Izimvemvane bezilokhu zihlotshaniswa nokuthile okukhanyayo, okuntekenteke nokushisayo. Noma kunjalo igama ngu - uvemvane olilayoayihambisani nanoma iyiphi yalezi zincazelo. Isinambuzane sinegama laso elidabukisayo ngombala omnyama wamaphiko aso. Imibala yayo ayilibaleki, izinkumbulo eziningi zobuntwana zihlotshaniswa naleli bhu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ukulila kwebhabhalane
Izinhlobo zingezizimvemvane eziguqukayo zomndeni we-nymphalid. Igama lesiRashiya leLepidoptera lihlotshaniswa nombala omnyama wesinambuzane. ENtshonalanga, uvemvane lwaziwa kangcono ngaphansi kwegama "ingubo yokulila", eFrance igama layo lihunyushwa ngokuthi "usizi", ePoland balibiza ngokuthi "umlimi wensimu okhalazayo". Inecala layo lesiLatini elithi Antiopa endlovukazi yama-Amazons, i-Antiope.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isazi semvelo uKarl Linnaeus wabiza uvemvane ngokuhlonipha indodakazi kankulunkulu uNiktea. Wazala amawele avela kuZeus, kepha wesaba ulaka lukayise wabalekela ePeloponnese. UNiktei wayala umfowabo ukuthi athole futhi abulale indodakazi yakhe. Wanxusa amadodana akhe ukuba abophele umbaleki ezimpondweni zenkunzi enobudlova. Ngomzuzu wokugcina, amawele athole ukuthi umama wabo ubephambi kwabo nokuthi ukubulawa akuzange kwenzeke.
Ngokwenguqulo eyodwa, inkonzo yomngcwabo yaqanjwa igama ngenxa yokufana kombala wekapa labazili abangochwepheshe, umsebenzi osabalele wekhulu le-15 eYurophu. Ngemuva kweminyaka engama-300, inundu laba luphawu ezweni lonke lokulila phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu.
Ividiyo: Ukulila kwebhabhalazi
Kukhona ama-subspecies amaningi, kuya ngezinkomba zokushisa. Ngaphansi kwethonya eliphansi ngokwedlulele noma, kunalokho, amazinga okushisa aphezulu, izinhlobo eziningi zivela, njenge, isibonelo, i-hygiaea Heydenr. Ama-subspecies awanamehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi umngcele okhanyayo onqenqemeni lwamaphiko ubanzi.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Uvemvane olila usuku
Incazelo yenkonzo yomngcwabo inemibalabala kakhulu kunegama layo. Isizinda samaphiko siyi-cherry noma nsundu emnyama. Umphetho wangaphandle wamaphiko unesono, unamazinyo, uzungezwe umugqa ophuzi obanzi. Umugqa wezindawo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ugijima kuwo. Phezulu kwamaphiko angaphambili kunezindawo ezimbili eziphuzi ezifiphele.
- amaphiko - amasentimitha ama-7-9;
- ubude bephiko langaphambili lingamasentimitha angu-3-4.5.
Izingxenye ezingezansi zamaphiko zimnyama. Kubantu asebusika, umngcele ulula kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umbala uyanyamalala ebusika. Umbala okhanyayo awuhlotshaniswa namafomu wesizini. Ezimvemvane ezihlala eMpumalanga Ekude, umngcele uhlala uphuzi. I-dimorphism yezocansi ayiphinyiselwa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umbala webhu uncike ezimweni zezulu lapho kuvela khona isiphungumangathi. Amazinga okushisa aphakeme kakhulu noma aphansi kakhulu abangela ukushaqeka kwakhe kanye nezinguquko zehomoni ezenzeka emzimbeni. Ithoni ensundu iba mnyama futhi imivimbo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ingahle ingekho.
