UNilgau

UNilgau Ingabe ama-antelope amakhulu ase-Asia, kepha hhayi amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Lezi zinhlobo zingenye yezinhlobo, ezihlukile. Ezinye izazi zezilwane zikholelwa ukuthi zifana kakhulu nezinkunzi kunezinyamazane. Zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi yizinhlwathi ezinkulu zaseNdiya. Ngenxa yokufana kwenkomo, i-nilgau ibhekwa njengesilwane esingcwele eNdiya. Namuhla sezinezimpande futhi zikhuliswe ngempumelelo esiqiwini i-Askanya Nova, futhi sezethunyelwe nakwezinye izingxenye eziningi zomhlaba.

Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo

Isithombe: Nilgau

INilgau noma "inkunzi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" kuvame kakhulu ezwenikazi laseNdiya. Yilona kuphela ilungu lohlobo lweBoselaphus. Lezi zinhlobo zachazwa futhi zathola igama lazo eliyinhloko kusuka kusazi sezilwane saseJalimane uPeter Simon Pallas ngo-1766. Igama lesitsotsi "Nilgai" livela ekuhlanganisweni kwamagama asuka olimini lwesiHindi: zero ("blue") + gai ("cow"). Igama laqoshwa okokuqala ngo-1882.

Ividiyo: Nilgau

Lesi silwane saziwa nangokuthi yizinhlwathi ezimhlophe ngaphambili. Igama elijwayelekile elithi Boselaphus livela enhlanganisweni yesiLatin bos ("inkomo" noma "inkunzi") kanye ne-Greek elaphos ("inyamazane"). Yize uhlobo lweBoselafini manje selungenabamele base-Afrika, izinsalela zamathambo ezimbiwa zakudala ziqinisekisa ukuba khona kohlobo loqobo kuleli zwekazi ekugcineni kweMiocene. Izinhlobo ezimbili zezinyamazane eziphilayo zalesi sizwe kubhalwe ukuthi zinezici ezifanayo nezinhlobo zakudala ezifana ne-Eotragus. Lolu hlobo lwavela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-8.9 eyedlule futhi lumelela "izinhlanzi zakudala" kunazo zonke izinkunzi eziphilayo.

Izinhlobo ezikhona nezingasekho zohlobo lweBoselaphus zinokufana ekuthuthukiseni ingqikithi yophondo, ingxenye yalo emaphakathi eyimathambo. Yize abesifazane baseNilgau bengenazo izimpondo, izihlobo zabo zomlando zazinabesifazane abanezimpondo. Izihlobo zezinsalela zakudala zabekwa emndenini omncane waseCephalophinae, manje osuhlanganisa kuphela ama-duikers ase-Afrika.

Izinsalela zeProtragoceros neSivoreas ezisukela emuva eMiocene ongasekho azitholakali e-Asia kuphela kepha naseningizimu yeYurophu. Ucwaningo lwango-2005 lwabonisa ukufuduka kweMiotragoceros kuya e-East Asia cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyisishiyagalombili edlule. UNilgau uhlala ethandana nePleistocene atholakele eKurnool Caves eningizimu yeNdiya. Ubufakazi bukhombisa ukuthi babezingelwa ngabantu ngesikhathi seMesolithic (eminyakeni eyi-5000-8000 edlule)

Ukubukeka nezici

Isithombe: isilwane saseNilgau

INilgau yizinhlwathi ezinkulu ezinenselo enkulu e-Asia. Ukuphakama kwehlombe kungamamitha ayi-1-1.5. Inhloko nobude bomzimba kuvamise ukuba ngamamitha ayi-1.7-2.1. Abesilisa banesisindo esingu-109–288 kg, kanti isisindo esiphezulu esabhalwa sasingu-308 kg. Izinsikazi zilula, zinesisindo esingu-100-213 kg. I-dimorphism yezocansi ibizwa ngalezi zilwane.

