Izinkuni grouse inyoni ebabazekayo, lapho kuzwakala khona amandla nokuqina. Umbala omuhle wezimpaphe, uqhwaku oluphakanyisiwe, umsila onjenge-fan okhonze ngokungazithandi kukwenza uthande izinyoni isikhathi eside. Le yinyoni enhle kunazo zonke futhi enkulu kunazo zonke zohlobo lwe-black grouse. Ama-grouse ezinkuni abonakala ngokungahambi kahle, ukusindiswa okusindayo, ukwesaba nokundiza okunomsindo. Abakwazi ukundiza amabanga amade. Abesilisa bahlukaniswa ngombala wezimpaphe omangalisa ngokwengeziwe. Ungathola eminye imininingwane ngale nyoni enhle kule ndatshana.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Capercaillie
Lezi zinhlobo zahlukaniswa okokuqala nguLinnaeus ngaphansi kwegama lamanje lezinyoni eSystema naturae ngo-1758. Manje sesinencazelo ebanzi futhi enembile yezici zentela ze-grouse yezinkuni.
Nawa ama-subspecies amaningana, afakwe kuhlu kusuka entshonalanga kuye empumalanga:
- i-cantabricus (i-Cantabrian common wood grouse) - uCastroviejo, ngo-1967: itholakala entshonalanga yeSpain;
- i-aquitanicus - 1915: itholakala ePyrenees, eSpain naseFrance
- enkulu - 1831: itholakala e-Central Europe (Alps nase-Estonia);
- rudolfi - 1912 : itholakala eNingizimu-mpumalanga Yurophu (kusukela eBulgaria kuya e-Ukraine);
- urogallus - 1758: itholakala eScandinavia naseScotland;
- karelicus - etholakala eFinland naseKarelia;
- i-lonnbergi - itholakala e-Kola Peninsula;
- i-pleskei - etholakala eRepublic of Belarus, engxenyeni emaphakathi yeRussia;
- obsoletus - etholakala engxenyeni esenyakatho neYurophu yeRussia;
- i-volgensis - 1907: itholakala engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu yaseRussia;
- uralensis - 1886: itholakala eUral naseWestern Siberia;
- parvirostris - 1896: Itshe le-capercaillie.
Ama-subspecies abonakala ngokwanda kwenani labamhlophe ezingxenyeni ezingezansi zabesilisa ukusuka entshonalanga kuya empumalanga, cishe amnyama ngokuphelele anezindawo ezimhlophe eziningana ngezansi entshonalanga nasenkabeni yeYurophu kuze kube mhlophe qwa eSiberia, lapho kutholakala khona i-capercaillie ejwayelekile. Abesifazane banokuhluka okuncane kakhulu.
Abantu bomdabu baseScotland, abaphela phakathi kuka-1770 no-1785, kungenzeka ukuthi babeyi-subspecies ehlukile, yize yayingakaze ichazwe ngokusemthethweni. Kungashiwo okufanayo ngabantu base-Ireland abangasekho.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: I-bird wood grouse
Ama-Capercaillies ahlukaniswa kalula ngosayizi nombala. Iduna likhulu kakhulu kunenkukhu. Ingenye yezinhlobo zezinyoni eziphilayo ezinobulili obedlula zonke, idlulwa kuphela yizinhlobo ezinkulu ze-bustard namalungu ambalwa akhethiwe omndeni we-pheasant.
Abesilisa banobude obungamasentimitha angama-74 kuya kwangama-110, kuya ngezinhlobo ezincane, amaphiko amaphiko angama-90 kuye ku-1.4 m, isisindo esimaphakathi esingu-4.1 kg - 6.7 kg. Isifanekiso esikhulu kunazo zonke esirekhodwe ekuthunjweni sasinesisindo esingu-7.2 kg. Izimpaphe zomzimba zimpunga ngombala onsundu ngokumnyama, kanti izimpaphe zesifuba ziluhlaza okotshani okusansimbi okunombala omnyama. Isisu nezitho ezingezansi zomzimba kusuka kokumnyama kuye kokumhlophe ngokuya ngama-subspecies. Umthethosivivinywa uphuzi ngokumhlophe, isikhumba esingenalutho eduze kwamehlo sibomvu ngokugqamile.
