Isilwane esifana i-doe (lat. Dama) ungowomndeni wezinyamazane. Ngakho-ke, akukho okumangazayo kokuthi kwesinye isikhathi ungathola imininingwane ngaye hhayi ngezinyamazane zaseYurophu kuphela, kodwa nangezinyamazane zaseYurophu. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi lesi yisilwane esisodwa futhi esifanayo. Futhi igama elithi "iYurophu" lengezwa ngenxa yokuthi inyamazane ye-fallow ivame ukutholakala namuhla engxenyeni yaseYurophu yezwekazi. Yize lesi silwane sihlala e-Asia Minor.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Lan
Ekuqaleni, indawo yokuhlala izinyamazana, njengoba ososayensi besho, yayinganiselwe e-Asia kuphela. Kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza komuntu, le artiodactyl yaqala ukuvela kwezinye izifunda. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, lolu hlobo lwaqala ukusabalala lusuka eMedithera. Kulapho afika khona e-Europe Ephakathi neseNyakatho.
Ividiyo: Doe
Kepha muva nje, ososayensi abaningi abavumelani nalokhu, ngoba ePleistocene, lapho iJalimane ikhona namuhla, bekukhona insikazi, okungahlukaniseki neze nezinhlobo zesimanje. Futhi lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ekuqaleni indawo yokuhlala yalesi silwane yayibanzi kakhulu.
Kwesinye isikhathi kuyadidaniswa nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwenyamazane ebomvu, iCaucasus noma iCrimea. Kepha lokhu akulungile, ngoba izinyamazane ze-fallow zingama-subspecies ahlukile omndeni wezinyamazane.
Kunezici ezimbili ezihlukile zalesi silwane ezishaya ngokushesha:
- izimpondo ezibanzi, ikakhulukazi uma kukhulunywa ngabesilisa abavuthiwe;
- Umbala onamabala, obonakala kakhulu ngenkathi efudumele.
Imvelaphi yezinhlobo zeDama Frisch ayikacaciswanga ngokuphelele ososayensi. Kepha kuze kube manje umbono okhona ngukuthi leli elinye lamagatsha ohlobo lwePliocene, olwabizwa nge-Eucladocerus Falc. Yiziphi izici zenyamazane engatshonwayo, lesi silwane sigqame kanjani phakathi kwawo wonke umndeni wezinyamazane?
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Doe yezilwane
Uma sicabangela kokubili ukubukeka nosayizi wezinsikazi, singasho okulandelayo: le artiodactyl inkulu kunezinye izihlobo zayo ezivamile, inyamazane yenyamazane. Futhi uma uyiqhathanisa nenyamazane ebomvu, khona-ke ngeke ibe yincane kuphela, kodwa futhi ibe lula.
Ungakhomba izici ezilandelayo eziyinhloko:
- ubude busuka ku-135 kuya ku-175 cm;
- kunomsila omncane, ngaphakathi kuka-20 cm;
- ukukhula ekubuneni kungafinyelela ku-90-105 cm;
- isisindo sabesilisa sisuka ku-70 kuye ku-110 kg;
- isisindo sabesifazane sisukela kuma-50 kuye kuma-70 kg;
- Isikhathi sokuphila ngokuvamile asidluli eminyakeni engama-25.
Kepha uma sikhuluma ngezinsikazi zase-Iranian, lesi silwane sifinyelela ku-200 cm ubude, futhi kwezinye izimo ngisho nangaphezulu.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nenyamazane ebomvu, inyamazane ye-fallow ihlukaniswa nomzimba wayo wemisipha. Kepha imilenze yakhe imifushane, kepha nentamo yakhe. Izinyamazane zase-Europe ezishiywayo zihlukile kunezihlobo zayo zaseMesopotamiya ezimpondweni zayo, ngoba zikwazi ukuthatha isimo esinjenge-spatula, esihlotshiswe ngamagquma emaphethelweni. Kepha konke lokhu kusebenza kuphela kwabesilisa, ngoba abesifazane banezimpondo ezincane futhi abaze banabe. Kungenxa yabo ukuthi unganquma ubudala besilwane, ngoba indala, kulapho lo "mhlobiso" ungaphezulu kwekhanda.
