Abantu bahlale behlobanisa amabhu nokuthile okuhle, okuphephile, nokuhle. Zifanekisela uthando, ubuhle nenjabulo. Kodwa-ke, phakathi kwabo kukhona nezidalwa ezingezona ezothando kakhulu. Lokhu kufaka phakathi uvemvane ikhanda elifile... Kwifilimu edumile ethi "The Silence of the Lambs," uBuffalo maniac Bill wakhulisa izinambuzane wazifaka emilonyeni yezisulu. Kwakubukeka kumangalisa.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ikhanda elifile le-Butterfly
Ikhanda elifile lingelomndeni wamaphaphu oklebe. Igama layo lesiLatin elithi Acherontia atropos lihlanganisa amagama amabili afaka ukwesaba kubantu baseGrisi lasendulo. Igama elithi "Acheron" lisho igama lomfula wosizi embusweni wabafileyo, "i-Atropos" igama lomunye wonkulunkulukazi bezindawo zabantu, owasika intambo ekhonjwe ngempilo.
Igama lasendulo lesiGreki belihloselwe ukuchaza ukwethuka komhlaba. Igama lesiRashiya leNhloko efile (ikhanda lika-Adam) lihlotshaniswa nombala walo - esifubeni kunephethini eliphuzi elifana nogebhezi. Emazweni amaningi aseYurophu, inundu ye-hawk inegama elifana nelaseRussia.
Ividiyo: Ikhanda elifile le-Butterfly
Lezi zinhlobo zachazwa okokuqala nguCarl Linnaeus encwadini yakhe ethi "The System of Nature" wayiqamba ngokuthi iSphinx atropos. Ngo-1809, usosayensi wezinambuzane waseJalimane, uJacob Heinrich Laspeyres, wakhetha ibhu le-hawk kuhlobo lwe-Acherontia, okubalwa kulo esikhathini sethu. Lo mkhakha ungowesigaba sentela sase-Acherontiini. Ngaphakathi erenki, ubudlelwano be-interspecific abukaphenywa ngokuphelele.
Kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zezinambuzane emhlabeni, kepha yilesi sidalwa kuphela esahlonishwa ngokwenza izimpawu, izinganekwane nezinkolelo-ze eziningi kangaka. Ukuqagela okungasekelwa kwaholela ekushushisweni, ekushushisweni nasekubhujisweni kohlobo, njengesibonakaliso senkinga.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umdwebi uVan Gogh, owayesesibhedlela ngo-1889, wabona inundu engadini wayiveza emdwebeni awubiza ngokuthi "yiHawk Moth's Head". Kodwa lo mdwebi ube nephutha futhi esikhundleni sekhanda lika-Adam odumile wagcwala i- "Pear Peacock Eye".
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ikhanda elifile le-Butterfly hawker
Izinhlobo zekhanda lika-Adam zingenye yezinundu ezinkulu kunazo zonke zaseYurophu. I-dimorphism yezocansi ivezwa ngokungaqondakali futhi abesifazane abahlukile kakhulu kwabesilisa.
Osayizi babo bayafinyelela:
- ubude bezimpiko zangaphambili ngu-45-70 mm;
- amaphiko wabesilisa angama-95-115 mm;
- amaphiko ezinsikazi angama-90-130 mm;
- isisindo sabesilisa singu-2-6 g;
- isisindo sabesifazane ngu-3-8 g.
Iphiko langaphambili liloliwe, ubude balo bubude kabili; ngemuva - eyodwa nohhafu, kukhona i-notch encane. Ngaphambili, umphetho wangaphandle ulingana, ngemuva wona ushayelwe onqenqemeni. Ikhanda limnyama ngokunsundu noma limnyama. Esifubeni esimnyama nesensundu kunephethini ephuzi ebukeka njengekhakhayi lomuntu elinamasokhethi wamehlo amnyama. Lesi sibalo kungenzeka asikho ngokuphelele.