Emndenini we-nymphalid, umbala ovikelayo uyisici sangemuva kwamaphiko. Egumbini lokulila, lolu hlangothi lunsundu ngemivimbo emnyama nomngcele okhanyayo. Lo mbala usebenza njengokufihla inundu uma kuqhathaniswa neziqu zemithi namagatsha.
Umzimba wesinambuzane se-oval unombala onsundu ngombala, kunezimbhangqa ezintathu zemilenze emincane, lapho kukhona khona ama-buds. Ekhanda kunezimpondo ezinde ezinjengeklabhu njengezitho zokuthinta kanye ne-proboscis. Ibhu linamehlo amane: ama-2 awo asendaweni ye-parietal futhi ama-2 ezinhlangothini.
Uhlala kuphi uvemvane lolusizi?
Isithombe: Ukulila kwe-Butterfly kusuka eNcwadini Ebomvu
Lezi zinhlobo zisabalele ePalaearctic. Amabhu ajwayele ukuhlala ezindaweni ezipholile. Ngakho-ke, ezindaweni ezishisayo azitholakali. Izinambuzane azihambi ngaphezu kwama-68 degrees latitude latitude. Amaphathi okulila ahlala eNgilandi, eNorway, eJalimane. Abantu abafudukayo babonwa ogwini loLwandle i-Arctic.
Lezi zinhlobo zisatshalaliswa eJapan, kulo lonke elaseYurophu nase-Asia, eNyakatho Melika, enyakatho ye-Afrika. Akuveli eGrisi, eningizimu yeSpain noma eMedithera. Kuhlala ezintabeni zaseCaucasus naseCarpathians, ngaphandle kogu loLwandle Olumnyama. Lezi zinhlobo azikho enhlonhlweni yaseCrimea, kepha kungatholakala abantu abalahlekile.
Izinambuzane zilethwe ngokungeyikho eNyakatho Melika, ukusuka lapho izimvemvane zahlala eMexico zaya eCanada. Phambilini, lezi zinhlobo zazihlala kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kepha ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II, inani lazo lehla kakhulu. Endaweni ye-tundra, kutholwa abantu abafudukayo kuphela, e-steppe and steppe - ezigodini zehlathi kuphela.
Ngokuqala kwezinsuku zasentwasahlobo ezifudumele, amabhu azungeza emadlelweni, ezingadini nasemadlelweni, osebeni lwamachibi, ezindleleni. Ukuze bahlale ebusika, bafuna izindawo zokukhosela ezinokwethenjelwa, kuthi lapho sekufudumala, baphume bayofuna ukudla nokuzala. Zitholakala ekuphakameni okungafika kumamitha ayi-2000. Isikhathi sokuphila ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle sifinyelela onyakeni owodwa.
Udliwa yini uvemvane olulilayo?
Isithombe: Ukulila kwebhabhalane
Izinambuzane zithanda izithelo ezivuthwe ngokweqile kunompe wezimbali - ikakhulukazi ama-plums nama-apula. Amabhu adonswa kakhulu iphunga lokuvutshelwa okumnandi nokumuncu. Amaqoqo alezi zidalwa angatholakala eziqwini zezihlahla ezilimele, lapho kuvela khona umuthi wesihlahla. Izimvemvane ikakhulukazi zithanda ubisi lwe-birch.
Sebephuze ujusi ovutshiwe, amabhu ayahlakazeka futhi alahlekelwe ukuqapha, ngakho-ke baba yizisulu zezinyoni namagundane amancane. Amaphathi okulila ahlala ezimbali nasekhula ensimini. Izidalwa azikwazi ukuthola ukuntuleka kwamavithamini futhi zilandelele izakhi kusuka kwimpova, ngakho-ke zikugcwalisa ngokubola kwesidumbu kanye nendle yezilwane.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi amabhu athole umswakama owanele, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi aphile eduze kwemizimba yamanzi. Esigabeni sesibungu, izinambuzane zidla izitshalo zokudla.