Ividiyo: UCapercaillie
Insikazi incane kakhulu, inesisindo esicishe sibe uhhafu. Ubude bomzimba wezikhukhukazi kusuka kuqhwaku kuya emsileni cishe kungama-54-64 cm, i-wingspan ingama-70 cm, kanti isisindo singu-1.5-2.5 kg, ngesilinganiso esingu-1.8 kg. Izimpaphe ezingxenyeni ezingenhla zinsundu ngomugqa omnyama nowesiliva; ngaphansi, zilula futhi ziphuzi ngokugqamile. Umbala ofanayo uyadingeka kowesifazane ukuze azifihle ngangokunokwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuzalela.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Bobabili abesilisa banezinyawo ezine-webbed ezihlinzeka ngokuvikelwa ngenkathi ebandayo. Unemigqa yamazipho amancanyana, ahlukanisiwe anikeza umphumela weqhwa. Lokhu kwaholela kwisibongo saseJalimane "Rauhfußhühner", esihumusha ngokwezwi nezwi ukuthi "izinkukhu ezinonyawo." Lezi okuthiwa "izinduku" zenza ithrekhi ecacile eqhweni. Ubulili benyoni buhlukaniswa kalula ngosayizi wamathrekhi.
Amachwane amancane anombala wawo ongaqondakali afana nensikazi; lo mbala uyisivikelo esingenzi lutho ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. Eminyakeni engaba yizinyanga ezintathu, ekupheleni kwehlobo, bayancibilika kancane kancane, bathola izimpaphe ezindala zamaqhude nezinkukhu. Amaqanda kanye nama-subspecies ahlukene acishe afane nosayizi nokuma kwawo, anombala we-variegated onamabala ansundu.
Ihlala kuphi i-wood grouse?
Isithombe: I-grouse yowesifazane
ICapercaillie iyinhlobo yezinyoni ezihlala phansi ezihlala ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho zeYurophu naseNtshonalanga nase-Asia Ephakathi emahlathini avuthiwe angama-coniferous anezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zokwakheka kanye nesakhiwo esivulekile, nesithambile.
Ngesinye isikhathi, i-grouse yezinkuni yayitholakala kuwo wonke amahlathi e-taiga asenyakatho nasenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Eurasia ezindaweni ezibandayo eziphakemeyo nasendaweni eboshiwe yamahlathi ezintabeni zaseYurophu ezifudumele. E-Great Britain, izinombolo zisondele ku-zero, kepha zabuyiselwa ngabantu abalethwe bevela eSweden. Lezi zinyoni zitholakala eziNtabeni zaseSwitzerland, eJura, e-Austrian nase-Alps Alps. Lezi zinhlobo seziphelile ngokuphelele eBelgium. E-Ireland yayisakazeke kwaze kwaba ngekhulu le-17, kodwa yafa ngekhulu le-18.
Lezi zinhlobo zisabalele futhi ezifundeni zehlathi ziyinyoni ejwayelekile kulawo mazwe:
- ENorway;
- Sweden;
- IFinland;
- IRussia;
- IRomania.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-grouse yezinkuni itholakala eSpain, e-Asia Minor, eCarpathians, eGrisi. Kusukela ngekhulu le-18 kuya kwele-20, inani nohla lwama-grouse ezinkuni luye lwehla kakhulu. Ngesikhathi seSoviet, ukuhlehla kwabantu be-capercaillie eduze nenyakatho kwakuhlotshaniswa nokugawulwa kwamahlathi, futhi kwezinye izindawo eziseningizimu kwanyamalala ngokuphelele.
ESiberia uhlala - itshe le-capercaillie, elihlukaniswa yimanje nombala. Ububanzi bayo buhambisana nokusatshalaliswa kwe-larch taiga. Le mingcele idlula i-Arctic Circle, ifinyelela e-Indigirka naseKolyma. Empumalanga, itshe le-capercaillie lifinyelela ogwini lwezilwandle zaseMpumalanga Ekude; eningizimu, umngcele ugudla izintaba zaseSikhote-Alin. Ububanzi obuningi entshonalanga buhamba ngeBaikal naseNizhnyaya Tunguska.
