo, kepha empeleni, kubo, zonke lezi zenzo zibonakala zishesha, ngakho-ke akunakushiwo ukuthi ziyavilapha.
Abanakho ukuzwa okuhle, kepha banomuzwa omuhle kakhulu wephunga, abathembele kuwo ngokuyinhloko lapho befuna ukudla - kunzima ukukuthiya ukuzingela. Ingxenye ebalulekile yosuku ichithwa kulokhu kusesha. Isikhathi esisele sinikelwe ukuphumula, ngoba abakwazi ukuchitha amandla amaningi.
Babizwa ngokuhlaselwa kwabantu, kepha empeleni, ubudlova babo abulotshiwe: amacala kuphela aziwa lapho elandela imikhumbi noma abahlukahlukene, ngenkathi engakhombisi izinhloso ezinolaka ezicacile.
Noma kusenganekwaneni yase-Iceland, oshaka baseGreenland babonakala behudula futhi bedla abantu, kepha, uma kubhekwa konke okubonakalayo kwesimanje, lokhu kumane nje kuyizingathekiso, futhi empeleni aziyona ingozi kubantu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Abaphenyi abakabi nokuvumelana ngokuthi ngabe ushaka waseGreenland angahlukaniswa yini njengomzimba onokuguga okuncane. Kuvele ukuthi beyizinhlobo eziphila isikhathi eside kakhulu: umzimba wabo awukhuli ngokudangala ngenxa yesikhathi, kepha bafa ngokulimala noma ngezifo. Kufakazelwe ukuthi lezi zidalwa zifaka ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi, izimfudu, izimvukuzane, i-hydra.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: ushaka waseGreenland
Iminyaka ihluke ngokuphelele kubo - ngokungabonakali kakhulu kunabantu, ngoba zonke izinqubo emzimbeni wabo zihamba kancane kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, zifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili cishe ngeminyaka eyikhulu nesigamu: ngaleso sikhathi, abesilisa bakhula bafike esilinganisweni samamitha ama-3, kuthi abesifazane bafinyelele kokuphindwe kabili nohafu ngobukhulu.
Isikhathi sokuzala kabusha siqala ehlobo, ngemuva kokukhulelwa, owesifazane uzala amaqanda angamakhulu amaningana, kuyilapho isilinganiso soshaka abayisishiyagalombili kuya kweziyisishiyagalombili esevele esekhulile, esezelwe afinyelela osayizi abahlaba umxhwele - cishe amasentimitha angama-90. Insikazi izishiya ngokushesha ngemuva kokubeletha futhi ayinendaba.
Izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa kufanele zifune ukudla futhi zilwe nabazingeli bazo - eminyakeni embalwa yokuqala yokuphila, iningi lazo liyafa, yize zimbalwa izidlo emanzini asenyakatho kunalezo eziseningizimu ezifudumele. Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu ukuhamba kancane, ngenxa yalokho cishe abanakho ukuzivikela - ngenhlanhla, okungenani osayizi abakhulu bavikela kubahlaseli abaningi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Oshaka baseGreenland abenzi ama-otoliths endlebeni yangaphakathi, okwenze kwaba nzima ukuthola iminyaka yabo - ukuthi baneminyaka eyikhulu, ososayensi bazi isikhathi eside, kodwa ukuthi bahlala isikhathi eside kangakanani akunqunywa.
Inkinga yaxazululwa ngosizo lokuhlaziywa kwe-lens ye-radiocarbon: ukwakheka kwamaprotheni kuwo kwenzeka ngisho nangaphambi kokuzalwa kukashaka, futhi awashintshi kukho konke ukuphila kwawo. Ngakho-ke kwavela ukuthi abantu abadala baphila amakhulu eminyaka.
Izitha zemvelo zoshaka baseGreenland
Isithombe: Greenland Arctic Shark
Oshaka abadala banezitha ezimbalwa: ezilwaneni ezizingelayo ezinkulu ezilwandle ezibandayo, imikhomo ebulalayo itholakala ikakhulu. Abaphenyi bathola ukuthi yize ezinye izinhlanzi zidla kakhulu kwimenyu yemikhomo ebulalayo, ingahle ibandakanye noshaka bomphetho. Zingaphansi kwemikhomo ebulala ngosayizi nangejubane, futhi cishe azikwazi ukuphikisana nazo.
Ngakho-ke, kuvela ukuthi bayizisulu ezilula, kepha ukuthi inyama yabo iheha kangakanani imikhomo ebulalayo ayikatholakali ngokuthembekile - phela igcwele i-urea, futhi iyingozi kubantu nasezilwaneni eziningi. Phakathi kwezinye izilwane ezidla ulwandle olusenyakatho, akekho noyedwa oshaka abadala eGreenland osongelwayo.
