Sonke siyazi kahle inyoka ejwayelekile, kepha sizwe okuncane ngesihlobo sayo samanzi esiseduzane. Imvamisa, lapho bembona, abantu bathatha le nto esivele isakhelwe isirhubuluzi esinobuthi nesiyingozi, okuvela kuso inyoka yamanzi uvame ukuhlupheka. Sizofunda kabanzi ngempilo yayo, imikhuba, isimilo sayo kanye nezinto ezingaphandle ezihlukanisa le nyoka kumfowabo ojwayelekile.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Sivele sinamanzi
Inyoka yamanzi yinyoka engenabuthi yomndeni osuvele umile nohlobo lwezinyoka zangempela. Le creeper ivame ukuphutha njengenyoka eyingozi, ngakho-ke, kwesinye isikhathi, baziphatha ngolaka naye. Okokuqala, ihlukaniswa nenyoka ejwayelekile yamanzi ngombala wayo, ngakho-ke iphutha njengenyoka enobuthi.
Ividiyo: Amanzi vele
Inyoka yamanzi ayinawo amabala aphuzi noma awolintshi ngemuva kwekhanda, njengesihlobo esijwayelekile, amanye amathoni avela embala wayo:
- mpunga;
- nsundu;
- umnqumo oluhlaza okotshani.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Phakathi kwezinyoka zamanzi kukhona ama-melanists, amnyama ngokuphelele.
Inyoka yamanzi ihlukaniswa nenyoka ejwayelekile ngephethini ngendlela yezikwele, umzimba wayo umbozwe ngomhlobiso we-cubic. Akumangalisi ukuthi igama layo lesiLatini "tessellata" ekuhumusheni lisho "ukumbozwa ngamacube" noma "chess". Ngenxa yalokhu kuhluka kombala, abantu babiza inyoka ngokuthi "i-chess viper". Abaningi, impela, bacabanga ukuthi lolu hlobo lwenyoka.
Kakade i-aquatic ayisiyona nje kuphela isihlobo esisondelene nokujwayelekile, kepha futhi nomakhelwane wayo, ngoba ivame ukuhlala eduze, ihlala ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane ezinendawo efanayo nesimo sezulu. Isimo esiyinhloko sempilo yaso ephumelelayo futhi evumayo ubukhona endaweni yokuhlala yomthombo wamanzi, womabili agelezayo namanzi amile.
Ivela endaweni yokuzilibazisa yabageza, imvamisa ibangela ukwethuka nokudideka, kuyilapho yena ehlupheka. Konke lokhu kwesaba nobutha maqondana nenyoka yamanzi ngokungazi kwabantu, empeleni, akunangozi ngokuphelele futhi akunabuthi neze.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inyoka yamanzi
Ngaphezu kokuthi leyo manzi ayisanikwa izindawo ezinombala o-orenji okhanyayo ngemuva kwekhanda, futhi inezinye izici zangaphandle ezihambisana nalolu hlobo oluthile lwento esivele imile. Ubude bomzimba wenyoka yamanzi bungafinyelela imitha elilodwa nohhafu, kepha kuvame ukutholakala abantu abangaba amasentimitha angama-80 ubude.Abesifazane bakhulu kancane futhi bade kunabesilisa. Ubude benyoka ejwayelekile bucishe bufane, bungakhula cishe ngamasentimitha ambalwa kuphela.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nenyoka ejwayelekile, umphetho wamanzi wesifonyo ukhombe kakhulu. Njengoba kuphawuliwe, imvamisa iphutha njengenyoka ngenxa yombala wayo, iphethini lesikhumba, nokuntuleka kwamachashazi ewolintshi. Kodwa-ke, uma ufunda imininingwane yenyoka yamanzi, ungabona ezinye izimpawu ezihlukanisa nesirhubuluzi esinobuthi:
- ikhanda lezinyoka lisesimo sikanxantathu, futhi enyokeni liyindilinga, limile okweqanda;
- amahawu ekhanda makhulu enyokeni, enyokeni mancane kakhulu;
- uma ubheka emehlweni enyoka, uyabona ukuthi inyoka inomfundi oqondile, kanti inyoka inesimo esiyindilinga;
- ngosayizi, inyoka evamile incane kunenyoka, ubude bayo, imvamisa, abudluli kuma-73 cm, nobude benyoka budlula imitha.