Yinyamazana eqinile enemilenze emincane, iqolo elixegayo, intamo emile ejulile enebala elimhlophe emphinjeni kanye nomhlwenga omfishane wezinwele ngemuva nangemuva ophela ngemuva kwamahlombe. Kunamabala amabili amhlophe abhangqiwe ebusweni, ezindlebeni, ezihlathini nasesilevini. Izindlebe, zipendwe ngokumnyama, zingamasentimitha ayi-15-18 ubude. Umhlwenga wezinwele ezimhlophe ezimhlophe noma ezimpunga, cishe u-13 cm ubude, usentanyeni yesilwane. Umsila ufinyelela ku-54 cm ubude, unamabala amhlophe ambalwa futhi unombala omnyama. Imilenze yangaphambili ivame ukuba mide, futhi ivame ukumakwa ngamasokisi amhlophe.

Cishe abantu abamhlophe, yize bengewona ama-albino, baye babonwa eSarishki National Park (eRajasthan, eNdiya), kuyilapho abantu abanamabala amhlophe berekhodwe kaningi ema-zoo. Abesilisa banezimpondo eziqondile ezimfishane, ezibekiwe. Umbala wazo umnyama. Abesifazane abanazimpondo ngokuphelele.

Ngenkathi abesifazane nabasakhulayo bensundu ngokusawolintshi, abesilisa babamnyama kakhulu - amajazi abo avame ukuba mpunga ngokuluhlaza okotshani. Engxenyeni ye-ventral, amathanga angaphakathi nomsila, umbala wesilwane umhlophe. Futhi, umugqa omhlophe usuka esiswini bese uyanweba njengoba usondela esifundeni esikhazimulayo, wakhe isichibi esimbozwe izinwele ezimnyama. Ijazi lingamasentimitha angama-23-28 ubude, libuthakathaka futhi liyaqhekeka. Abesilisa banesikhumba esijiyile ekhanda nasentanyeni esivikela emiqhudelwaneni. Ebusika, uboya abuhlali kahle emakhazeni, ngakho-ke, umkhuhlane omkhulu ungabulala i-nilgau.

Ihlala kuphi i-nilgau?

Isithombe: I-Nilgau antelope

Le nhlwathi ivame kakhulu ezwekazini laseNdiya: iningi labantu litholakala eNdiya, eNepal nasePakistan, kuyilapho eBangladesh liphelile nya. Imihlambi ephawulekayo iyatholakala ethafeni eliphansi laseTerai emagqumeni amaHimalaya. I-antelope ivame kakhulu enyakatho yeNdiya. Inani labantu eNdiya lalinganiselwa esigidini esisodwa ngo-2001. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uNilgau wethulwa ezwenikazi laseMelika.

Abantu bokuqala balethwa eTexas ngawo-1920s no-1930s epulazini elikhulu lamahektha angama-2400, elinye lamaraki amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Umphumela waba yisibalo sabantu sasendle esagxumela phambili ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1940 futhi kancane kancane sasakazekela emapulazini aseduze.

AbakwaNilgau bathanda izindawo ezinezihlahlana ezimfishane nezihlahla ezihlakazekile ezihlahleni nasemathafeni anotshani. Zijwayelekile ezweni lezolimo, kepha akunakwenzeka ukuthi zitholakale emahlathini aminyene. Yisilwane esinemisebenzi ehlukahlukene esingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezindawo zokuhlala ezahlukahlukene. Yize izinhlwathi zihlala phansi futhi zingaxhomeki kakhulu emanzini, zingashiya izindawo zazo uma yonke imithombo yamanzi ezungezile yoma.

Ubuningi bemfuyo buhluka kakhulu ezindaweni ezikuyo yonke iNdiya. Kungaba kusuka ku-0.23 kuye ku-0.34 ngabantu nge-km² e-Indravati National Park (Chhattisgarh) kanye no-0.4 ngabanye nge-km² ePench Tigr Wildlife Refuge (Madhya Pradesh) noma kusuka ku-6.60 kuya ku-11.36 ngabantu ngamunye 1 km² eRanthambore no-7 nilgau nge-1 km² eKeoladeo National Park (womabili eRajasthan).