Ingxenye engezansi yesifuba nesisu iphuzi. Umbala wamaphiko ungahluka kusuka kokumnyama okunsundu kuya kophuzi ocher. Iphethini yamabhu angahluka. Isisu sifinyelela kumamilimitha angama-60 ubude, size sifike kumamilimitha angama-20 ububanzi, sigcwele izikali. I-proboscis inamandla, iminyene, ifinyelela kumamilimitha ayi-14, ine-cilia.
Umzimba uyindilinga. Amehlo ayindilinga. Izindunduma ze-Labial zicindezelwe ngokuqinile ekhanda, zimbozwe ngezikali. Izimpondo zifushane, zinciphile, zimbozwe imigqa emibili ye-cilia. Insikazi ayinayo i-cilia. Imilenze iminyene futhi imifushane. Kunemigqa emine yezinsipho emilenzeni. Imilenze yangemuva inezimbili zama-spurs.
Ngakho-ke sakubona ukuthi uvemvane lubukeka kanjani... Manje ake sithole ukuthi i-butterfly yekhanda le-Dead ihlala kuphi.
Uhlala kuphi uvemvane lwekhanda olufile?
Isithombe: Ikhanda le-Butterfly Adam
IHabitat ibandakanya i-Afrika, iSyria, iKuwait, iMadagascar, i-Iraq, uhlangothi olusentshonalanga yeSaudi Arabia, iNyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Iran. Kutholakala eningizimu nasenkabeni yeYurophu, iCanary neAzores, iTranscaucasia, iTurkey, iTurkmenistan. Abantu abanobudlova babonwa ePalaearctic, Middle Urals, North-East Kazakhstan.
Izindawo ezihlala ekhanda lika-Adam zincike ngqo enkathini, ngoba lolu hlobo lokufuduka. Ezifundeni eziseningizimu, amabhu ahlala kusuka ngoMeyi kuya kuSepthemba. Ama-hawk amabhu afudukayo ayakwazi ukundiza ngesivinini esifinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-50 ngehora. Leli nani libanikeza ilungelo lokuba ngabaphathi bamarekhodi phakathi kwezimvemvane futhi libavumele bathuthele kwamanye amazwe.
ERussia, ikhanda elifile lahlangatshezwa ezifundeni eziningi - eMoscow, eSaratov, eVolgograd, ePenza, eNyakatho Caucasus naseKrasnodar Territory, livame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezinezintaba. ILepidoptera ikhetha izindawo zokuhlala ezahlukahlukene kakhulu, kepha kaningi zihlala eduze namasimu, amasimu, emahlathini, ezigodini.
Izimvemvane zivame ukukhetha izindawo eziseduze namasimu amazambane. Ngenkathi kumbiwa amazambane, kuvela iziphungumangathi eziningi. ETranscaucasia, abantu bahlala phansi kwezintaba endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-700 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, ungahlangana endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-2500. Isikhathi sendiza nobubanzi bayo buya ngezimo zezulu. Ezindaweni zokufuduka, iLepidoptera yakha amakoloni amasha.
Idla ini uvemvane lekhanda elifile?
Isithombe: Inhloko yebhu
U-Imago akanandaba namaswidi. Ukudla okunomsoco kwabantu abadala kuyisici esibalulekile hhayi kuphela ekugcineni umsebenzi obalulekile, kepha nasekuvuthweni kwamaqanda emzimbeni wabesifazane. Ngenxa ye-proboscis emfushane, amabhu awakwazi ukondla umpe, kepha angaphuza amajusi ezihlahla kanye namanzi ageleza ezithelo ezilimele.