Lapho kufika intwasahlobo, amaduna amadala aqala ukukhipha izimpondo zawo. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ngo-Ephreli. Ngokushesha emva kwalokho, izimpondo ezincane ziyavela endaweni efanayo, ezizuza ukukhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ebusika, izimpondo ziyadingeka kulezi zilwane, ngoba ngosizo lwazo ungalwa nezilwane ezizingelayo. Kodwa ngo-Agasti baqala ukugcobhoza izimpondo zabo ezincane ngeziqu zemithi. Ngokwenza lokhu, bafeza izinhloso ezimbili: isikhumba esifayo siyakhishwa, futhi ukukhula kophondo kuyashesha. Ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba, sebevele sebefinyelele usayizi wabo ojwayelekile.
Ngendlela, kwabesilisa, baqala ukukhula ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ubudala. Futhi bazilahla vele onyakeni wesithathu wokuphila. Futhi lokhu kwenzeka minyaka yonke.
Umbala wezinyamazane ezingamafusi nawo kufanele wazi, njengoba uguquka unyaka wonke. Ehlobo, ingxenye ephezulu yesilwane iba nsundu ngokubomvu, futhi ihlotshiswe ngamabala amhlophe. Kepha zombili izingxenye ezingezansi nemilenze zilula, zicishe zibe mhlophe. Uma kufika isikhathi sasebusika, ikhanda nentamo ziba mnyama nsundu.
Kwezinye izimo, ingxenye ephezulu yomzimba nayo ithola umbala ofanayo. Kepha imvamisa ebusika ungabona futhi insikazi emnyama. Futhi lonke iphansi liphenduka umlotha ube mpunga. Kuliqiniso, kwesinye isikhathi kukhona okuhlukile ngesimo sezinsikazi ezimhlophe. Lokhu kungokunye kokwehluka kwenyamazane ebomvu, engalokothi iguqule umbala wayo.
Ihlala kuphi insikazi?
Isithombe: Izinyamazane zefusi ehlathini
Indawo ehlala izinyane iguqukile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Uma ekuqaleni ibingatholakala endaweni yaseCentral hhayi kuphela, kepha naseNingizimu Yurophu, namuhla kuningi okushintshile. Lezi zindawo zihlala abantu, ngakho-ke lezi zilwane zilethwa lapha ngenkani kuphela. Ngakho-ke kuvela ukuthi izifunda ezinjengeMedithera ezinjengeTurkey, iGrisi kanye nengxenye eseningizimu yeFrance seziyekile ukuba yikhaya lezinyamazane.
Kepha konke lokhu kungesinye sezizathu zokuthi inyamazane entsha ingatholakali e-Asia Minor kuphela. Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu nakho kube nomthelela kulokhu. Izinyamazane ze-fallow zangeniswa eSpain nase-Italy naseGreat Britain. Okufanayo akusebenzi eNingizimu kuphela kodwa naseNyakatho Melika. Imihlambi yasendle yalezi zilwane manje isiyatholakala ngisho nase-Australia naseNew Zealand. Uma sibheka kuphela usuku lwamanje, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-XIII-XVI, lesi silwane sinyamalale ezindaweni eziningi: iLatvia, iLithuania, nePoland. Lesi silwane ngeke usithole eNyakatho Afrika, noma eGrisi, noma eSardinia.
Kukhona umehluko phakathi kwezinyamazane zaseYurophu nezaseIran ezingezona ukubukeka kuphela, kodwa nangenani lemfuyo. Uhlobo lokuqala namuhla lulinganiselwa emakhanda angama-200,000. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, leli nani liphakeme kancane, kepha alidluli amakhanda angama-250,000. Kodwa isimo sezinyamazane ze-Iranian esibi kakhulu, lesi silwane sinamakhanda angamakhulu ambalwa kuphela
Yini edliwa yizinyosi?
Isithombe: Izinyamazane zezinsikazi
Izinyamazane ze-fallow zikhetha ukuhlala endaweni yehlathi, kodwa kuphela ukuze kube nezindawo ezivulekile ngendlela yotshani obukhulu. Lesi silwane sidinga izihlahlana, amahlathi, inani elikhulu lotshani. Kungokwesilwane esikhanyayo esidlayo, ngakho-ke, sisebenzisa kuphela ukudla kwezitshalo njengokudla. Lokhu akubandakanyi utshani kuphela, kodwa namaqabunga kanye namagatsha ezihlahla, ngisho nokukhonkotha. Kepha amagxolo ezinyamazana ze-fallow ahlafunwa njengesixazululo sokugcina, lapho ebusika akunakwenzeka ukufika kwezinye izitshalo.