Kubikwe izinguquko eziningi zonyaka eBardia National Park (Nepal). Ubuningi yizinyoni eziyi-3.2 ngekhilomitha-skwele ngalinye ngenkathi eyomile nezinyoni ezi-5 ngekhilomitha-skwele ngalinye ngo-Ephreli ekuqaleni kwesikhathi sonyaka owomile. ENingizimu Texas ngo-1976, ubukhulu batholakala bube ngabantu ababalelwa kwabangu-3-5 ngekhilomitha skwele.

Idla ngani ningau?

Isithombe: Nilgau

UNilgau yizilwane ezidla imifino. Zikhetha utshani nezitshalo ezinamahlathi ezidliwa emahlathini emvula omile aseNdiya. Lezi zinhlwathi zingadla utshani nezihlumela zodwa noma kuma-feeder ahlanganisiwe afaka phakathi amagatsha ezihlahla nezihlahla. INilgau ingamelana nokuphazamiseka kokudla kwemfuyo nokucekelwa phansi kwezimila endaweni yazo kangcono kunezinyamazane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi zingafinyelela emagatsheni amade futhi azincikile ezimileni ezisemhlabathini.

Izinyamazane zeSambar nezinyamazane zaseNilgau eNepal zinezintandokazi ezifanayo zokudla. Lokhu kudla kufaka inani elanele lamaprotheni namafutha. UNilgau angaphila isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwamanzi futhi angaphuzi njalo ngisho nasehlobo. Kodwa-ke, kunamacala abhaliwe e-India lapho u-nilgau ashonele khona, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokushisa nokushoda okukhulu koketshezi.

Ucwaningo lokudliwa kwe-nilgau eSarish Reserve ngo-1994 lwembula umehluko wezinkathi ngokuthandwa kwezilwane, utshani baba bubaluleke kakhulu ngenkathi yezimvula, kanti ebusika nasehlobo kunezinhlwathi zondla ngokungeziwe:

• izimbali (Butea monosperma);
• amahlamvu (Anogeissus pendula, Capparis sepiaria, Grewia flavescens kanye neZizyphus mauritiana);
• ama-pods (i-Acacia nilotica, A. catechu no-A.leukophlea);
• izithelo (iZizyphus mauritiana).

Izinhlobo zemifino ekhethwayo zifaka phakathi i-Desmostachia bi-pinnate, i-bristle bristle, umunwe wengulube ne-vetiver. Izitshalo eziyizinkuni ezidliwayo zifaka iNacacia yeNayile, A. iSenegalese, A. emhlophe, umalibhele omhlophe, iClerodendrum phlomidis, iCrotalaria burhia, i-Indigofera oblongifolia, neZiziphus monetchaet.

Imbewu ye-Paspalum distichum yatholakala ebulongweni baseNilgau cishe unyaka wonke. Imbewu ye-Nac acacia ne-Prozopis izinkomo zitholakale ngenkathi eyomile, kanye nembewu yokugcina ngesikhathi semvula.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Isithombe: Izilwane zaseNilgau

I-nilgau antelope iyasebenza ekuseni nakusihlwa. Abesifazane nabancane abahlangani nabesilisa cishe unyaka wonke, ngaphandle kwezikhathi zokukhwelana. Amaqembu abesifazane nabancane ngokuvamile mancane, anabantu abayishumi noma ngaphansi, yize amaqembu angama-20 kuye kwangama-70 enzeka ngezikhathi ezithile.

Ngo-1980 okwaphawulwa eBardia National Park (Nepal), isilinganiso somhlambi sasinabantu abathathu, kanti ucwaningo ngokuziphatha kwezinhlwathi eGir National Park (eGujarat, eNdiya), olwenziwa ngo-1995, lwathola ukuthi inani lamalungu emfuyo ayehluka kuye ngokuthi isizini.

