Isicabucabu karakurt ngesinye sezidalwa eziyingozi kakhulu futhi ezinobuthi emhlabeni. Igama lesicabucabu ekuhumusheni lisho ukuthi "isibungu esimnyama". Ngolimi lwesiKalmyk, igama lohlobo lisho "umfelokazi omnyama". Izithethelela ngokuphelele futhi kungenxa yekhono lowesifazane lokudla abesilisa ngemuva kokukhwelana. Kubantu, izicabucabu nazo ziyingozi enkulu, ikakhulukazi abesifazane asebefinyelele ebusheni. Zivame ukuhamba ngokushesha okukhulu.
Kufakazelwe ngokwesayensi ukuthi ubuthi be-karakurt bunamandla aphindwe ka-15-20 kunobuthi benyoka enobuthi. Abantu besilisa bancane kakhulu futhi abakwazi ukuluma ngesikhumba somuntu futhi balimaze. Lolu hlobo lwesicabucabu luvame ukuhlotshaniswa nobuqili. Lokhu kungenxa yokuba khona kwamabala abomvu alishumi nantathu emzimbeni wesicabucabu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Spider karakurt
UKarakurt ungowe-arachnid arthropods, ungummeleli we-oda lezicabucabu, umndeni wezicabucabu zenyoka, abafelokazi abamnyama, uhlobo lwe-karakurt, babelwe uhlobo
Isikhathi esiqondile semvelaphi yokhokho basendulo besicabucabu sanamuhla - ama-arachnids - kunzima ukusungula, ngoba abanalo igobolondo, futhi ungqimba lwe-chitinous lubhujiswa ngokushesha. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi nabacwaningi basakwazi ukuthola ngezikhathi ezithile ukutholwa okunjalo. Ngokuvamile, izinsalela zokhokho basendulo bezicabucabu zanamuhla zagcinwa zinezinhlaka. Okutholakele akwenzanga nje kuphela ukuphinda kwenziwe isithombe sangaphandle sokhokho wasendulo wama-arthropods, kepha futhi nokuthola izithombe eziphelele ngendlela yenqubo yokukhwelana efriziwe, noma ukwelukwa iwebhu.
Ividiyo: Spider karakurt
Ukutholwa kwenhlaka yasendulo kwavumela ososayensi ukuthi baphethe ngokuthi izicabucabu zazivele zikhona eminyakeni engama-300 - 330 yezigidi edlule. Ensimini yeChina yanamuhla, ososayensi bakwazile ukuthola izinsalela zamathambo asendulo. Kokutholakele, ukwakheka nokwakheka komzimba wezinambuzane kwalandelwa ngokucace bha. Kukule ndawo lapho kutholakala khona izinsalela zesicabucabu sasendulo i-attercopus fimbriunguis. Ummeleli wasendulo we-arthropods wayemncane ngosayizi, engeqi amamilimitha amahlanu, nomsila omude, owawucishe ube yingxenye yesihlanu yobude bomzimba.
Yayisetshenziswa izinambuzane ukukhipha imicu enamathelayo. Zazihlukanisiwe ngokuzibandakanya futhi zisetshenziswa yizicabucabu zasendulo ekubambeni imigodi, ukugoqa amakhokho, ukuheha abantu bobulili obuhlukile. Ama-arthropods asendulo angaleso sikhathi ayenomzimba ohluke kancane. Ngaphezu kobukhona bomsila, obungekho ezinambuzaneni zesimanje, babenehloko nasesiswini ngokuphelele.