Entwasahlobo, izinyamazane ze-fallow zisebenzisa ama-snowdrops, i-corydalis, ne-anemone njengokudla. Isilwane sithanda namahlumela amancane wom-oki nom-maple. Ngezinye izikhathi angahlukahluka ekudleni kwakhe ngamahlumela ephayini. Kepha ehlobo, amathuba emikhiqizo yokudla anda kakhulu, futhi inyamazane engalinywayo ingasebenzisa amakhowe, amajikijolo nama-acorn njengokudla. Futhi, akusetshenziswanga okusanhlamvu kuphela, kodwa futhi nemidumba.
Ngaphezu kokudla, lesi silwane sidinga nokutholakala kwamaminerali athile. Ngalesi sizathu, imihlambi yezinyamazana ezingafusi ingafuduka ithole izindawo ezicebile ngosawoti.
Imvamisa ayinakwenza ngaphandle kosizo lomuntu, ngoba lezi zilwane zidinga ukukhotha imikhaza kasawoti. Futhi uma iqhwa eliningi liwela esifundeni esinikeziwe, i-hay kufanele ilungiswe. Ukondla, abazingeli bavamise ukwenza abondli ngokusanhlamvu. Kuyenzeka futhi ukuthi izimfunda zihlelwe, ezihlwanyelwa ngokukhethekile ngotshani obuhlala njalo obuyi-clover ne-lupine. Konke lokhu kwenziwa ukuze izinyamazana zingafudukeli kwezinye izifunda.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Izinyamazane zehlathi
Indlela yokuphila kwenyamazane iyashintsha nezinkathi zonyaka. Ehlobo, izilwane zingagcina zihlukanisiwe. Kodwa kwesinye isikhathi bayalahleka ngamaqembu amancane. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi uma kungekho zinkinga ngokudla. Izingane ezinonyaka owodwa zihlala ziseduze nonina, zizama ukungashiyi ndawo. Izilwane zisebenza kakhulu ekuseni nakusihlwa, lapho isimo sezulu singashisi kangako. Ngemuva kwalokho zivame ukudlisa, ngezikhathi ezithile ziye emgodini wokunisela.
Umlingiswa wezinyamazana zaseYurophu eziza ngefusi uhlukile kancanyana kwenyamazane ebomvu. Izinyamazane zefusi azinamahloni kangako, futhi azihlukile kakhulu ngokuqapha. Kepha maqondana nejubane nobungcweti, lesi silwane asikho neze ngaphansi kunenyamazane. Ekushiseni kosuku, la ma-artiodactyls azama ukufihla ndawo ndawo emthunzini. Imvamisa babeka imibhede yabo ezihlahleni ezisondele eduze kwamanzi. Ikakhulukazi lapho kungekho khona insensane ecasulayo. Bangaphakela nasebusuku.
Abesilisa bakhetha ukuzigcina bodwa isikhathi esiningi sonyaka, futhi bajoyine imihlambi ekwindla kuphela. Bese kuthi owesilisa abe ngumholi womhlambi. Iqembu lezinyamazane ze-fallow liqukethe abesifazane abaningi abanokukhula okuncane. Lezi zilwane azenzi ukufuduka okungathi sína, zizama ukugcina indawo eyodwa kuphela. Imvamisa ujwayele ukusheshe ube khona komuntu. Bahlukaniswa ilukuluku labo, ngakho-ke, bathola cishe ngokushesha izifunzo ezihlomele ubusika.
Bangangena ngokukhululekile ngisho nangaphansi kombhede. Kepha lesi silwane asikufanele ngokuphelele ukufuywa okuphelele, asihambisani nokuthunjwa. Kuzo zonke izitho, ukuzwa kuthuthukiswa kangcono, ngenxa yokuthi kungenzeka ukuzwa ukunyakaza okude kakhulu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Cub wezinyamazane ze-fallow
Njengoba abesilisa nabesifazane behlukene cishe unyaka wonke, ukukhwelana phakathi kwabo kuqala ekwindla. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ngoSepthemba noma eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala ka-Okthoba. Lesi sikhathi empilweni yenyamazana ethathwa njengesiyilo sithathwa njengemicimbi ethakazelisa kakhulu, ngakho-ke amaphuzu ambalwa abalulekile adinga ukugqanyiswa.