Ukudla kwabo kufaka:
- i-hawthorn;
- ukuvuka;
- imephu;
- ULinden;
- i-alder;
- umnyezane;
- ubhabhulini;
- imbabazane.
Imvamisa izidalwa ezinhle zitholakala zihleli phansi eduze kwezihlahla ezithela izithelo, zizama ukudla izithelo ezivuthiwe. Imvamisa bakhetha izithelo eziqhekekile ukukhipha kalula ijusi kuzo. Amacimbi achitha isikhathi esiningi efuna ukudla. Ngaphambi kokufihla, zidla kakhulu, zizama ukudla uhlaza oluningi ngangokunokwenzeka.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Uvemvane olila usuku
Ngokuqala kwentwasahlobo, izimvemvane ziphuma ezindaweni ezifihlekile, zigcobe ilanga bese zizifunela ukudla. ERussia, zingatholakala kuphela ngoJulayi-Agasti kuya ku-Okthoba. Lapho ubusuku sebupholile, izinambuzane ziqala ukufuna izindawo zasebusika - imifantu kwiziphunzi neziqu zokuzivikela emakhazeni, ezindlini ezingaphansi zezakhiwo zokuhlala.
Umbala omnyama wezimpiko usiza izinambuzane zicashe kalula otshanini. Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, kungatholakala abesifazane kuphela. Zizalela amaqanda, emva kwalokho ziyafa ngokushesha. Laba bantu bayakwazi ukumboza amabanga amade. Ukufuduka kuvame ukwenzeka ekwindla befuna isiphephelo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngenkonzo yomngcwabo, unganquma amaphuzu abalulekile. Lapho ibhu lihlala phansi ukuze liphumule, lisonga amaphiko alo bese lifulathela ilanga. Ekuseni amaphiko aphendukela empumalanga, emini eningizimu, kuthi kusihlwa akhombe entshonalanga.
Amaqembu omngcwabo avela esizukulwaneni esisodwa. Ama-subspecies awakafundwa, kepha maningi kakhulu. Ukukhanya kombala wabo kuya ngesizini nendawo okuhlala kuyo. Siphuma emgodini entwasahlobo, lesi sinambuzane sizoba nombala othungathekile. Zifuduka ngokushesha ngemva kokuzalwa. Esikhathini sezulu esishisayo, izindiza zithatha izinsuku ezimbalwa. Zincike ezimweni zezulu.
Amabhu angaphila kuze kube uJuni wonyaka ozayo, nasezintabeni kuze kube ngu-Agasti. Ngentwasahlobo, izimvemvane zihlala ezindaweni eziqhelelene nezindawo ezizalelwa kuzo. Ebusika, abaningi abasindi eqhweni futhi bafe. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwehlobo, inani labesilisa liyanqoba, khona-ke ukungalingani kuyasuswa.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ukulila kwe-Butterfly emvelweni
Ukukhiqizwa kwephathi elililayo akuhlukile kakhulu kwamanye amabhu. Kusukela ngemuva kwesisu sabesifazane, ama-pheromones akhululwa, ngawo aheha abesilisa. Inqubo yokukhwelana ithatha isikhathi eside impela - ukusuka emizuzwini engama-30 kuya emahoreni ambalwa ezindaweni zokuhlala. Abesilisa bavikela insimu kwizimbangi.
Ama-clutches aqukethe amaqanda angaba yikhulu. Amaqanda anamathele emaqabungeni noma eziqu zezitshalo ezisetshenziswayo. Amabhu anamathisela ukwakhiwa kwamagatsha e-birch, akha amasongo. Amacimbi aqandusela ngoJuni. Ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, ubude bazo bungamamilimitha ama-2 kuphela. Amacimbi amnyama anezindawo ezimhlophe nezibomvu.
