Upholi mpunga Ingabe inkukhu eyintandokazi kwabaningi. Unamakhono ahlukile amhlukanisa nezihlobo zakhe eziningi. Umbala onesizotha wezimpaphe unxeshezelwa ukulingiswa okunekhono kwenkulumo yomuntu nemisindo eyenziwe izinyoni eziningi.
UJaco ufunda amagama nemisho engaphezu kwekhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngisho isilwane esinempilo nesijabule kunayo yonke sakha inani elifanele lemfuhlumfuhlu nomsindo. Kunobufakazi bokuthi izimpunga zazigcinwa njengezilwane zasekhaya ngamaGrikhi asendulo, amaRoma acebile, ngisho neNkosi uHenry VIII namatilosi asePortugal.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Parrot Zhkao
Upholi ompunga noma ompunga (Psittacus) wuhlobo lukapholi base-Afrika emndenini omncane iPsittacinae. Iqukethe izinhlobo ezimbili: upholi onomsila obomvu (P. erithacus) kanye nopholi onomsila onsundu (P. timneh).
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Sekuyiminyaka eminingi, lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zikapholi ompunga zihlukaniswa njengama-subspecies ohlobo olufanayo. Kodwa-ke, ngo-2012, i-BirdLife International, inhlangano yamazwe omhlaba yokuvikela izinyoni kanye nokongiwa kwendawo ezihlala kuyo, yabona i-taxa njengezinhlobo ezehlukene ezincike ekuhlukaneni kwezakhi zofuzo, morphological kanye nezwi.
Opholi abampunga batholakala emahlathini emvula aphansi nawesibili aseNtshonalanga naseCentral Africa. Ingenye yezinhlobo zezinyoni ezihlakaniphe kakhulu emhlabeni. Ukuthambekela kokulingisa inkulumo neminye imisindo kwenze iZilwane ezi-Grays zathandwa kakhulu. Upholi ompunga ubalulekile kubantu base-Yoruba base-Afrika. Izimpaphe nomsila waso kusetshenziselwa ukudala izifihla-buso ezigqokwa ngesikhathi somkhosi wezenkolo nowezenhlalo eGelede.
Ividiyo: Parrot Grey
Ukukhulunywa okokuqala okulotshwe ngopholi ompunga base-Afrika ngabaseNtshonalanga kwenzeka ngo-1402, lapho iFrance ingena eCanary Islands, lapho lolu hlobo lwethulwa khona luvela e-Afrika. Njengoba ubudlelwane bezohwebo ePortugal neNtshonalanga Afrika bukhula, izinyoni eziningi zazibanjwa futhi zigcinwe njengezilwane ezifuywayo. Izithombe zikapholi ompunga zivela emidwebeni kaPeter Rubens ngo-1629/30, uJan Davids de Heem ngo-1640-50, noJan Steen ngo-1663-65.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Kukhuluma upholi ompunga
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili:
- I-Red-tailed Grey Parrot (P. erithacus): Lezi zinhlobo ezivelele, zikhulu kunopholi onomsila onsundu, onobude obucishe bube ngamasentimitha angama-33. Inyoni enezimpaphe ezikhanyayo ezimpunga, uqhwaku olumnyama ngokuphelele nomsila obomvu ojijile. Izinyoni ezisencane zinemisila emnyama, e-duller ekugcineni ngaphambi kwe-molt yazo yokuqala, eyenzeka ezinyangeni eziyi-18 ubudala. Lezi zinyoni nazo ekuqaleni zine-iris empunga yeso, eguqula umbala ube ophuzi ophaphathekile ngesikhathi inyoni isinonyaka ubudala;
- upholi onomsila onsundu (P. timneh) mncane kancane kunopholi onomsila obomvu, kodwa ikhono lobuhlakani nokukhuluma kuhlala kuqhathaniswa. Zingaba kusuka ku-22 kuye ku-28 cm ubude futhi zithathwa njengopholi abaphakathi nendawo. I-browntail inombala ompunga ompunga omnyama, umsila omnyama we-burgundy nendawo elula efana nezimpondo emhlathini ongenhla. Kugcwele ebangeni layo.