Cishe izicabucabu zokuqala zavela kuGondwana. Ngokwakhiwa kwePangea, baqala ukwanda ngokushesha futhi bahlala cishe kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba. Iminyaka elandelayo yeqhwa yehlise kancane izifunda zendawo yokuhlala ye-arachnid. Lezi zinambuzane zabonakala ngokusabalala nokuguqulwa okusheshayo. Ekuqaleni kweCarboniferous, babevame ukulahlekelwa ukuhlukaniswa kwe-cephalothorax nesisu. Ososayensi bathi izinsalela zezicabucabu, ezisukela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-150-180 zeminyaka, zisivumela ukuba siphethe ngokuthi imithambo yegazi yangaleso sikhathi yayingafani neze nezicabucabu zesimanje.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Spider karakurt eRussia
Kulezi zinhlobo zesicabucabu, i-dimorphism yezocansi ibizwa kakhulu. Insikazi inkulu kakhulu kunabesilisa. Usayizi womzimba wesifazane oyedwa ulinganiselwa kumasentimitha angu-2-2.5, kanti owesilisa ungamasentimitha angu-0.7-0.9. Isicabucabu kulula ukusihlukanisa namanye ama-arthropods. Umzimba nezitho ezinde kumnyama namabala abomvu esiswini. Kwezinye i-arthropods, zingaba nomngcele omhlophe. Zivame ukunyamalala ngemuva kokufinyelela ebusheni futhi isifuba simnyama ngokuqinile.
I-arthropod inamabhangqa amane emilenze emide etholakala ngapha nangapha komzimba. Umbhangqwana wokuqala nowokugcina omude kunayo yonke. Izimbili zombili zezitho ezitholakala maphakathi zifushane. Zimbozwe ngezinwele ezikhethekile ezibavumela ukuba bafinyelele kalula kulowo obanjwe yizintambo zesicabucabu se-viscous. Izicabucabu zinezindlala ezikhethekile ezikhiqiza ubuthi obuqine kakhulu. Yenzelwe ukukhubaza nokubulala izinambuzane. Futhi, ngosizo lwayo, i-karakurt ibulala amagundane amancane asemaqeleni, izimbobo zawo ezihlala kuwo kamuva.
Izicabucabu ezisanda kuzalwa zicishe zibe sobala. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwe-molt yokuqala, umzimba uthola umthunzi omnyama, futhi kuvela imibuthano emhlophe esiswini, etholakala emigqeni emithathu. Ngemuva kwesigaxa ngasinye esilandelayo, umzimba wesinambuzane uba mnyama ngokwengeziwe, futhi imibuthano iba bomvu. Lapho isicabucabu sichitha kaningi, sikhula ngokushesha. Ukuvama nokuphindaphindwa kwama-molts kuncike enanini elanele lokuphakelwa kokudla. Abantu bobulili besilisa kaningi, ngemuva kwesithupha noma sesikhombisa se-molt, bayeke ukondla kakhulu bese baqala ukufuna owesifazane ngokuzala.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ngokumangazayo, i-karakurt inegazi eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi akuyona i-hemoglobin ebomvu ebhekene nombala wegazi, kodwa i-hemocyanin, enikeza igazi umbala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Uhlala kuphi isicabucabu se-karakurt?
Isithombe: Spider karakurt
Izifunda zemvelo lapho i-karakurt izwa khona ukuthi ithokomele kakhulu ama-steppes, amahlathi-amahlathi, izindawo eziwugwadule. Imvamisa lolu hlobo lwe-arthropod lungatholakala eduze kwezihosha, amagquma okwenziwa, izindawo ezilimekayo, endaweni eyihlane, izifunda ezishiyiwe, njll.
UKarakurt uncamela ukuhlala ezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esifudumele nesomile. Ngenxa yokushisa kwesimo sezulu, indawo yesicabucabu ikhule kakhulu. Sekuyinsakavukela eCrimea, eSevastopol, ngisho nakwezinye izindawo zenhlokodolobha yeRussian Federation.
Izindawo ze-Geographic zendawo yokuhlala yaseKarakurt:
- insimu yehlathi-emathafeni eRiphabhuliki yaseKazakhstan;
- ama-steppes wesifunda sase-Astrakhan;
- insimu ye-Asia Ephakathi;
- Afghanistan;
- Iran;
- ugu lwaseYenisei;
- ugu lwaseMedithera;
- ENingizimu Yurophu;
- I-America esenyakatho;
- ECrimea;
- ingxenye eseningizimu yeRussia.