Iningi labo lifa ngenxa yomuntu, noma ngabe akukho ukudoba okusebenzayo. Kunombono phakathi kwabadobi wokuthi badla izinhlanzi kusukela kulokho kubanjwa futhi bakumoshe, ngoba abanye babadobi, uma behlangabezana naleso silwane, bayasika umsila waso, bese besiphonsa olwandle - ngokwemvelo, siyafa.
Bacasulwa ama-parasites, futhi ngaphezu kwabanye ngokufana nezikelemu, okungena emehlweni. Kancane kancane badla okuqukethwe yinhlamvu yeso, ngenxa yalokhu umbono uyawohloka, futhi kwesinye isikhathi izinhlanzi ziba yimpumputhe ngokuphelele. Cishe ngamehlo abo, ama-copepod akhanyayo angahlala - ubukhona bawo buboniswa nge-luminescence eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Oshaka baseGreenland bangaphila ezimweni ze-Arctic yi-trimethylamine oxide equkethwe izicubu zomzimba, ngosizo lwawo amaprotheni asemzimbeni angaqhubeka nokusebenza emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-° C - ngaphandle kwawo, azolahlekelwa ukuzinza. Futhi ama-glycoprotein akhiqizwa yilaba oshaka asebenza njenge-antifreeze.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Old Greenland Shark
Azifakwanga enanini lezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa, noma kunjalo, azikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi ziphumelele - zinezinga lokuthi zisengozini kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yesilinganiso sabantu esiphansi, esincipha kancane kancane, yize inani lentengiso lale nhlanzi liphansi.
Kepha kunjalo - okokuqala, amanoni wesibindi sabo ayabaluleka. Lesi sitho sikhulu kakhulu, isisindo saso singafinyelela ku-20% wesisindo somzimba soshaka. Inyama yayo eluhlaza inoshevu, iholela ekufakweni kokudla, ukudlikizela, futhi kwezinye izimo, ukufa. Kepha ngokucubungula kwesikhathi eside, ungenza i-haucarl kuyo bese uyidla.
Ngenxa yesibindi esiyigugu nokukwazi ukusebenzisa inyama, ushaka waseGreenland phambilini wayebanjwe ngenkuthalo e-Iceland naseGreenland, ngoba ukukhetha lapho kwakungekho ebanzi kakhulu. Kepha engxenyeni edlule yekhulu leminyaka, bekungekho neze indawo yokudoba, futhi ibanjwa ikakhulukazi njengeyokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi.
Ukudoba ezemidlalo, lapho oshaka abaningi bahlupheka khona, nakho akukwenziwanga maqondana nakho: akunantshisekelo kangako ekulobeni ngenxa yokuhamba kancane kwayo kanye nokuvilapha kwayo, akunikezi nhlobo ukumelana nakho. Ukudoba kuso kuqhathaniswa nokudoba isigodo, okuyinto, enenjabulo encane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Indlela yokulungiselela i-haukarl ilula: inyama kashaka enqunywe yaba yizicucu kufanele ifakwe ezitsheni ezigcwele ubhuqu futhi zibe nezimbobo ezindongeni. Isikhathi eside - imvamisa amasonto ayisithupha kuya kwayi-6, "bayabeka", kuphume ujusi oqukethe i-urea.
Ngemuva kwalokho, inyama iyakhishwa, ilenga izingwegwe bese ishiywa ukuze yome emoyeni amasonto ayi-8-18. Ngemuva kwalokho kuqedwe uqweqwe - futhi ungadla. Kuliqiniso, ukunambitheka kucacisiwe, njengoba kunjalo nephunga - akumangazi, ngoba lokhu kuyinyama ebolile. Ngakho-ke, oshaka baseGreenland bacishe bayeka ukubanjwa badliwe lapho kuvela ezinye izindlela, yize kwezinye izindawo i-haukarl iqhubeka nokuphekwa, futhi emadolobheni ase-Iceland kukhona nemikhosi eyenzelwe lesi sidlo.
Ushaka waseGreenland - inhlanzi engenabungozi futhi ethakazelisa kakhulu ukuyifunda. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuvimbela ukwehla okuqhubekayo kwenani labantu, ngoba kubaluleke kakhulu kwizilwane esezivele zimpofu zase-Arctic. Oshaka bakhula kancane futhi bazala kabi, ngakho-ke kuzoba nzima kakhulu ukubuyisa izinombolo zabo ngemuva kokuwela emazingeni abucayi.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 06/13/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/23/2019 ngo-10: 22