Kodwa-ke, izinambuzane akuvamile ukuthi zidle izithelo, ngoba ngenkathi zimunca uju, ujusi noma ukuqoqa umswakama, azikhethi ukuba sesimweni sokubalekela, kepha ukuhlala phansi eduze kwesithelo. I-Butterfly Dead Head Uthanda uju, angadla kuze kufike ku-15 amagremu ngasikhathi. Angena esidlekeni noma ezidlekeni futhi abhoboze amakhekheba nge-proboscis yawo. Amacimbi adla eziqongweni zezitshalo ezitshaliwe.
Ikakhulukazi ukunambitheka kwabo:
- amazambane;
- isaqathe;
- utamatisi;
- ugwayi;
- fennel;
- isithombo sebhitrudi;
- isitshalo seqanda;
- itheniphu;
- i-physalis.
Izibungu nazo zidla amagxolo ezihlahla nezinye izitshalo - i-belladonna, i-dope, i-wolfberry, iklabishi, i-hemp, i-nettle, i-hibiscus, i-ash. Bafaka ingozi ebonakalayo ezihlahleni ezivandeni ngokudla amahlamvu. Isikhathi esiningi amacimbi angaphansi komhlaba futhi aphuma kuphela ukuzodla. Beka kuqala izitshalo ze-nightshade.
Abantu bazondla bodwa, hhayi ngamaqembu, ngakho-ke abalimazi kangako ezitshalweni. Ukuvuna, ngokungafani nezilokazane, akuqedi, ngoba kuyizinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa futhi akuhambelani nokuhlaselwa kwabantu abaningi. Izimila zilulama ngokuphelele ngesikhathi esifushane.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ikhanda elifile le-Butterfly
Lolu hlobo lwovemvane luhamba ebusuku. Emini bayaphumula, kuthi kusihlwa baqale ukuzingela. Kuze kube phakathi kwamabili, amabhu angabonakala ekukhanyeni kwezibani nezigxobo, okuziheha. Emisebeni yokukhanya okukhanyayo, zivunguza kamnandi, zenza imidanso yokukhwelana.
Izinambuzane zingenza imisindo yokukhala. Isikhathi eside, izazi zezinambuzane bezingaqondi ukuthi iziphi izitho ezakha futhi zikholelwa ukuthi ziphuma esiswini. Kodwa ngo-1920, uHeinrich Prell wenza okutholakele futhi wathola ukuthi ukukhala kuvela ngenxa yokukhishwa kokukhula odebeni olungaphezulu lapho uvemvane lumunca umoya bese lududulela emuva.
Amacimbi nawo angakhala, kepha ahlukile emisindweni yabantu abadala. Kwakhiwa ngokuhlikihla imihlathi. Ngaphambi kokuzalwa kabusha njengovemvane neziphungumangathi, bangenza umsindo uma bephazamiseka. Ososayensi abaqiniseki ngamaphesenti ayikhulu ukuthi ikuphi, kodwa iningi liyavuma ukuthi izinambuzane ziyazishicilela ukwethusa abantu ezingabazi.
Esigabeni sesibungu, izinambuzane zisemigodini yazo cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi, zikhasa phezulu kuphela ukuze zidle. Kwesinye isikhathi azinamathele ngaphandle kwenhlabathi ngokuphelele, kepha zifinyelela iqabunga eliseduze, zilidle bese licasha. Ama-Burrows atholakala ngamasentimitha angama-40 ukujula. Ngakho bahlala izinyanga ezimbili, bese be-pupate.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ikhanda le-Butterfly Adam
Uvemvane lwekhanda olufile luzala izingane ezimbili ngonyaka. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi isizukulwane sesibili sabesifazane sizalwa singenamsoco. Ngakho-ke, abafuduki abasanda kufika bazokwazi ukwandisa inani labantu. Ezimweni ezinhle nezimo ezifudumele, inzalo yesithathu ingavela. Kodwa-ke, uma ekwindla kuvela ukuthi kuyabanda, abanye abantu abanaso isikhathi sokufunda nokufa.