Isikali esimboze ingxenye engenhla yesirhubuluzi sinokubhakuza okuthile, kanti izimbambo zitholakala ngokude. Sithole umbala wenyoka ngemuva, futhi isisu sayo kwabesilisa sinokubomvu, futhi kwabesifazane - umbala ophuzi ngokusawolintshi. Ohlangothini lwe-ventral, ingemuva eliyinhloko lihlanjululwe ngamabala amnyama atholakala emzimbeni womuntu wenyoka.
Esinye isici senyoka yamanzi indawo ebunjiwe engu- "V" etholakala ngemuva kwekhanda, iphuzu lalo liqonde phambili. Umbala wesidlo sasebusuku esincane ucishe ufane nalowo wabantu abavuthiwe, izisu zabo kuphela ezinombala omhlophe. Amehlo enyoka anabafundi abayindilinga no-iris ophuzi onamachashazi ampunga.
Ihlala kuphi inyoka yamanzi?
Isithombe: Sivele sisemanzini
Indawo yokwabiwa kwenyoka yamanzi ibanzi impela. Uma kuqhathaniswa nomuntu ojwayelekile ukudla isidlo sakusihlwa, le nyoka ingabhekwa njengokuthanda ukushisa futhi iseningizimu. Wahlala engxenyeni eseningizimu yeYurophu, wahlala eningizimu ye-Ukraine neRussia, ekhethe izindawo zaseDon, Kuban, Volga, ogwini lwe-Azov nolwandle olumnyama.
Uma sichaza imingcele yendawo yokuhlala ejwayelekile yezinyoka, khona-ke isithombe sibukeka kanjena:
- entshonalanga, le ndawo inqunyelwe engxenyeni eseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeFrance (isigodi iRhine);
- eningizimu, umngcele ugudla izifunda ezisenyakatho zezwekazi lase-Afrika, ufinyelela ePakistan nasePersian Gulf;
- indawo esempumalanga yendawo yokuhlala yenyoka idlula endaweni esenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeChina;
- umngcele osenyakatho wale ndawo udlulela ngaphezu kwesigodi iVolga-Kama.
Ngokwalo igama lesilwane esihuquzelayo kuyacaca ukuthi ngeke ibekhona kude nezidumbu zamanzi, kumele nakanjani idinge imithombo yamanzi ezindaweni zayo. Okungukuthi, entweni yamanzi usevele usebenzisa ingxenye yengonyama yesikhathi sakhe. Amanzi akhetha ukuhlala endaweni esogwini echibini, emfuleni, echibini, olwandle. Imisele kanye namachibi okwenziwe ngobuciko ahlala ngokuphelele ezinyokeni. Ama-creepers athande amanzi amile ngokuphelele noma avilaphayo, kepha futhi ahlala emifuleni ebandayo, enesiphepho, esezintabeni. Ezikhungweni zezintaba, inyoka yamanzi nayo ingatholakala ebangeni elingamakhilomitha amathathu.
Esikhathini esiningi, izinyoka zikhethelwa ukuhlala unomphela emachibini anokungena kahle emanzini, imithambeka ebushelelezi embozwe ngubhuqu, inhlabathi noma isihlabathi. Izinyoka zigwema amabhange amakhulu. Izinyoka nazo zidlula imizimba yamanzi engcoliswe kahle, ngoba izingela futhi idle inyamazane encane ngaphandle kokukhasa emanzini. Izindawo ezikhonjwe kakhulu lapho izilwane ezihuquzelayo zithanda ukuphumula nokuphumula khona ngamatshe amakhulu ayizicaba atholakala osebeni, noma amagatsha ezihlahla agobe ngqo ngaphezulu kwamanzi. Izinyoka ziqonde ngokuphelele futhi zihamba esihlokweni sezihlahla, ngakho-ke zivame ukukhuphuka emagatsheni ezitshalo atholakala echibini.