Amabele agcinwa yiqembu. Amacimbi adlula ezigabeni ezi-5 zokuvuthwa. Ukuqothuka kwenzeka ngakunye kwabo. Indlovukazi yama-Amazon idla isikhumba sayo. Esigabeni sokugcina, ubude babo bufinyelela kumasentimitha angu-5.4. Ngaphambi kokufunda, abantu bayakhasa. Iziphungumangathi zinamathele emagatsheni ezihlahla ezincane zibheke phansi. Ubude bazo bungamasentimitha ama-3. Uzohlala kulesi simo izinsuku eziyi-11-12.
Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuzalwa, izinambuzane zingena esikhathini. Kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Agasti, bakumodi yokonga amandla. Ngemuva kwalokho, amabhu aqala ukondla kakhulu ukuze athole amandla kagesi okulala ubusika bonke. Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu sokuqala esibandayo, bayacasha balale.
Izitha zemvelo zezimvemvane ezililayo
Isithombe: Ukulila kwe-Butterfly kusuka eNcwadini Ebomvu
Kuzo zonke izigaba zokukhula, lesi sinambuzane sizungezwe izitha eziningi. Izicabucabu, amabhungane noma izintuthwane akunankinga ngokudla amaqanda amabhu. Abantu abadala bathinteka ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni, izilwane ezihuquzelayo noma amagundane amancane. Yize i-Lepidoptera inombala wokuzifihla obuguqula ube iqabunga elomile, abantu abaningi abaphili kuze kube sentwasahlobo, batholakala ezindaweni zokukhosela.
Izibungu zihlushwa izinambuzane zeminyovu, i-hymenoptera, ezizalela amaqanda emzimbeni wazo. Izinambuzane zibeka amaqanda ezitshalweni eziklaba. Izibungu zidla amaqabunga anamaqhuqhuva kanye nama-parasitoids akhula emzimbeni wezimvemvane ezizayo, azidle ngaphakathi. Abagibeli bazalwa sebakhiwe.
Phakathi kwezinambuzane kukhona ama-ovarian, ama-larval, ama-ovarian, ama-pupal, izinhlobo ze-larval-pupal. Ezinye zazo zingakhubaza isisulu ngokuphelele noma ezinye izingxenye zomzimba wazo. Izinto eziphilayo ziphila futhi zikhule ngenxa yezimvemvane. Njengomphumela womsebenzi wabo obalulekile, iLepidoptera iyafa noma ibe yinyumba.
Izicabucabu nezinsimbi zokuthandaza zizingela amabhu ekuqamekeleni. Balinda izidalwa ezinhle ezimbalini noma bazibambe kuwebhu. Phakathi kwezitha kunezinhlobo ezithile zeminyovu namabhungane asemhlabathini. Ama-Ktyri nojekamanzi bazingela umngcwabo ngesikhathi sendiza. Izinsikazi nezibankwa ziqamekela izimvemvane phansi naseduze nemizimba yamanzi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ukulila kwebhabhalane
Ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II, inani lamabhu laliphezulu kakhulu. ILepidoptera yasatshalaliswa kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ngenxa yezizathu ezingakaziwa, inani labantu lehla kakhulu ngemuva kwempi. Okwamanje, izinga liphansi, kepha lizinzile ngokuqhathaniswa.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1960, kwaba nokwanda okukhulu kwezinambuzane esifundeni saseMoscow, ngo-1970 eNovosibirsk, ngo-1985 esifundeni saseTula, futhi muva nje ngo-2008 esifundeni saseChelyabinsk. Kuwo wonke umlando wayo, lolu hlobo lwezinhlobo luye lwabona ukuguquguquka kaningana kwamanani ngokuncipha noma ukwanda.
Ukwehla kwesibalo sabantu ikakhulu kuncike ekubhujisweni kwezindawo zemvelo zezindawo zokulila. Ngama-1990s, amabhu atholakala ezindaweni ezingaphezu kwezingama-20 zemvelo nezenziwe ngobuciko esifundeni saseMoscow. Ngalesi sikhathi, abantu bangatholakala ezindaweni zokuhlala, ehlathini laseKuzminsky, emagqumeni aseKrylatsky.