Izinsikazi zikhiqiza ama-pheromones, ngaleyo ndlela ahehe abesilisa, ngemuva kwalokho azalane bese ezalela amaqanda afinyelela kumamilimitha owodwa nohhafu ngosayizi, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma aluhlaza. Amabhu awanamathisela ngaphakathi kweqabunga noma awabeke phakathi kwesiqu sesitshalo neqabunga.
Amacimbi amakhulu aqanduselwa emaqandeni, ngalinye linezinyawo ezinhlanu ngazimbili. Izinambuzane zidlula ezigabeni ezi-5 zokuvuthwa. Kokuqala, zikhula zifinyelele kusentimitha elilodwa. Ama-Stage 5 specimens afinyelela kumasentimitha ayi-15 ubude futhi anesisindo esingama-gramu angama-20. Amacimbi abukeka emuhle kakhulu. Bachitha izinyanga ezimbili ngaphansi komhlaba, bese kuba enye inyanga esigabeni se-pupal.
Iziphungumangathi zabesilisa zifinyelela kumamilimitha angama-60 ubude, abesifazane - 75 mm, isisindo seziphungumangathi zabesilisa kuze kufike ku-10 amagremu, abesifazane - kuze kufike ku-12 amagremu. Ekupheleni kwenqubo yokufundela, isiphungumangathi singaba mthubi noma ukhilimu ngombala, ngemuva kwamahora ayi-12 siba nsundu ngokubomvu.
Izitha zemvelo zekhanda levemvane elifile
Isithombe: Ikhanda elifile le-Butterfly hawker
Kuzo zonke izigaba zomjikelezo wempilo uvemvane ikhanda elifile ilandelwa yizinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-parasitoid - izinto eziphilayo ezisinda ngomphathi:
- isibungu;
- iqanda;
- i-ovari;
- isibungu-pupal;
- umdlwane.
Izinhlobo ezincane zomnyovu zingabeka amaqanda azo emzimbeni wesibungu. Iziphungumangathi zithuthuka ngokuzihluthula kumacimbi. AmaTahina abekela amaqanda awo ezitshalweni. Amacimbi awadla ndawonye namaqabunga, futhi ayakhula, adle izitho zangaphakathi zebhu elizayo. Lapho ama-parasites ekhula, ayaphuma.
Njengoba amabhu engakhethi uju lwezinyosi, avame ukulunywa. Kufakazelwe ukuthi ikhanda lika-Adam alicabangeli ubuthi bezinyosi futhi liyakwazi ukumelana nezinyosi eziyisihlanu. Ukuzivikela esixukwini sezinyosi, zibhuza njengenyosi eyindlovukazi esanda kuphuma emgodini.
Amabhu anamanye amaqhinga futhi. Bangena ngesinyenyela ezindlekeni ebusuku futhi bakhiqize amakhemikhali afihla iphunga labo. Ngosizo lwamafutha acid, bathulisa izinyosi. Kwenzeka ukuthi izinyosi zigwaze isithandwa sezinyosi sife.
Izinambuzane azikulimazi ukufuywa kwezinyosi ngenxa yobuningi bazo, kepha abafuyi bezinyosi basazithatha njengezinambuzane futhi bazibhubhise. Imvamisa babeka amanetha azungeze isifuba ngamaseli angekho ngaphezu kwamamilimitha ayi-9 ukuze izinyosi kuphela zikwazi ukungena ngaphakathi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ikhanda elifile le-Butterfly
Imvamisa, abantu batholakala kuphela ngezinombolo ezilodwa. Inombolo yezinhlobo ngqo incike kwisimo sezulu nezimo zemvelo, ngakho-ke, inani lazo lihluka kakhulu unyaka nonyaka. Eminyakeni ebandayo, inani lehla kakhulu, eminyakeni efudumele liqala kabusha ngokushesha.