Izimpunga ezinomsila onsundu zivame ukuqala ukufunda ukukhuluma ngaphambi kukaGrey Red-tailed ngoba isikhathi sokukhula sishesha. La ma-parrot anedumela lokungabi novalo oluncane futhi angathatheki kalula kunomsila obomvu.
UJaco angafunda ukukhuluma kungakapheli unyaka wokuqala, kepha abaningi abakhulumi izwi labo lokuqala kuze kube izinyanga eziyi-12-18. Womabili ama-subspecies abonakala anekhono nokuthambekela okufanayo kokukhiqiza inkulumo yomuntu, kepha ikhono lezwi nokuthambekela kungahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezinyoni ngazinye. Zopholi ezimpunga zivame ukusebenzisa izingcingo eziqonde kakhulu zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Upholi ompunga owaziwa kakhulu nguNkisi, ogama lakhe lamagama lalingaphezu kwamagama angama-950 futhi wayaziwa nangokusebenzisa ulimi ngobuciko.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Abanye abalindi bezinyoni bayaluqaphela uhlobo lwesithathu nolwesine, kepha kunzima ukuluhlukanisa ocwaningweni lwe-DNA lwesayensi.
Uhlala kuphi lo pholi ompunga?
Isithombe: Parrot of zohlobo Grays
Izindawo zokuhlala zopholi abampunga base-Afrika zimboza ibhande lehlathi laseCentral naseNtshonalanga Afrika, kufaka phakathi iziqhingi zasolwandle iPrincipe neBioko (iGulf of Guinea), lapho zihlala emahlathini asezintabeni endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1900. ENtshonalanga Afrika, zitholakala emazweni asogwini.
Indawo yokuhlala mpunga ifaka la mazwe alandelayo:
- IGabon;
- I-Angola;
- IGhana;
- ECameroon;
- I-Cote d'Ivoire;
- ECongo;
- ESierra Leone;
- IKenya;
- E-Uganda.
Ama-subspecies amabili aziwa ngopholi abampunga base-Afrika anamabanga ahlukene. I-Psittacus Erithacus erithicus (i-Red-tailed Grey) ihlala ebangeni elisuka eKenya liye emngceleni osempumalanga ye-Ivory Coast, kufaka phakathi iziqhingi. I-Psittacus Erithacus Timneh (i-Brown-tailed Grays) isukela emngceleni osempumalanga yeCote d'Ivoire iye eGuinea Bissau.
Indawo yokuhlala yopholi abampunga base-Afrika ngamahlathi asezindaweni eziphansi ezinomswakama, yize etholakala endaweni ephakeme engafika kuma-2200 m engxenyeni esempumalanga yebanga. Zivame ukubonakala emaphethelweni ehlathi, ekuhlanzekeni, emahlathini wegalari, emihlangeni, ezindaweni ezingamahlathi, ezindaweni zezitshalo nasezivandeni.
Zopholi abampunga bavame ukuvakashela izindawo ezivulekile eziseduze namahlathi, bahlala ezihlahleni ezingaphezulu kwamanzi futhi bakhetha ukuchitha ubusuku eziqhingini zemifula. Zakha izidleke zemithi, kwesinye isikhathi zikhetha izindawo ezishiywe yizinyoni. ENtshonalanga Afrika, lolu hlobo lwenza ukunyakaza kwesizini ngenkathi eyomile.
Udliwa yini upholi ompunga?
Isithombe: iParrot Grey evela eBhuku eliBomvu
Zopholi abampunga base-Afrika yizinyoni ezidla imifino. Endle, banekhono lamakhono amaningi. AmaJaco afunda ukuhlukanisa izitshalo zokudla eziwusizo kulezo ezinobuthi, ukuthi angathola kanjani amanzi aphephile, nokuthi angahlangana kanjani nemindeni yakhe uma sehlukene. Badla kakhulu izithelo ezahlukahlukene, bancamela intende kawoyela (Elaeis guinensis).
Endle, amaGrey angadla lokhu kudla okulandelayo:
- amantongomane;
- izithelo;
- amaqabunga aluhlaza;
- iminenke;
- izinambuzane;
- amahlumela anamanzi;
- imbewu;
- okusanhlamvu;
- bark;
- izimbali.