Kodwa-ke, amaqembu amathathu ahlukile ngokuvamile akha:

• eyodwa noma ezimbili zensikazi ezinamathole amancane;
• kusuka kwabesifazane abadala abathathu kuya kwabayisithupha nonyaka owodwa ngamathole;
• amaqembu esilisa anamalungu amabili kuya kwayisishiyagalombili.

Banamehlo abonayo nokuzwa okuhle, okungcono kunezinyamazane ezinomsila omhlophe, kepha abanalo iphunga elihle. Yize i-ninghau ivame ukuthula, ingabhonga njengamaphimbo lapho yethukile. Lapho zijahwa yizilwane ezizingelayo, zingafinyelela isivinini esifinyelela kumamayela angama-29 ngehora. AbakwaNilgau bamaka izindawo zabo ngokwakha izinqwaba zobulongwe.

Ukulwa kuvamile kwabobulili bobabili futhi kubandakanya ukusunduza izintamo zomunye nomunye noma ukulwa kusetshenziswa izimpondo. Ukulwa kunegazi, naphezu kwesikhumba esivikelayo esijulile, ukuqhuma kungabuye kwenzeke, okungaholela ekufeni. Kubhekwe owesilisa osemncane ukukhombisa ukuma kokuzithoba eSarish Reserve, eguqe ngamadolo phambi kowesilisa omdala ome mpo.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Isithombe: Nilgau Cub

Amakhono okuzala kwabesifazane avela eminyakeni emibili ubudala, futhi ukuzalwa kokuqala kwenzeka, njengomthetho, ngemuva konyaka, noma kwezinye izimo abesifazane abangaphansi konyaka owodwa nohhafu bangaphumelela ngempumelelo. Abesifazane bangaphinda bazalane futhi esikhathini esingangonyaka ngemuva kokubeletha. Kwabesilisa, isikhathi sokuvuthwa sibambezelekile kuze kube yiminyaka emithathu. Baqala ukuya ocansini beneminyaka emine noma emihlanu.

Ukukhwelana kungenzeka unyaka wonke, ngeziqongo zezinyanga ezintathu kuya kwezine. Isikhathi sonyaka lapho lezi ziqongo zenzeka sihluka ngokwendawo. E-Bharatpur National Park (eRajasthan, e-India), isikhathi sokuzalisa siqala ngo-Okthoba kuya kuFebhuwari, ngenani eliphakeme ngoNovemba nangoDisemba.

Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa, abesilisa bahamba befuna abesifazane ngokushisa. Abesilisa baba nolaka futhi balwele ukubusa. Ngesikhathi kuliwa, abaphikisi bafaka izifuba zabo bese besabisa isitha, begijima nezimpondo zabo zibhekiswe kuye. Inkunzi ewinayo iba umlingani wesifazane okhethiwe. Ukuqomisana kuthatha imizuzu engama-45. Owesilisa usondela kowesifazane olalelayo, owehlisela ikhanda lakhe phansi futhi angahamba kancane aye phambili. Owesilisa ukhotha isitho sakhe sangasese, bese ecindezela owesifazane bese ehlala phezulu.

Isikhathi sokumitha sithatha izinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili kuya kweziyisishiyagalolunye, ngemuva kwalokho kuzalwa inkonyane elilodwa noma amawele (kwesinye isikhathi ngisho namawele amathathu). Ocwaningweni olwenziwa ngo-2004 eSariska Nature Reserve, ukuzala amankonyane kabili kwabalelwa kuma-80% esamba senani lamankonyane. Amankonyane angabuya ngezinyawo zawo kungakapheli imizuzu engama-40 ezelwe futhi azondle ngeviki lesine.

Abesifazane abakhulelwe bayazihlukanisa ngaphambi kokubeletha futhi bafihle inzalo yabo emasontweni ambalwa okuqala. Lesi sikhathi sokumboza singafinyelela enyangeni. Izinsizwa ezisencane zishiya omama bazo zinezinyanga eziyishumi ubudala ziyojoyina amaqembu eziqu. I-nilgau inesikhathi sokuphila seminyaka eyishumi endle.