Uma ubusika bunzima kakhulu, iziphungumangathi zingafa. Kepha ngonyaka olandelayo, isibalo siyalulama sibonga abantu abafudukayo. Isizukulwane sesibili samabhu sichanyuselwa ngamanani amakhulu kakhulu ngenxa yabafuduki abafikile. Kodwa-ke, kulayini ophakathi nendawo, abesifazane besizukulwane sesibili abakwazi ukuzala inzalo.
Isimo esinenani lamabhu siyathandeka eTranscaucasus. Ubusika lapha bufudumele ngokulingene kanti izibungu ziphila ngokuphepha zize zincibilike. Kwezinye izindawo, izinguquko ezimweni zemvelo zinomthelela omubi enanini lezimvemvane.
Inombolo ephelele ayikwazi ukubalwa, kuphela ngokungaqondile, ngokuya ngeziphungumangathi ezitholakele. Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali emasimini kwaholela ekwehleni kwesibalo sezinambuzane ezindaweni ezazingaphansi kwe-USSR, ikakhulukazi empini yokulwa nebhungane lamazambane laseColorado, okwadala ukufa kwezibungu neziphungumangathi, ukusiphula izihlahla, nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Amabhu abelokhu ehlushwa ngabantu. Imisindo ekhiqizwe inundu nephethini esifubeni sayo yabangela abantu abangenalwazi ukwethuka ngo-1733. Bathe lo bhubhane oludlangile luvela ekuqhamukeni kwenundu ye-hawk. EFrance, abanye abantu basakholelwa ukuthi uma isikali esivela kuphiko lwe-Dead Head singena esweni, ungaba yimpumputhe.
Ukuqapha ikhanda levemvane
Isithombe: Ikhanda elifile le-Butterfly elisencwadini ebomvu
Ngo-1980, izinhlobo zekhanda lika-Adam zabalwa ohlwini lweRed Book le-SSR yase-Ukraine kwathi ngo-1984 kwiRed Book yase-USSR zanyamalala. Kodwa okwamanje ayifakwanga kwiRed Book yaseRussia, ngoba inikezwe isikhundla sezinhlobo ezijwayelekile futhi ayidingi izinyathelo zokuzivikela.
Encwadini Ebomvu yase-Ukraine, ibhu le-hawk linikezwa isigaba esingu-3 esibizwa ngokuthi "izinhlobo ezingavamile". Lokhu kufaka izinhlobo zezinambuzane ezinabantu abancane okwamanje abangahlukaniswa njengezinhlobo "ezisengozini" noma "ezisengozini". Ezinganeni zesikole, amakilasi akhethekile achazayo abanjwa ngokungamukelwa kwamacimbi okucekela phansi.
Ensimini yamazwe ase-USSR yangaphambili, kukhona ukwehla okuqhubekayo kwenani labantu, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuvikela lezi zidalwa. Izinyathelo zokongiwa kwemvelo kufanele ziqukethe ukutadisha izinhlobo, ukukhula kwayo, ithonya lezimo zezulu kanye nezitshalo zokudla, kanye nokubuyiselwa kwezindawo zokuhlala ezijwayelekile.
Kuyadingeka ukutadisha ukusatshalaliswa kwezimvemvane, ukuthola imingcele yendawo yokuhlala kanye nezindawo zokufuduka. Ezindaweni ezilinywayo zezolimo, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kufanele kufakwe esikhundleni sendlela edidiyelwe yokuphathwa kwezinambuzane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekulweni nebhungane, izibulala-zinambuzane azisebenzi.
Ekuhumusheni kusuka esiGrekini, uvemvane luhunyushwa ngokuthi "umphefumulo". Ikhanya nje, inomoya futhi ihlanzekile. Kuyadingeka ukuthi ulondoloze lo mphefumulo ngenxa yezizukulwane ezizayo futhi unikeze inzalo ithuba lokujabulela ukubuka kwalesi sidalwa esihle, futhi uthande ukubukeka okuyindida kwalezi zinundu ezibabazekayo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 02.06.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 20.09.2019 ngo-22: 07