Amanzi adlani?
Isithombe: UVodyanoy usevele kwiRed Book
Akumangalisi ukuthi imenyu yokudla kwakusihlwa yakhiwe kakhulu yizitsha zezinhlanzi. Uzingela ukudla okuthandayo, kokubili ngosawoti namanzi amasha.
Ukudla kwezinhlanzi kuqukethe:
- carp esiphambanweni;
- ama-perches;
- i-roach;
- ama-loaches;
- izimbotshana;
- ukhaphethi omncane;
- kwesinye isikhathi amapiki.
Kumanje umunca izinhlanzi ezincane ngqo kukholamu lamanzi, futhi kufanele athambise izinhlanzi ezinkulu, ngakho-ke uqonde nazo ogwini.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngokuzingela okulodwa okuphumelelayo, usevele uyakwazi ukugwinya izinhlanzi ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezine ezingamasentimitha amathathu, kepha izinhlanzi ezinkulu kakhulu (ezingaba ngu-15 cm ubude) ziyatholakala ekudleni kwakhe.
Ngaphezu kokudoba, i-aquatic ayikuphikisi ukuba nesidlwana esinamaxoxo, onoshobishobi, izinyoka, ama-newt. Ezizalweni zemifula zoLwandle i-Azov naseCrimea, isivele idla ama-gobies ngobuningi, ngakho abomdabu bayibiza ngokuthi "goby-head". Izinyoka zamanzi zikhetha ukuzingela ngezindlela ezimbili: zingacasha zilinde isisulu ziqamekele, bese zihlasela ngejubane lombani, noma zibandakanyeka ekuphishekeleni isisulu esingaba yisisulu, zihamba ngobuciko ekujuleni.
Uma ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa isisulu sikwazi ukubaleka, ngeke simfice, uzothola into entsha yokuzingela. Imvamisa isirhubuluzi sibamba maphakathi nomzimba wezinhlanzi, sibambe inyamazane enkulu ngemihlathi bese sibhukuda naso siye ogwini, siyibambe ngaphezu kwamanzi. Inamathele ngomsila wayo kunoma iliphi ihlathi elingasogwini, isivele ihudulela umthwalo wayo osindayo emhlabathini.
Ukudla kuqala ngokugwinya ikhanda lenhlanzi. Ubungako besisulu bungaba bukhulu kunesidlo sakusihlwa, ngakho-ke isilwane esihuquzelayo siyasigwinya ngosizo lwamajoyini ashukumisayo omhlathi ongezansi namathambo aseduze. Uma ubheka lo mbono, kubonakala sengathi usevele wakhasa isisulu sakhe.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kuyaziwa ngokuthembekile ukuthi inyoka encane encane ejwayelekile yatholakala esiswini senye yezinyoka zamanzi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Sivele sinamanzi
Izinyoka zamanzi yizilwane ezidla izinyoka zasemini ezisebenza ngesikhathi sasemini. Iphuma emgodini wayo ekuseni kakhulu, ifudumala isikhathi eside emisebeni yelanga lasekuseni. Uchitha isikhathi esiningi emanzini, aphume kuwo ntambama kuphela, bese ecasha endaweni yakhe yokukhosela kuze kube sekuseni. Izinyoka azikuthandi ukushisa okunamandla, ngakho-ke emahoreni anjalo ashisayo zicasha emanzini noma ezihlahleni ezisogwini ezinomthunzi.
