I-Tsetse fly Isinambuzane esikhulu esihlala ezindaweni eziningi ezishisayo zase-Afrika. Amagciwane asebenzisa igazi lama-vertebrate. Uhlobo luye lwacwaningwa kabanzi ngeqhaza lalo ekudlulisweni kwesifo esiyingozi. Lezi zinambuzane zinomthelela omkhulu kwezomnotho emazweni ase-Afrika njengama-vectors begazi lama-trypanosomes adala ukugula kokulala kubantu kanye ne-trypanosomiasis ezilwaneni.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: tsetse fly
Igama elithi tsetse lisho "ukundiza" ngezilimi zesiTswana nezesiBantu eziseningizimu ye-Afrika. Kukholakala ukuthi yizinhlobo ezindala kakhulu zesinambuzane, njengoba izimpukane ze-tsetse ezazisetshenziswa zatholakala ezingxenyeni zezinsalela zaseColorado ezabekwa eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-34 edlule. Ezinye izinhlobo ziye zachazwa nase-Arabia.
Namuhla izimpukane eziphilayo zama-tsetse zitholakala ngokukhethekile ezwenikazi lase-Afrika eningizimu yeSahara. Izinhlobo ezingama-23 nezinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili zalesi sinambuzane sezihlonziwe, kepha eziyisithupha kuphela zazo ezaziwa njengezithwala izifo zokulala futhi zisolwa ngokudlulisa izimuncagazi ezimbili zabantu.
Ividiyo: Tsetse Fly
UTsetse wayengekho ezindaweni eziningi eziseningizimu nasempumalanga ye-Afrika kuze kufike ezikhathini zamakoloni. Kodwa ngemuva kobhadane oluvela kulesifo, olwahlasela cishe yonke imfuyo kulezi zingxenye zeAfrika, futhi ngenxa yendlala, iningi labantu labhujiswa.
Isihlahlana esinameva, esilungele izimpukane ze-tsetse. Yakhula lapho kwakukhona amadlelo ezilwane ezifuywayo futhi yahlala izilwane ezincelisayo zasendle. I-Tsetse kanye nokugula kokulala kwasheshe kwafaka sonke lesi sifunda indawo, kwasala ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa kwezolimo nokufuya.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Ngenxa yokuthi ezolimo azikwazi ukusebenza kahle ngaphandle kwemihlomulo yemfuyo, impukane yetsetse ibe yimbangela enkulu kakhulu yobumpofu e-Afrika.
Mhlawumbe ngaphandle kwe-tsetse fly, i-Afrika yanamuhla ibinokubukeka okuhluke ngokuphelele. Ukugula okulele kuye kwabizwa "ngabalondolozi bezilwane zasendle abahamba phambili e-Afrika" ngabathile bezemvelo. Babekholelwa ukuthi izwe elingenabantu, eligcwele izilwane zasendle, belilokhu linje. UJulian Huxley ubize amathafa asempumalanga ye-Afrika ngokuthi "umkhakha osindile womhlaba ocebile njengoba wawunjalo ngaphambi komuntu wanamuhla."
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Impukane ye-tsetse fly
Zonke izinhlobo zezimpukane ze-tsetse zingahlukaniswa ngezimpawu ezivamile. Njengezinye izinambuzane, zinomzimba omdala owakhiwe izingxenye ezintathu ezihlukene: ikhanda + isifuba + isisu. Inhloko inamehlo amakhulu, ahlukaniswe ngokucacile ohlangothini ngalunye, kanye ne-proboscis ebheke phambili, eqondiswe phambili enamathiselwe ngezansi.
Imbambo yezimbambo inkulu, inezingxenye ezintathu ezihlanganisiwe. Okunamathiselwe esifubeni kunamabhangqa amathathu emilenze, kanye namaphiko amabili. Isisu sifushane kepha sibanzi futhi siguquka kakhulu ngevolumu ngesikhathi sokudla. Ubude obuphelele bungu-8-14 mm. I-anatomy yangaphakathi ifana nezinambuzane.
Kunezici ezine eziphawulekayo ezihlukanisa impukane ezindala ezivela kwezinye izinhlobo zezimpukane:
- I-Proboscis. Isinambuzane sinomboko ohlukile, onesakhiwo eside futhi esincanyana, sinamathele ezansi kwekhanda futhi siqondiswe phambili;
- Izimpiko ezigoqiwe. Ekuphumuleni, impukane isonga amaphiko ayo ifane ngokuphelele njengesikele;
- Uhlaka lwembazo ezimpikweni. Iseli eliphakathi lephiko linesimo se-ax, esikhumbuza oshaya inyama noma imbazo;
- Izinwele ezinamagatsha - "izimpondo". Umgogodla unezinwele eziqhamuka ekugcineni.
Umehluko ophawuleka kakhulu kuzimpukane zaseYurophu amaphiko avalwe ngokuqinile kanye ne-proboscis ebukhali ephuma ekhanda. Izimpukane i-Tsetse zibukeka zingafiphele, ziba nombala kusuka ophuzi kuya konsundu, futhi zinezimbambo ezimpunga ezivame ukuba nezimpawu ezimnyama.