- abesilisa abavuthiwe abaneminyaka emi-5 ubudala baxosha izinyamazane zesilisa ezisencane emhlambini wezinyamazane ze-fallow ukuze bakhe "i-harem" yabo:
- abesilisa, abalangazelela ukuzala, bajabule kakhulu kangangokuthi kusihlwa nasekuseni baqala ukukhipha imisinjwana, betha phansi ngezinselo zabo;
- phakathi kwamadoda ajabule kukhona imiqhudelwano enolaka yabesifazane yokuthi abakwazi ukulahlekelwa izimpondo zabo kuphela, kepha futhi baphule izintamo zabo;
- emva kwalokho, kuqala umcimbi omangazayo - umshado wezinyamazane, lapho owesilisa ngamunye ezungezwe okungenani abesifazane abaningana.
Imiqhudelwano ingaba nodlame olukhulu, ngoba akekho ofuna ukungenelwa. Futhi kwenzeka kaningi ukuthi bobabili abaphikisi bafe empini. Ziwa phansi, zibambene ngezimpondo zazo.
Uma sikhuluma ngamapaki, khona-ke kufanele kube nabesilisa abayi-7 noma abayi-8 kwabesifazane abangama-60, kungabe kusaba khona. Ngemuva kokukhwelana, ngemuva kokudlala "umshado", abesilisa bayahamba bese bezama ukuzihlukanisa. Bangakwazi ukuhlangana kuphela uma ubusika bunzima kakhulu. Isikhathi semincintiswano kanye "nemishado" sisaqhubeka isikhathi eside - kufika ezinyangeni ezi-2,5. Izinyamazana ezikhulelweyo zigcina umhlambi. Kepha ngaphambi nje kokuzala, bayamshiya, futhi baziqhelelanise.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-8. Futhi kuphela ehlobo, lapho kuvela ithole elilodwa noma amabili, insikazi ibuyela emhlambini nayo. Izinyane londla ubisi cishe izinyanga ezingama-5-6, yize selivele lisukela emasontweni amane ubudala liqala ukuzitika ngotshani lodwa.
Izitha zemvelo zezinyamazane ze-fallow
Isithombe: I-fallow deer ne-cub
Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi inyamazane ye-fallow iyi-artiodactyl edlayo, ngakho-ke, izidalwa ezahlukahlukene zingaba yingozi empilweni yayo. Kodwa-ke, akumele sikhohlwe ukuthi lolu hlobo lwenyamazane cishe alufuduki, uma lishiya insimu yobubanzi balo, akuvamile. Ngakho-ke, imvamisa sikhuluma ngezitha ezifanayo.
Izingozi eziningana zingabonakala ukuthi zisebenza njengezitha zemvelo:
- iqhwa elijulile, lapho inyamazane ingakwazi ukunyakaza ngenxa yemilenze yayo emifushane;
- ukunyakaza ngomzila ofanayo, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukusetha abaqamekeli;
- ukungaboni kahle, ngakho-ke, umhlaseli, elindile, uhlaselwa kalula kusuka ekuqamekeleni;
- izinhlobo eziningana zezilwane ezizingelayo ezizingela izinyamazane.
Phakathi kwezilwane ezidla ezinye, izimpisi, ama-lynx, izingulube zasendle, kanye namabhere ansundu kubhekwa njengezingozi kakhulu kulolu hlobo lwenyamazane.
Izinyoni zibhukuda kahle emanzini, kepha noma kunjalo zama ukungayi lapho. Futhi uma umhlaseli ehlasela eduze kwechibi, bazama ukubaleka ngomhlaba. Yize kulula kakhulu ukubaleka emanzini.