Izindawo zokudla ngokuvamile zikude futhi zitholakala emathafeni aphakeme. Izinyoni zazivame ukungena emasimini ngommbila ongavuthiwe, okwabacasula abanikazi bensimu. Zindiza zisuka esihlahleni ziye kwesinye, zizama ukuthola izithelo ezivuthiwe namantongomane amaningi. AmaJaco akhetha ukugibela amagatsha kunokundiza.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ekuthunjweni, le nyoni ingadla amapeleti wezinyoni, izithelo ezahlukahlukene ezifana nepheya, iwolintshi, ipomegranati, i-apula nobhanana, nemifino enjengezaqathe, ubhatata obilisiwe, isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi, ukhukhamba, iklabishi elisha, uphizi nobhontshisi obuluhlaza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, impunga idinga umthombo we-calcium.
Zopholi abampunga badla kancane emhlabathini, ngakho-ke kunamakhono amaningi wokuziphatha izinyoni ezenzayo ngaphambi kokutshala nokudla ngokuphepha. Amaqembu kopholi ahlangana azungeze isihlahla esingatheli aze agcwale ngokuphelele izinyoni ezingamakhulu ezihlanza izimpaphe, zikhuphuke amagatsha, zenze imisindo, futhi zixhumane. Bese kuthi izinyoni zehlele phansi ngamagagasi. Iqembu lonke alikho emhlabeni ngasikhathi sinye. Uma sezisemhlabathini, ziphapheme ngokweqile, zisabela kunoma yikuphi ukunyakaza noma umsindo.
Manje uyazi ukuthi upholi ompunga udlani, ake sibone ukuthi uhlala kanjani endaweni yawo yemvelo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Mpunga wasekhaya
Ama-parrot ase-Afrika asempunga anamahloni kakhulu futhi akuvamile ukuthi avumele abantu ukuthi basondele kuwo. Ziyizinyoni zomphakathi kanye nesidleke ngamaqembu amakhulu. Zivame ukubonakala emihlambini enomsindo, zikhalela phezulu ekuseni, kusihlwa nasendizeni. Imihlambi yakhiwa ngopholi abampunga kuphela, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zopholi ezitholakala emihlambini exubile. Emini, bahlukana ngamaqembu amancane futhi bahamba amabanga amade ukuze bathole ukudla.
UJaco uhlala ezihlahleni ezingaphezulu kwamanzi futhi uncamela ukuchitha ubusuku eziqhingini zemifula. Izinyoni ezisencane zihlala emaqenjini emindeni yazo isikhathi eside, kuze kube yiminyaka eminingana. Baxhumana nabanye abantu bobudala babo ezihlahleni zezingane, kepha banamathela emhlambini womndeni wabo. Opholi abancane banakekelwa yizinyoni ezindala baze bafundiswe futhi bavuthwe ngokwanele ukuqala ukuzihlalela.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: AmaGrey amaNcane akhombisa indlela yokuziphatha ehloniphayo kumalungu amadala ephakethe. Bafunda indlela yokuziphatha ezimweni ezahlukahlukene, njengokuqhudelana nokuvikela izindawo zezidleke nokukhulisa inzalo. Ukuncintisana kwezidleke ngesikhathi sokukhwelana kwenza lezi zinhlobo zibe nolaka ngokweqile.
Izinyoni ziyahamba ziyolala ubusuku ngovivi oluzayo ngisho nasebumnyameni. Zimboza indlela yazo emizileni egandayiwe, zindiza ngokushesha futhi ziqonde ngqo, ngokuvamile zishaya amaphiko azo. Phambilini, imihlambi yasebusuku yayinkulu kakhulu, imvamisa yayifinyelela kufinyelela ku-10 000 zopholi. Ekuseni ngovivi, ngaphambi kokuphuma kwelanga, imihlambi emincane iyasuka enkanjini iyodla ngokumemeza.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Parrot Grey
Zopholi abampunga base-Afrika bayizinyoni zomphakathi. Ukukhiqizwa kwenzeka emakoloni amahhala, umbhangqwana ngamunye uhlala esihlahleni sawo. Abantu bangabalingani abakhethwe ngokucophelela futhi banobudlelwano impilo eyodwa eyodwa eqala ngesikhathi sokuthomba, phakathi kweminyaka emithathu kuya kwemihlanu. Kuncane okwaziwayo ngokuqomisana endle, kepha izindiza zokubuka ezizungeze izidleke ziye zabonwa futhi zarekhodwa.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Abesilisa bondla ophathina babo (ukuncelisa ukukhwelana) futhi womabili akhiqiza imisindo ethambile eyisidina. Ngalesi sikhathi, insikazi izolala esidlekeni, kuthi owesilisa ayivikele. Ekuthunjweni, abesilisa bondla abesifazane ngemuva kokulingiswa, futhi bobabili abesilisa babamba iqhaza kumdanso wokukhwelana lapho behlisa khona amaphiko abo.