Kusuka egameni lesirhubuluzi, kuyacaca ukuthi izinyoka zingabhukudi abahle kakhulu nabatshuzi abahle kakhulu, abahamba kahle emhlabeni ongaphansi kwamanzi futhi abangahlala kukholamu yamanzi isikhathi eside. Imvamisa, inyoka ngayinye inesiqephu sayo somhlaba, enamathela kuso, ihamba phakathi kwayo ngamamitha angamakhulu amabili kuya kwamakhulu amane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukubukwa kwezinyoka zamanzi akuhluleki, kubukhali kakhulu futhi kuyazwela. Njengoba sibonile ezinemilenze emibili ngisho kude ibanga lamamitha ayishumi, ezihuquzelayo uyashesha ukucwila ujule futhi ugweme umhlangano engadingeki.
Izinyoka ziwela ku-torpor yasebusika lapho kuqala isithwathwa sokuqala, esivame ukwenzeka ngo-Okthoba-Novemba. Ukuhamba kwabo kulahlekile vele lapho kufika uSepthemba, lapho kuqala ukubanda. Ubusika bungashada noma buhlangene. Imibhede, lapho izinyoka zisinda khona esikhathini sobusika esinzima, isetshenziswe yibo iminyaka eminingi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kwesinye isikhathi ngesikhathi sobusika obuhlangene endaweni yokukhosela, kunezibonelo ezingaba ngamakhulu amabili zedina. Imvamisa, izinyoka zamanzi zasebusika emgodini owodwa nozakwabo abajwayelekile.
Ukuvuswa kokugqwayiza okumisiwe kwenzeka lapho izinga lokushisa eliseduze lifudumala lize lifike kumadigri ayi-10 ngesibonakaliso sokuhlanganisa, kulokhu kuba ekupheleni kukaMashi noma ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, konke kuncike esifundeni sokuhlala unomphela. Izinyoka ezisanda kuvuswa zibukeka zivila futhi zihamba kancane, zilulama kancane kancane futhi zithole ubukhazikhazi obulahlekile ebusika.
Inqubo ye-molting ezinyokeni zamanzi yenzeka kaningana ngonyaka. Kunobufakazi bokuthi i-molt yenzeka njalo ngenyanga ehlobo. Uma sikhuluma ngomlingiswa nangokubukeka kwalesi silwanyana esinwabuzelayo, singasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi amanzi ayisidalwa esinokuthula, awazange aqashelwe ekuhlaselweni kwabantu ngonya. Naye uqobo uzama ukuba owokuqala ukuhlehla lapho ebona abantu ukuze bahlale bephephile futhi bephilile.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Inyoka yamanzi
Lapho izinyoka ekugcineni zilahlekelwa ubundonda bazo basebusika ngemuva kokulala, inkathi yazo yomshado iyaqala. Ngemuva kwalokho izinyoka zamanzi zihlangana ngamaqembu wonke, lapho kwakhiwa khona ngazimbili, zilungele ukukhwelwa. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zivuthwa ngokocansi zisondele eminyakeni emithathu ubudala. Ngemuva kwenkathi yokukhwelana okunesiphepho, abesifazane baqala ukulungiselela ukubekela amaqanda.
Ngo bamba kungaba kusuka 4 kuya 20 kubo, inqubo ukuhlehlisa kuyinto eside impela futhi kuthatha amahora ambalwa zilandelana for umama ngamunye okhulelwe. I-clutch yowesifazane ibekwe enhlabathini evulekile futhi enomswakama, ngaphansi kwamatshe amakhulu. Amaqanda asanda kuzalwa asobala, ngakho-ke ukubonakala kombungu kubonakala ngegobolondo.
Isikhathi sokufukamela sithatha cishe izinyanga ezimbili. Izinyoka ezisanda kwenziwa zabantwana kusukela ekuzalweni zikhulise umsebenzi, ukuzimela kanye nobuchule. Zikhasa ngokushesha futhi zibukeka zifana ncamashi nabazali bazo, zinikeze zona ngosayizi kuphela. Ubude bezinyoka ezincane buphakathi kwamasentimitha ayi-16 kuye kwangama-19. Cishe ngaso leso sikhathi, abancane baya kozingela okokuqala inhlanzi ethosiwe.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ezinyokeni zamanzi, njengasezinsukwini ezivamile, kunezindlwana ezihlangene, ezingaba namaqanda afinyelela enkulungwaneni.