Izitha zemvelo ze-nilgau

Isithombe: I-Nilgau antelope

Izinhlwathi zingabonakala zinamahloni futhi zixwayile lapho ziphazamiseka. Esikhundleni sokufuna ikhava, bazama ukubalekela ingozi. INilgau imvamisa iyathula, kepha uma iphazamiseka, iqala ukukhipha imigwaqo emifushane yamanzi. Abantu abakhathazekile, iningi labo elingaphansi kwezinyanga ezinhlanu ubudala, bakhipha umsindo wokukhwehlela ogcina isigamu somzuzwana, kepha ungezwakala kude ne-500 m kude.

INilgau yizilwane ezinamandla kakhulu futhi ezinkulu, ngakho-ke akuwona wonke ama-predator angakwazi ukubhekana nazo. Ngakho-ke, abanazo izitha eziningi kangaka zemvelo.

Izitha eziyinhloko zemvelo ze-nilgau:

• Ihlosi laseNdiya;
• ingonyama;
• ingwe.

Kepha laba bameleli bomhlaba wezilwane abazona izinyamazane ezibalulekile zeNilgau antelope futhi bakhetha ukufuna inyamazane encane, futhi njengoba bengekho kakhulu emvelweni, lezi zinhlwathi cishe azikaze zilandelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinja zasendle, izimpisi nezimpisi ezinemishwe zizama ukuzingela izilwane ezisencane emhlambini.

Abanye ososayensi bezilwane bayayibona indlela kaNilgau yokuvikela izingane, ngokuba ngabokuqala ukuhlasela izilwane ezidla ezinye uma bengenandlela. Badonsela izintamo zabo emhlane wabo ogobile, ngokunganakile banyonyobela kumzingeli ofihlekile bese behlasela ngokushesha, bexosha isitha emadlelweni, lapho kukhona umhlambi onezinhlwathi ezisencane.

Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo

Isithombe: isilwane saseNilgau

Abantu baseNilgau okwamanje abekho engozini. Bahlukaniswa njengabasesichengeni esincane kakhulu yi-International Union for Conservation of Natural and Natural Resources (IUCN). Yize lesi silwane sisabalele eNdiya, asijwayelekile eNepal nasePakistan.

Izizathu eziyinhloko zokucekelwa phansi kwawo kula mazwe womabili nokuqothulwa eBangladesh kwakuwukuzingela okwakudlangile, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala, okwakhula ngekhulu lama-20. ENdiya, ama-nilgai avikelwe ngaphansi kweSithasiselo III se-Wildlife Conservation Act 1972.

Izindawo ezinkulu ezivikelwe i-nilgau zitholakala kulo lonke elaseNdiya futhi zifaka:

• IGir National Park (eGujarat);
• IBandhavgarh National Park;
• Isiqiwi seBori;
• Ipaki Kazwelonke YaseKhan;
• ISanjay National Park;
• i-satpur (iMadhya Pradesh);
• Isiqiwi iTadoba Andhari Nature (Maharashtra);
• Indawo yemvelo yaseKumbhalgarh;
• ISultanpur National Park eGurgaon;
• IPaki Kazwelonke YaseRanthambore;
• Isiqiwi saris tiger kuzwelonke.

Kusukela ngo-2008, inani labantu abasendle nilgau eTexas kwakucishe kube izingcezu ezingama-37,000. Ezimweni zemvelo, abantu bayatholakala ezifundazweni zaseMelika i-Alabama, Mississippi, eFlorida kanye naseTamaulipas yaseMexico, lapho bagcina khona ngemuva kokuphunyuka emapulazini angasese angajwayelekile. Inani labantu abaseduze komngcele weTexas neMexico lilinganiselwa ku-30,000 (ngo-2011).

Usuku lokushicilelwa: 22.04.2019

Usuku lokuvuselela: 19.09.2019 ngo-22: 27