Isikhathi sokuzalela siyahluka ngendawo, kepha kubonakala sengathi kuhambisana nenkathi eyomile. Zopholi abampunga base-Afrika bazala kanye noma kabili ngonyaka. Izinsikazi zizalela amaqanda ayisiyingi amathathu kuya kwamahlanu, elilodwa ngesikhathi sezinsuku ezimbili kuya kwezingu-5. Izinsikazi ziyafukamela amaqanda bese zondla ngokuphelele ngokudla okulethwa owesilisa. Ukufukamela kuthatha cishe izinsuku ezingamashumi amathathu. Amachwane ashiya isidleke enamasonto ayishumi nambili ubudala.
Ngemuva kokuthi amaphuphu ashiye isidleke, bobabili abazali bayaqhubeka nokuwondla, ukukhulisa nokuwavikela. Banakekela izingane zabo iminyaka eminingana zize zikwazi ukuzimela. Isikhathi sokuphila siyiminyaka engama-40 kuya kwengama-50. Ekuthunjweni, upholi ompunga base-Afrika baphila isikhathi esiyiminyaka engama-45, kepha bangaphila iminyaka efinyelela kwengama-60. Endle - iminyaka engu-22.7.
Izitha zemvelo zopholi
Isithombe: Parrot Grey
Ngokwemvelo, opholi abampunga banezitha ezimbalwa. Bathola umonakalo omkhulu kubantu. Phambilini, izizwe zasendaweni zazibulala izinyoni zenyama. Izakhamizi zaseNtshonalanga Afrika zazikholelwa ezintweni zemilingo zezimpaphe ezibomvu, ngakho-ke impunga nayo yacekelwa phansi izimpaphe. Kamuva, kwabanjwa amapholi athengiswa. UJaco bayizinyoni eziyimfihlo, eziqaphile, ngakho-ke kunzima ukubamba umuntu omdala. Abomdabu ngokuzithandela babamba amaphuphu amasha enethini ngenhloso yokuthola imali.
Isitha sempunga ngokhozi lwesundu noma inqe (Gypohierax angolensis). Ukudla kwalesi silwane esidliwayo ikakhulukazi kunezithelo zesundu lamafutha. Kungenzeka ukuthi indlela yokuziphatha enolaka yokhozi ebheke empunga inenani lokuncintisana ngenxa yokudla. Umuntu angabona ukuthi amapholi ampunga asakazeka kanjani ngokwesaba ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, ahlaselwa ukhozi. Mhlawumbe, kwakungokhozi oluvikela indawo yokudla.
Izilwane ezidla imvelo zalezi zinhlobo zifaka:
- amanqe;
- ukhozi lwesundu;
- izinkawu;
- oklebe.