Emanzini asemile kakade, umncintiswano womshado wasekwindla nawo uyenzeka, lapho izilwane ezihuquzelayo, ngaphambi kokulala, ziqala ukukhwelana futhi. Kulokhu, ukubekwa kwamaqanda kudluliselwa ehlobo elilandelayo.
Ngenxa yokungazi kwabo, abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi inyoka yamanzi ingumphumela wokuwela inyoka ejwayelekile nenyoka, okuyinto engalungile kakhulu. Lokhu kucabanga akulungile neze, ngoba lezi ezihuquzelayo ezimbili zingezinhlobo nemindeni ehluke ngokuphelele futhi azikwazi ukuzalana zodwa.
Izitha zemvelo zezinyoka zamanzi
Isithombe: Inyoka yamanzi yaseCaspian
Kubantu, amanzi asevele ephephe ngokuphelele, kepha isilwane esihuquzelayo uqobo silinda izinsongo eziningi. Izinyoka zingaba yizisulu zezilwane nezinyoni ezidla ezinye. Izilwane ezincane ezingenalwazi zisengozini enkulu. Akunjalo neze ngokumelene nokudla okunezinyoka desman, muskrats, weasels, izimpungushe, ama-hedgehogs, izinkozi ezidla izinyoka, izimpungushe ezimpunga, ama-kites, amagwababa. Izinyoka ezincane zivame ukuba yizisulu zezinyoni nezinyoni zasemanzini (mallard).
Ngisho nezinhlanzi ezinkulu njenge-pike ne-catfish zingadla kalula inyoka, ikakhulukazi encane. Ngaphezu kwezinhlanzi, abanye abantu bezinyoka babuye bazidle ngenjabulo izinyoka (i-sand efa, izinyoka ezinamehlo amakhulu nezinamabala aphuzi). I-creeper inamanye amathuluzi okuzivikela ewasebenzisayo lapho isola usongo. Ukwesabisa umuntu ongahlakaniphile, isivele ikhipha umlozi futhi ifihle imfihlo ye-fetid ngosizo lwama-gonads. Le substrate eketshezi ethize iphazamisa inkanuko yezilwane ezidla ezinye, isindisa izimpilo zakusihlwa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: UVodyanoy ungumculi wangempela owenza sengathi ufile ekuzivikeleni, kanti ojwayelekile unethalente elifanayo.
Yize lawo manzi engenabo nhlobo ubuthi, uvame ukuhlupheka ngokungazi kwabantu, ngoba umuntu ngokungazi umthathela inyoka eyingozi. Abaningi asebevele benjengabantu bafa ezimpini ezingalingani kanjalo nabantu, ngakho-ke, lapho bebona ukuhlasela okunemilenze emibili okusondele, bayashesha ukuhlehla, becashe ekujuleni kwamanzi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Sivele sinamanzi
Yize indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwenyoka yamanzi ibanzi kakhulu, lesi silwane esihuquzelayo sithinteka yizinto ezahlukahlukene ezimbi, ngakho-ke inani labantu lalo liyancipha. Ezweni lethu, azikho izinkinga ezinkulu maqondana nenani lezinyoka zamanzi, kuphela kwezinye izindawo lifakwa kwiRed Data Books. EYurophu, izinto zimbi kakhulu, lolu hlobo lwezinto esezivele zimile lukhona onqenqemeni lokuqothulwa okuphelele.
Isimo esinjalo esidabukisayo emazweni ase-Europe singenxa yokuthi banensimu encane, ngakho-ke ayikho indawo yokuhlala izinyoka, abantu babaxoshe yonke indawo. Amapayipi amanzi, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukubekwa kwemigwaqo emikhulu kunomthelela omubi kakhulu kusihlwa sabantu, ngakho-ke kuyanyamalala kulezi zifunda.