Imigqa yamagundane amancane ayakhethwa njengendawo yokuhlala unomphela, ebulawa ngobuthi obuqine kakhulu. Ngingahlala emiseleni eyomile, imifantu ezindongeni, ama-nooks nama-crannies. Bathanda kakhulu izindawo ezahlukahlukene zokwakha, izakhiwo ezilahliwe, lapho kunezindawo eziningi ezifihlekile nezingafinyeleleki.
Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kungashayela ukufuduka. Izicabucabu ziyesaba ukubanda nobumswakama, ngakho-ke, lapho isimo sezulu esibandayo singena, zishiya izindawo zazo zokuhlala ziyofuna izindawo ezifudumele. Emahlozini aminyene noma endaweni engenalutho ngaphansi kwelanga elishisayo ngqo, akunakwenzeka ukuthi kuzokwazi ukuhlangana nalesi sinambuzane esiyingozi. Indawo yokuhlala umfelokazi omnyama ocashile ihlanganiswe newebhu eminyene.
Manje uyazi ukuthi isicabucabu se-karakurt sihlala kuphi, ake sibone manje ukuthi isicabucabu esinobuthi sidlani.
Yini esidliwa yisicabucabu se-karakurt?
Isithombe: I-karakurt yesicabucabu esinobuthi
Izinambuzane zakha isisekelo sokudla kwezicabucabu ezinobuthi. Ukuzibamba, izicabucabu ziluka iwebhu, elengiswe emagatsheni ezihlahla, otshanini, njll. Iwebhu yabesifazane inamandla ukudlula eyabesilisa. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi amanetha wesicabucabu awabukeki kangako, ngakho-ke isisulu esiwele kuwo ngeke sisakwazi ukuphuma. Ngemuva kokubamba inyamazane yabo, izicabucabu ziqala ukuyikhubaza ngosizo lobuthi, bese zimunca okuqukethwe uketshezi emzimbeni.
Okusebenza njengesisekelo sokudla se-karakurt:
- izimpukane;
- izimpukane;
- izinkumbi;
- izintethe;
- amabhungane;
- omiyane;
- amacimbi;
- izikelemu zegazi;
- ezinye izinhlobo ze-arthropods;
- izinyoka;
- izibankwa.
Ezimweni ezingavamile, njengomthombo wokudla, kungahle kube nama-invertebrate amancane angena kuwebhu futhi angakwazi ukuphuma kuwo.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ubuthi balezi zigcawu buyakwazi ukubulala nezilwane ezifana nenkomo, ihhashi noma ikamela. Kubekezeleleke ngokuthula kuphela ngama-hedgehogs nezinja. Kubantu, ushevu wezinambuzane uyingozi enkulu. Kubhekwa njengokuyingozi kakhulu phakathi nesikhathi somshado. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngisho nobuthi besicabucabu esincane kwanele ukubulala umuntu omdala, onamandla. Ubuthi bunomthelela obonakalayo wokukhubazeka okwenza ngaso leso sikhathi isisulu sesicabucabu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Spider karakurt eCrimea
Lolu hlobo lwe-arthropod enobuthi lithanda isimo sezulu esomile, esishisayo. Yingakho indawo abahlala kuyo ikhawulelwe kuphela emazweni afudumele, aseningizimu. Muva nje, amacala okubukeka nokusatshalaliswa endaweni yeRussian Federation abe kakhulu. Lapha babeka ingozi enkulu kubantu, ngoba abantu abanalo ulwazi njalo ngomakhelwane ngesinambuzane esiyingozi. Imvamisa, lapho kuqala isimo sezulu esibandayo, zingangena ngqo endlini yomuntu.