Izinyoni ezindala ziqeqesha izingane zazo ukuthi zivikela kanjani indawo yazo, ukuthi zingazibona kanjani futhi zizigweme izilwane ezizingelayo. Ukondla umhlaba, izipholi ezimpunga zase-Afrika zisengozini yezilwane ezizingela umhlaba. Izinkawu zizingela amaqanda namachwane amancane esidlekeni. Izinhlobo eziningana zikaklebe nazo zidla amachwane nabantu abadala. Kutholakale ukuthi opholi abampunga ekuthunjweni bangenwa kalula yizifo zokukhunta, ukutheleleka kwamagciwane, izicubu ezibulalayo, izifo zomlomo nezimpaphe, futhi bangatheleleka ngezikelemu kanye nezibungu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Parrot Grey
Ukuhlaziywa kwakamuva kwabantu abampunga grey kukhombise usizi lwale nyoni endle. Kuze kube ngu-21% wabantu bomhlaba ababanjwa minyaka yonke. Ngeshwa, awukho umthetho ovimbela ukuthunjwa nokuhweba ngopholi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucekelwa phansi kwendawo yokuhlala, ukusetshenziswa ngokungakhethi kwemithi yokubulala izinambuzane nokuzingela kwabantu bendawo kuthinta inani lalezi zinyoni. Ugibe lwezinyoni zasendle lunomthelela omkhulu ekwehleni kwenani lamapholi asendle asempunga ase-Afrika.
Iqiniso Elihehayo: Ukulinganiselwa kwenani eliphelele labantu abampunga ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21 labalelwa ezigidini eziyi-13, yize ucwaningo olunembile lwalungenakwenzeka njengoba amapholi ahlala ezindaweni eziqhelile, ngokuvamile ezingazinzile ngokwezepolitiki.
Izimpunga zivame kakhulu emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo namabanga aphansi aseNtshonalanga naseCentral Africa. Lamapholi ancike ezihlahleni ezinkulu, ezindala ezinemigodi yemvelo yokwakha isidleke. Ucwaningo olwenziwe eGuinea naseGuinea-Bissau lukhombisile ukuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kwesimo sezinhlobo zezwe kanye nesimo sehlathi eliyinhloko buyafana, lapho amahlathi ancipha khona, kanjalo nabantu bakapholi abampunga.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, impunga ingenye yezinhlobo zezinyoni ezingathengisi kakhulu ezibhaliswe eCITES. Ukuphendula ukwehla okuqhubekayo kwamanani, ukubamba ngokweqile kanye nokuhweba okungenasimiso futhi okungekho emthethweni, i-CITES ifake upholi ompunga eSigabeni VI seCITES Substantial Trade Survey ngo-2004. Lokhu kubuyekezwa kuholele kwizilinganiso ezinconyiwe zokuthekelisa amazwe angaphandle kanye nesinqumo sokwakha izinhlelo zokuphathwa kwezinhlobo zezifunda.
Ukuvikelwa kopholi
Isithombe: iParrot Grey evela eBomvu Incwadi
Ucwaningo lwe-United Nations Environment Programme lwango-2003 lwathola ukuthi phakathi kuka-1982 no-2001, amaphara angwevu angama-660,000 athengiswa emakethe yamazwe omhlaba. I-Extrapolation ikhombisile ukuthi ngaphezulu kwezinyoni ezingama-300,000 zafa ngesikhathi sokubanjwa noma ukuthuthwa.
Ukungeniswa kwezinhlobo ezibanjwe zasendle e-United States kwavalwa ngo-1992 ngaphansi komthetho i-Wildlife Conservation Act. I-European Union yakwenqabela ukungeniswa kwezinyoni ezibanjwe endle ngo-2007. Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona izimakethe ezibalulekile zokuhweba kwe-African Grays eMiddle East, East Asia nase-Afrika uqobo.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Upholi ompunga ubhalwe ku-Appendix II weSivumelwano Sokuhwebelana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Ngezilwane Ezisengozini Yokushabalala Yezilwane Nezilwane Zasendle (i-CITES). Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kudingeka kuhambisane nemvume ekhishwe yisiphathimandla sikazwelonke futhi kufanele kuphethwe ukuthi ukuthekelisa akulimazi izinhlobo zasendle.
Upholi mpunga kuyaqabukela kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili. Isuswe ezinhlotsheni ezisengozini encane yayiswa Ohlwini Olubomvu Lwezinhlobo Ezisengozini luka-2007 IUCN. Ukuhlaziywa kwakamuva kuphakamisa ukuthi kufinyelela kuma-21% enani lezinyoni elisuswa endle minyaka yonke, ikakhulukazi ukuhweba ngezilwane ezifuywayo. Ngo-2012, i-International Union for Conservation of Nature iphinde yathuthukisa isimo sempunga saba sezilwane ezisengozini.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 09.06.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 22.09.2019 ngo-23: 46