Manje uyazi lapho kuhlala khona izinkuni. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Idla ngani i-wood grouse?
Isithombe: Capercaillie ebusika
ICapercaillie isilwane esidla imifino esikhethekile esidla cishe kuphela amaqabunga amajingijolo namajikijolo ngamakhambi athile kanye namahlumela amasha ehlobo. Amachwane amancane emasontweni okuqala ancike ekudleni okunothe ngamaprotheni, ngakho-ke ikakhulu kudla izinambuzane nezicabucabu. Isibalo sezinambuzane sithonywe kakhulu isimo sezulu - izimo ezomile nezifudumele zithanda ukukhula ngokushesha kwamachwane, kanti isimo sezulu esibandayo nemvula siholela ekufeni okuphezulu.
Ukudla kwe-grouse yezinkuni kuqukethe ukudla okuhlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi:
- izihlahla ezifihlekile;
- amaqabunga;
- amajikijolo ehlathi;
- amahlumela;
- izimbali;
- imbewu;
- izinambuzane;
- amakhambi.
Ekwindla, ama-grouse ezinkuni adla izinaliti ze-larch. Ebusika, lapho isembozo seqhwa esiphakeme sivimbela ukufinyelela ezimileni zasemhlabeni, izinyoni zichitha cishe usuku lonke nobusuku ezihlahleni, zidla ngesi-spruce nezinaliti zikaphayini, kanye ne-beech ne-ash ash buds.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Iningi lonyaka, udoti we-capercaillie unokuqina okuqinile, kepha ngemuva kokuvuthwa kwama-blueberries, okuba okuvelele ekudleni, indle iba yinto engenasici futhi ibe mnyama-luhlaza.
Ukugaya ukudla okwasebusika okweqile, izinyoni zidinga amatshe amancane: ama-gastroliths amancane, izinyoni ezifuna ngenkuthalo futhi zikugwinye. AmaCapercaillies anezisu ezinemisipha kakhulu, ngakho-ke amatshe asebenza njengesigayo bese ephula izinaliti nezinso zibe izinhlayiya ezincane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-bacterial symbiotic nawo asiza ekugayeni izinto zezitshalo. Ngezinsuku ezifushane zasebusika, i-capercaillie idla cishe njalo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Capercaillie ehlathini
ICapercaillie ivumelaniswa nezindawo zayo zokuqala - amahlathi amadala e-coniferous anesakhiwo sangaphakathi esicebile nezimila zomhlaba eziminyene. Zithola indawo yokuhlala emiqhele yezihlahla ezincane futhi zisebenzisa izindawo ezivulekile lapho zindiza. Ama-grouse ezinkuni awazona izindiza ezinekhono ngenxa yesisindo somzimba wawo namaphiko amafushane, ayindilinga. Lapho zisuka, zenza umsindo oduma ngokungazelelwe owesabisa izilwane ezidla ezinye. Ngenxa yobukhulu bomzimba nezimpiko zazo, zigwema amahlathi amancane futhi aminyene lapho indiza. Ngesikhathi sendiza, bavame ukuphumula besebenzisa izigaba ezimfushane zokundiza. Izimpaphe zazo zenza umsindo oshaya amakhwela.
Izinsikazi, ikakhulukazi izinkukhu ezinamachwane amancane, zidinga izinsiza: izitshalo zokudla, izinambuzane ezincane zamatshwele ambozwe izihlahla ezincane eziminyene noma izitshalo ezinde, izihlahla ezindala ezinamagatsha avundlile okulala. Lezi zindlela zifanelwe kangcono nezindawo zakudala zehlathi ngesihlahla sonwele saseYurophu nesihlahla sikaphayini. Izinyoni zihlala zodwa, kepha zingenza ukunyakaza zisuka ezintabeni ziye ezigodini, zenza ukufuduka ngezikhathi ezithile.