Futhi azikwazi ukuma ukushisa okukhulu nokushisa, ngakho-ke, ngemuva kokuqala kokushisa okukhulu kwamanye amazwe, zifudukela ezifundeni eziningi ezisenyakatho. Izicabucabu zihlela indawo yazo yokulala ezindaweni ezingafinyeleleki - imingxuma yamagundane amancane, imifantu yezindonga zikakhonkolo, imithana ephansi yohlaza, nezinye izindawo. Isicabucabu sathola igama lesibili lesidlaliso "umfelokazi omnyama" ngoba insikazi idla owesilisa ngemuva kokukhwelana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kwenzeka ngomlingani ngamunye olandelayo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngokudla abalingani babo, abesifazane bathola inani elidingekayo lamaprotheni, elizodingwa yinzalo yesikhathi esizayo ngokuzayo.
Ososayensi bathi noma ngabe, ngaphandle kokungajwayelekile, abesilisa bakwazi ukugwema isiphetho esidabukisayo sokudliwa, bayaqhubeka befa, njengoba bephelelwa yintshisekelo yokudla futhi bayeke ukukusebenzisa ngokwemvelo. UKarakurt uvame ukuhola indlela yokuphila efihliwe. Bangakwazi ukuhlasela noma ukuhlasela kuphela lapho bebona ingozi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Spider karakurt esifundeni saseRostov
Lolu hlobo lwe-arthropod luhlukaniswa ngezinga eliphezulu lokuzala. Njalo eminyakeni engu-9-12 kunesilinganiso sokuzalwa esiphakeme ngokumangazayo salezi zinambuzane eziyingozi. Isikhathi sokukhwelana siqala ekuphakameni kwenkathi yehlobo. Ngaphambi kokuqala kwesikhathi sokuzala, insikazi ibheka indawo eyimfihlo. Owesilisa usakaza iwebhu equkethe ama-pheromones akhethekile aheha abantu bobulili obuhlukile. Ukubona umlingani ovelayo, owesilisa wenza into efana nomdanso. Uyashwibeka ngapha nangapha, azulise izitho zakhe.
Ngemuva kokukhwelana, insikazi idla umlingani wayo ngokungenazwelo bese iqala ukufuna indawo efanelekayo yokubeka amaqanda. Ngokushesha nje lapho indawo ikhethiwe, uyifaka ngokucophelela ngewebhu, lapho ebeka khona amakhokho. Ngemuva kokuthi umsebenzi usuphothuliwe, owesifazane uyafa. Ukhokho ngokuthembekile ugcina amaqanda ekulimaleni nasemakhazeni. Uma kuvunguza imimoya enamandla ekwindla, badabula imifece futhi bangayithwala bayiyise emathafeni, besakaza indawo yokuhlala yezicabucabu.
Kusukela ngesikhathi sokubekwa kwamaqanda, kuvela izinambuzane ezincane ngemuva kwamasonto angaba mabili. Kodwa-ke, abajahile ukushiya umfece, njengoba belinde ukuqala kwentwasahlobo nokufudumala. Isikhathi sokuqala lapho zikusikhokho, akhona ngenxa yezakhi zokudla okunqwabelene. Kamuva, baqala ukudlelana, ngenxa yalokho kuphephile ukusho ukuthi abantu abanamandla kakhulu bavela kumkhuhlane entwasahlobo.
Ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwezicabucabu kuyaqhubeka sonke isikhathi sentwasahlobo-ehlobo. Ngalesi sikhathi, umuntu ngamunye udlula kusuka ku-5 kuye ku-10 molts. Inani eliqondile lincike enanini lokudla nobulili. Abesifazane bachitha ngaphezu kwabesilisa.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Umzimba wesicabucabu umbozwe ngegobolondo le-chitinous, elikhawulela ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwe-arthropod. Ngenkathi i-molting, i-karakurt ikhipha igobolondo layo, ilishintshe libe elisha elisha kunelidala.