Ngaphezu kwazo zonke lezi zinkinga ezingenhla, kunomthelela omubi kusayizi wabantu kanye nasekuwohlokeni kwesimo semvelo, ngoba amadamu amaningi angcoliswe kakhulu futhi awakulungeli isidlo sakusihlwa sempilo. Izinyoka zithinteka kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo zemisindo evela ezikebheni zezimoto, imikhumbi, amakamu asogwini, njll. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi abantu uqobo lwabo babhubhisa izinyoka zamanzi ngenxa yokufana kwabo nenyoka enobuthi.
Endaweni yaseRussia iyonke, lolu hlobo lwenyoka lungaphansi kwesimo esingachazwanga, ngoba alukho ulwazi oluthembekile ngenani labantu abadla isidlo sakusihlwa. Uma sikhuluma ngesimo samazwe omhlaba sokongiwa kwemvelo senyoka yamanzi, kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi lolu hlobo lwezilwane ezihuquzelayo luvikelwe yi-Berne Convention.
Ukuvikelwa kwezinyoka zamanzi
Isithombe: UVodyanoy usevele kwiRed Book
Sesivele sithole ukuthi inani lenyoka yamanzi lehle kakhulu ezindaweni zase-Europe, lapho le nyoka isongelwa ngokuqothulwa. Lesi simo esidabukisayo sixhunywe, okokuqala, neqiniso lokuthi akukho ndawo yokuhlala, ngoba zonke izindawo ezizungezile zigcwele abantu. Isimo sokongiwa kwenyoka yamanzi ezingeni lamazwe omhlaba sithi lolu hlobo lwezilwane ezihuquzelayo lufakiwe esijobelweni sesibili se-Berne Convention for the Protection of European Species of Wild Fauna and Their Habitats (izinhlobo zezilwane ezidinga izinyathelo ezikhethekile zokuzivikela) kusukela ngo-1979 Lezi zinhlobo zithathwa njengezingajwayelekile, kepha inani laso eliqondile alaziwa.
Ezingxenyeni zezwe lethu, isimo nemfuyo yokudla kwakusihlwa asisibi njengaseYurophu, yize inani labantu lincipha kancane kancane kwezinye izindawo. Izici ezingezinhle ukungcoliswa kwemizimba yamanzi kanye nabantu uqobo lwabo ababulala izinyoka zamanzi, babaphutha ngokuthi bayinyoka. Njengamanje, akukho datha ngenani lezinyoka zamanzi; inombolo yabo ethize endaweni yaseRussia nayo ayikasungulwa. Lesi silwane esihuquzelayo sibhalwe eNcwadini Ebomvu yezifunda ezithile: iVoronezh, iSamara, iSaratov.
Phakathi kwezinyathelo zokuzivikela zenyoka yamanzi, ungabhala:
- ukuhlelwa kwezindawo ezikhethekile ezivikelekile;
- ukuvinjelwa kokubamba;
- ukugqugquzela izindlela zokuvikela izinyoka zamanzi phakathi kwabahlali bendawo
- kunciphisa ukugxambukela kwabantu kuma-biotopes endabuko.
Ekuphetheni, kusala ukwengeza ukuthi akuyona yonke into engaziwa eyingozi, kanye nenyoka yamanzi, abaningi abangazange baqagele ukuyithatha njengenyoka ye-chess. Impilo yasemanzini yezinyoka yalesi sithandi sezinhlanzi esingenabungozi iyathakazelisa kakhulu futhi, uma uyiqonde ngokuningiliziwe, uzofunda izinto eziningi ezintsha nezingajwayelekile ezazifihliwe phambilini ngokujula noma ngamahlathi aminyene, amahlathi, ogwini.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 06/14/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 23.09.2019 ngo-12: 05