I-grouse yezinkuni iyinyoni eqaphile enokuzwa nokubona okuhle. Angaba nolaka uma ebona isilwane angajwayelekile eduze. Izindawo zokubuthana kwezinkukhu kuyaqabukela zishintshe. Ikhetha kakhulu ukuba wedwa, imihlambi yezinyoni ayiyona eyabo. Ekuseni nakusihlwa, bavukile befuna ukudla. Baphumula ezihlahleni emini. Ebusika, esimweni sezulu esibanda kakhulu, i-grouse yezinkuni ingacasha eqhweni kusuka eqhweni futhi ihlale lapho izinsuku ezimbalwa.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-grouse enkulu yezinkuni
Isikhathi sokuzalisa i-grouse yezinkuni sincike esimweni sezulu sasentwasahlobo, ukukhula kwezimila, kepha ngokuyisisekelo lesi sikhathi siqala ngoMashi kuya ku-Ephreli futhi siqhubeka kuze kufike uMeyi noma uJuni. Kodwa ezinye izinhlobo zingalila ehlobo, ekwindla, ngisho nasebusika. Ukuqomisana kuthatha izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zesikhathi sokuzala - lokhu kumane kungumqhudelwano wendawo phakathi kwamadoda angomakhelwane.
Indoda iyazihlola ngezimpaphe zomsila eziphakanyisiwe futhi ezivuvukile, intamo eqondile, uqhwaku olukhombe phezulu, amaphiko enwetshiwe futhi ehlisiwe, bese iqala umuzwa wayo ojwayelekile wokujabulisa abesifazane. Ukuphosa kuwuchungechunge lokuchofoza kabili, okufana nebhola le-ping-pong eliwayo, elikhuphuka kancane kancane libe umsindo ovelayo ofana nokhokho webhodlela le-champagne, olandelwa yimisindo ye-grating.
Ekupheleni kwenkathi yokuqomisana, abesifazane bayafika endaweni. Abesilisa bayaqhubeka nokugunda emhlabathini: lesi yisikhathi esikhulu sokuqomisana. Indoda idizela endaweni evulekile eseduze bese iqhubeka nombukiso wayo. Insikazi iyagoba bese yenza umsindo wokulungela ukukhwelana. AmaCapercaillies yizinyoni ezinesithembu futhi phambi kophikisi abangaphezu koyedwa, ama-alpha wesilisa ayaphumelela, alala nabesifazane.
Cishe ezinsukwini ezintathu ngemuva kokuhlangana, insikazi iqala ukubeka amaqanda. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10, ukwakhiwa kwamatshe kuyagcwaliswa. Usayizi we-clutch osayizi amaqanda ayisishiyagalombili, kepha angaba kufika ku-12. Ukufukamela kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-26-28, kuya ngesimo sezulu nokuphakama.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ekuqaleni kwesikhathi sokubekelana, abesifazane bayazwela kakhulu emsindweni futhi bashiya isidleke ngokushesha. Ngaphambi kokuchanyuselwa, zinesibindi esikhulu futhi zihlala endaweni yazo yize kunengozi, zigobele esidlekeni sazo, esivame ukucasha ngaphansi kwamagatsha aphansi esihlahla esincane.
Wonke amaqanda achamisela cishe ngasikhathi sinye, ngemuva kwalokho insikazi namachwane bashiya isidleke, lapho besengozini enkulu khona. Amachwane embozwe ngokuphelele ngezimpaphe eziphansi lapho echanyuselwa, kodwa awanakugcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba elingu-41 ° C. Esimweni sezulu esibandayo nemvula, amaphuphu afudunyezwa insikazi njalo ngemizuzu embalwa nangobusuku obubodwa.
Amachwane afuna ukudla ngokwawo futhi azingela ikakhulukazi izinambuzane. Zikhula ngokushesha futhi amandla amaningi asetshenzisiwe aguqulwa abe yimisipha. Lapho anamasonto ama-3-4 ubudala, amaphuphu enza izindiza zawo zokuqala ezimfushane. Kusukela ngalesi sikhathi kuya phambili, baqala ukulala ezihlahleni.
Izitha zemvelo zezinkuni zokhuni
Isithombe: I-bird wood grouse
Izilwane ezaziwa nge-capercaillie yi-lynx ejwayelekile (L. lynx) nempisi empunga (Canis lupus). Zincamela inyamazane ethe xaxa kancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezilwane ezithile ezidla inyama ezikhetha ukuthatha amaqanda nezinkukhu ze-grouse yezinkuni, kepha zingakwazi futhi ukuhlasela abantu abadala uma bekwazi ukuhlela ukuqhanyela okuphumelelayo ezinyoni eziphapheme.