Izitha zemvelo zesicabucabu karakurt
Isithombe: I-karakurt yesicabucabu esinobuthi
Ngaphandle kokuthi i-karakurt ithathwa njengesinye sezidalwa eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni, zinezitha endaweni yazo yemvelo. Ingozi enkulu kunazo zonke emelwe umhlambi ungulates, ngoba azinyathele nje kuphela ama-arthropod ngokwawo ngobuningi obukhulu, kodwa futhi nangamakhokho abo anamaqanda.
Ngaphezu kwezilwane ezinezinselo, izitha zesicabucabu zingunobhala be-sphex. Bahlasela i-arthropods ngendlela efanayo. Iminyovu inendlala ekhethekile ekhiqiza ushevu, abayifaka ngezicabucabu, ibenze bangakwazi ukuhamba. Ngemuva kwalokho, izinambuzane zidla ngokuthula umfelokazi omnyama.
Esinye isitha samathambo anobuthi futhi siyingozi abagibeli bamahhashi. Babeka amaqanda abo ngemifece ye-arthropod. Ngokulandelayo, izibungu ezibonakala zidla izicabucabu ezincane. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi ungabali izitha eziningi futhi ezikwaziyo ukudla inani elikhulu le-karakurt. Lawa ama-hedgehogs. Abakwesabi nakancane ukuhlaselwa yilezi zinambuzane, ngoba zivikeleke ngokuthembekile ngegobolondo elinezinaliti.
Izicabucabu nazo zondla ngezinhlobo ezithile zezinye izicabucabu noma ama-arthropods. Kodwa-ke, kufanele babe nekhono futhi basheshe ukuze babe nesikhathi sokuhlasela umfelokazi omnyama ngaphambi komzuzu lapho angajova ushevu wakhe. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuvamile kakhulu, ngoba i-karakurt ishesha kakhulu.
Kwezinye izifunda, imisebenzi yabantu ehlotshaniswa nokubhujiswa kwamagundane, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezivela kumakhemikhali, kuholela ekwehleni kwenani le-karakurt.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: I-crakur spider karakurt
Kuze kube manje, ososayensi bayaqiniseka ukuthi inani le-karakurt alisongelwa. Kwezinye izifunda, amanani abo makhulu kakhulu, futhi izindawo zabo zokuhlala zanda njalo zibheke enyakatho. Ezifundeni lapho izicabucabu zazingatholakali khona phambilini, kodwa okokuqala ngqa zonke izikhungo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo zivela, kufanele zikulungele ukunikeza usizo oluphuthumayo kubantu abalunywe wummeli onobuthi wezitshalo nezilwane.
Kwezinye izindawo, lapho izicabucabu ziziphatha khona ngokukhuthele, zingene endlini, noma zisondele kakhulu kubantu, kunconywa ukuthi kusetshenziswe izinto zokuzivikela nokuzilawula. Abantu bazama ukuvikela ikhaya labo ngazo zonke izindlela ezaziwayo. Ubuthi be-arthropods buyingozi ikakhulukazi ezinganeni, asebekhulile, ezigulini ezibuthakathaka, noma kulabo abanenkinga yokungezwani komzimba.
Ubunzima bulele eqinisweni lokuthi umuntu akezwa ngaso sonke isikhathi ukulunywa yizinambuzane, futhi ngemuva kwemizuzu engu-15-20 ukusuka lapho ubuthi bungena emzimbeni, kuqala ukubonakaliswa okukhulu. Ngokushesha lapho isisulu sithola usizo lwezokwelashwa futhi ijojowe i-anti-caracourt serum, aba maningi amathuba okuthi alulame.
Umfelokazi omnyama, noma isicabucabu karakurt ngesinye sezidalwa ezinobuthi futhi eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi isicabucabu asihlaseli umuntu sodwa. Uhlasela kuphela uma ingozi isondela.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 04.06.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 13.10.2019 ngo-19: 25