Ngawo-1990, inani laphinde labuya laze lenyuka kancane, kodwa kwakungavamile ukuhlangana nalo eMoscow Ring Road. Kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-2000, kuhlala izindawo ezinhlanu kuphela. Uma ngaphambi kwalokho kwakukhona abantu abaningi eTsaritsyn, ngemuva kuka-2005, noma ngabe insimu yahlolwa kangakanani, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuthola abantu.
Izinambuzane ziyizinto ezibalulekile ochungechungeni lokudla. Izibungu neziphungumangathi zibamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekudleni kwezinyoni. Ngenxa yabantu abadala, izinhlobo ezingavamile zezilwane ezincane ezincelisayo, izinyoni, izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ziyasinda. Zidlala indima ebalulekile ekupholiseni izimbali.
Ezindaweni ezakhiwe, izindlu zomngcwabo ziswele ukudla nezindawo zobusika. Ngenxa yokoma kwezihlahla emigwaqweni, ukungabi namanzi nenhlabathi enomswakama, ukwehliswa kwezindawo eziluhlaza, ukubhujiswa okuvamile kwezihlahla ezindala eziyize, ukwehla kwesibalo sezinambuzane kuyabonakala.
Ukuvikelwa kwezimvemvane ezililayo
Isithombe: Uvemvane olila usuku
Lezi zinhlobo zifakiwe eNcwadini Ebomvu Yesifunda SaseSmolensk. Kwabelwa isigaba 3 njengokungajwayelekile ngezinombolo ezilinganiselwe. Ngo-2001 lalibhalwe kuRed Book of the Moscow Region. Kusukela ngo-1978 kuya ku-1996, yaqashwa enhlokodolobha. Izindawo zokuhlala ezinkulu zibhaliswe ezindaweni ezivikelekile.
Ukuze kulondolozwe lezi zinhlobo, kuyadingeka ukugcina ubunjalo bezindawo zemvelo zezindawo zokulila, ezibandakanya ukuba khona kwezimfunda, amahlathi e-aspen, amahlathi e-birch, iminyezane. Ukugawulwa kwenhlanzeko kwezihlahla eziphuthumayo kufanele kulinganiselwe. Ezindaweni zokuhlala nezindawo eziluhlaza, kufanele kuqinisekiswe ukutholakala kwezihlahla ezingenalutho nezinamanzi, ezithela izithelo.
Kwezinye izindawo, ukuthenwa okujulile kompopula kumisiwe. Izindlela zokonga zihlanganisa ukuhlanza umoya nenhlabathi kube sezingeni eliphephile elidingekayo ukuze kugcinwe izimila ezinokhuni. Uvemvane kufanele lunikezwe inani elanele lamanzi ahlanzekile futhi namapayipi amachibi kufanele avinjelwe.
Njalo ngonyaka inani elikhulayo lamazwe liphikisana nokubanjwa okungalawulwa kweLepidoptera. Kwamanye amandla, ukubanjwa kwamabhu ngokungemthetho kuboshwa. Ezinye izifundazwe zikhipha imivuzo yemali ngolwazi mayelana nokubanjwa okungekho emthethweni kwezidalwa ezinhle. Ukubamba indawo yokulila akuvunyelwe emazweni amaningi omhlaba, kubandakanya neRussia.
Uvemvane olilayo - uvemvane oluhle, olubabazekayo nolumnandi. Umbala wayo kunzima ukugeja. Uma umuntu ehlangana naye endleleni yakhe, unemizwa efudumele futhi ekhanyayo kuphela. INdlovukazi yama-Amazons ayiphili ngokuvumelana negama layo elidabukisayo, ngoba ibukeka inesithunzi, ikhanya futhi inhle ngokweqiniso.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 05.06.2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 20.09.2019 ngo-22: 27