Lesi sigaba sabazingeli sihlanganisa:
- uphayini martens (M. martes);
- amatshe martens (M. foina);
- amabhere ansundu (Ursus arctos);
- izingulube zasendle (Sus scrofa);
- izimpungushe ezibomvu (i-Vulpes vulpes).
ESweden, ama-grouse asentshonalanga ayizisulu eziyinhloko zokhozi lwegolide (i-Aquila chrysaetos). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-grouse ezinkuni avame ukuhlaselwa yi-goshawk (i-Accipiter gentilis). Ihlasela amaphuphu kaningi, kepha kuyenzeka ukuthi nabantu abadala babe yizisulu. Isikhova (Bubo bubo) ngezikhathi ezithile sibamba i-grouse yokhuni yanoma yimuphi ubudala nobukhulu. Ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe (H. albicilla) luthanda ukuzingela izinyoni zasemanzini, kodwa kuyaziwa ukuthi waqashelwa ukuzingela i-grouse yezinkuni eduze noLwandle Olumhlophe.
Kodwa-ke, umuntu wayehlala futhi eyisidalwa esiyinhloko se-grouse yezinkuni. Kuyinyoni yomdlalo wendabuko eye yazingelwa futhi yazingelwa ngezibhamu nezinja kulo lonke elaseYurophu nase-Asia. Lokhu kufaka ukuzingela kwezemidlalo nokuzingela ukudla. ERussia (kuze kube ngu-1917) ama-grouse ezokhuni alethwa ezimakethe ezinkulu kakhulu, futhi ngobuningi bawo ayedliwa endaweni. Njengoba ukuzingela sekunqunyelwe emazweni amaningi, ukuzingelwa kwezemidlalo sekuyinsiza yabavakashi, ikakhulukazi emazweni aseYurophu Ephakathi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Wood grouse
Inani le-grouse yezinkuni lisabalele futhi isimo salo sokongiwa akuyona inkinga enkulu. Kunobunye ubufakazi bokwehla ezindaweni eziningana, kepha lezi zinhlobo azikholelwa ukuthi ziseduze nomngcele we-IUCN wokwehla kwabantu abangaphezu kwama-30% eminyakeni eyishumi noma izizukulwane ezintathu. Ngakho-ke, kukalwa njengobuncane besengozini.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: EScotland, inani labantu lehle kakhulu kusukela ngeminyaka yama-1960 ngenxa yothango lwezinyamazane, ukuhlala phansi kanye nokuntuleka kwendawo yokuhlala efanelekile (iCaledonian Forest). Inani labantu lehla lisuka kumabhangqa ayi-10 000 ngawo-1960 laya ezinyonini ezingaphansi kwenkulungwane ngo-1999. Ize yabizwa nangenyoni okungenzeka ukuthi iphele e-UK ngo-2015.
Ezindaweni zokushushuluza ezintabeni, izintambo zokuphakamisa ezingamakiwe kahle zifaka isandla ekufeni. Imiphumela yabo ingancishiswa ngokufaka imibala efanele, ukubona, nokulungiswa kokuphakama. I-Grouse ivinjelwe ekuzingeleni eScotland naseJalimane iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30.
Izinsongo ezibucayi kakhulu kulezi zinhlobo ukonakaliswa kwendawo okuhlala kuyo, ikakhulukazi ukuguqulwa kwamahlathi ahlukahlukene endawo abe ngamahlathi ajwayele ukuba yizinhlobo ezifanayo nokuqedwa kwamahlathi ngokweqile. Futhi izinkuni grouse zisengozini lapho zishaywa ngothango olubekelwe ukugcina inyamazane ingangeni emasimini amancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ukwanda kwesibalo sezilwane ezincane ezizingela izinkuni (ngokwesibonelo, impungushe ebomvu) ngenxa yokulahleka kwezilwane ezinkulu ezazilawula izidalwa ezincane (impisi empunga, ibhere elinsundu).
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 11.06.2019
Idethi yokubuyekeza: 09/23/2019 ngo-0: 01