Kepha ungakhohlwa ngezintsha, ezisongelwa hhayi yilezi zidalwa kuphela. Amawundlu ama-Doe, ikakhulukazi lawo asanda kuvela, angahlaselwa hhayi kuphela izimpungushe, kepha ngisho namagwababa. Abesilisa basakwazi ukumelana nabadliwayo ngezimpondo zabo. Kepha amawundlu nezinsikazi azikwazi ukuzivikela ngokuphelele. Ukuphela kwendlela yokuphunyuka indiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bangagxuma ngaphezu kwezithiyo zamamitha amabili. Phakathi kwezitha, umuntu angaphinda aqambe umuntu ojwayele ukuzingela lesi silwane.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Lan
Ngenxa yemizamo yabantu, alukho neze usongo lokuqothulwa kwezinyamazane zaseYurophu namuhla. Izimo zokuphila ezithandekayo zenzelwe lezi zilwane. Kunamapulazi amaningi okuzingela lapho inyamazane yamafusi ingahola impilo esekhaya. Imihlambi emi-semi yasendle nayo ivamile, ehlala emahlathini nasezindaweni ezinkulu zepaki. Emapaki amakhulu, azikho izinsongo kubo, kufaka phakathi ezivela ezilwaneni zasendle. Kunezimo ezinhle kakhulu zezilwane ezinjalo.
Ukuze kulondolozwe i-ballast yemvelo, kwezinye izindawo lapho inani lezinyamazane ze-fallow liqala ukudlula okujwayelekile, kuvunyelwe ukuzidubula. Kepha kuyenzeka nokuthi ezinye izilwane zivele zithuthelwe kwezinye izifunda.
Amanye amazwe azama ukwandisa isibalo sezinyamazane zase-Europe. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi eFrance, lapho kwakukhona khona eziningi zalezi zilwane ngaphambili. Inkinga enkulu ukuthi lezi zinhlobo akunakwenzeka neze ukuwela nezinye izinhlobo zomndeni wezinyamazane. Izikhathi eziningana ososayensi bazamile ukuxazulula inkinga ye-hybridization, kepha bahluleka. Kepha kukhona nohlangothi oluhle kulokhu, ngoba isici esithile siyalondolozwa.
Ngaso sonke isikhathi, izinyamazane ezazingalwiwa zazibhekwa njengenye yezinhlobo eziyinhloko zezilwane ezazizingelwa. Kepha manje bazama ukuyikhulisa ezindaweni zamapulazi akhethekile. Isibonelo, ePoland kunamapulazi amakhulu amaningana lapho inyamazane yamafusi izalelwa khona inyama nesikhumba. Phakathi kwezilwane zasepulazini ezisabalele kakhulu, bekungenye yezindawo ezihamba phambili kuleli kusukela ngo-2002.
Unogada wezinyamazane
Isithombe: Doe Red Book
Izinyamazane ze-fallow zingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zokuphila ezahlukene. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukuzala. Isibonelo, itholakala ngisho nasesiqhingini saseNorderney, esisenyakatho yolwandle. Ngokuhlukahluka kwaseYurophu, konke kulula kakhulu, ngoba kunemfuyo eningi lapha. Okungenani okwamanje akukho mbuzo mayelana nokuvikelwa okujulile kwalolu hlobo. Kepha inyamazane ye-fallan ifakiwe kwiRed Book. Kepha lokhu kungekudala kungathinta abantu baseTurkey.
Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, inani lezinyamazane zase-Iranian zehla laya kubantu abangama-50. Ingozi enkulu yalolu hlobo kwakuwukuzingela ngokungemthetho. Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka eMpumalanga, ukuzingelwa kwezinyamazane kwakwenziwa, futhi lokhu kwakubhekwa njengokuzilibazisa okuthandwayo hhayi izikhulu kuphela. Ngenxa yohlelo lokuvikela, njengoba lezi zilwane sezingaphansi kokuvikelwa kwamazwe omhlaba, isibalo sezinyamazane ze-Iranian manje sezinyukele kumakhanda angama-360. Kuliqiniso, inani elithile litholakala ema-zoo ahlukahlukene. Kepha ekuthunjweni, lolu hlobo lwenyamazane luzala kabi.
Yize ukudutshulwa kwezinyamazane zase-Europe kuvunyelwe kuphela ngezikhathi ezithile, ukuzingelwa ngokungemthetho ngokuzingela kufanele kungakhohlwa. Ngemuva kwakho konke, imihlambi eminingi ikhona esimeni esingasendle. Futhi kaningi lezi zilwane zibulawa hhayi kuphela isikhumba noma inyama, kodwa nje ukususa izimpondo, okuba isihloko sokuhlobisa kwangaphakathi. Kepha kuningi okushintshile muva nje. Futhi yize kuphela i-Iranian efakiwe kwiRed Book i-doeIzinhlobonhlobo zaseYurophu zivikelwe nemithetho yezwe.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 21.04.2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 19.09.2019 ngo-22: 16