Ihlala kuphi impukane?
Isithombe: I-Tsetse fly e-Afrika
IGlossina isatshalaliswa ngaphezulu kwe-sub-Saharan Africa (cishe i-107 km2). Izindawo zakhe azithandayo yizindawo zohlaza oluminyene osebeni lwemifula, amachibi ezindaweni ezomile, nehlathi eliminyene, elinomswakama, elinamahlathi emvula.
I-Afrika namuhla, ebonakala kumadokhumentari ezilwane zasendle, yakhiwa ngekhulu le-19 ngokuhlanganiswa kwesifo sezimpukane nezimpukane. Ngo-1887, igciwane elaziwa ngokuthi i-rinderpest lalethwa ngamaNtaliyane lingaqondile.
Isabalale ngokushesha, ifinyelela:
- ETopiya ngo-1888;
- Ugu lwe-Atlantic ngo-1892;
- INingizimu Afrika ngonyaka we-1897
Inhlupho evela e-Asia Ephakathi yabulala ngaphezu kwe-90% yemfuyo yabelusi abanjengoMasai e-East Africa. Abelusi babeshiywa bengenazo izilwane nemithombo yemali, kanti abalimi babencishwa izilwane zokulima nokunisela. Ubhadane luqondane nenkathi yesomiso eyadala indlala enkulu. Abantu base-Afrika babulawa yingxibongo, ikholera, isifo sohudo nezifo ezalethwa zivela eYurophu. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zamaMasai zafa ngo-1891.
Umhlaba wawukhululiwe emfuyweni nakubantu. Ukwehliswa kwamadlelo kwaholela ekwandeni kwezihlahlana. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, utshani obunqamulelayo bathathelwa indawo izimfunda zamahlathi nezihlava ezinameva, ezilungele izimpukane ze-tsetse. Izilwane ezincelisayo zasendle zanda ngokushesha, futhi ngazo inani lempukane le-tsetse landa. Izifunda ezinezintaba zempumalanga ye-Afrika, lapho kwakungekho silokazane esiyingozi phambilini, zazihlala kuyo, okwakuhambisana nokugula kokulala, kuze kube manje okungaziwa endaweni. Izigidi zabantu zabulawa ukugula kokulala ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.
Okubalulekile! Ukuba khona okuqhubekayo nokuthuthuka kwezimpukane ezingena ezindaweni ezintsha zezolimo kuvimbela ukwakhiwa kohlelo lokukhiqiza imfuyo oluzinzile futhi olunenzuzo cishe ku-2/3 wamazwe ase-Afrika.
Ukumboza okwanele kwezimila kubalulekile ekwakhiweni kwempukane njengoba inikeza izindawo zokuzalela, indawo yokuhlala ezindaweni ezingezinhle, nezindawo zokuphumula.
Yini edliwa yimpukane i-tsetse?
Isithombe: isilwane se-tsetse fly
Lesi sinambuzane sitholakala emahlathini, yize sikwazi ukundiza ibanga elifushane siye ezimfundeni ezivulekile lapho sikhangwa isilwane esinegazi elifudumele. Bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane bamunca igazi cishe nsuku zonke, kepha imisebenzi yansuku zonke iyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo nezinhlobo zemvelo (njengokushisa).
Ezinye izinhlobo zisebenza kakhulu ekuseni, kanti ezinye zisebenza kakhulu emini. Ngokuvamile, umsebenzi wezimpukane i-tsetse wehla ngokushesha ngemva kokushona kwelanga. Emvelweni wehlathi, izimpukane ezingama-tsetse ziyimbangela yokuhlaselwa okuningi kwabantu. Abesifazane bavame ukudla izilwane ezinkulu. Ngesibungu esincane, bahlaba isikhumba, bajoze amathe bese begcwalisa.
Encwadini! Izinambuzane
Ama-arthropods I-Diptera IGlossinidae UTsetse Ifihla ezihlahleni bese iqala ukugijimisa ilitshe elihambayo, isabela ekuvutheni uthuli. Kungaba yisilwane esikhulu noma imoto. Ngakho-ke, ezindaweni lapho impukane ye-tsetse ikuyo yonke indawo, akukhuthazwa ukugibela emzimbeni wemoto noma ngamawindi avulekile.
Ukulunywa ikakhulukazi ezilwaneni ezinenselo (inyamazane, inyathi). Futhi izingwenya, izinyoni, ziqapha izibankwa, izinyoni nabantu. Isisu sakhe sikhulu ngokwanele ukumelana nokwanda kosayizi ngesikhathi sokumunca igazi njengoba ethatha uketshezi lwegazi olingana nesisindo sakhe.
Izimpukane zeTsetse zihlelwe ngendlela yentela nangokwemvelo zihlelwe zaba ngamaqembu amathathu:
- I-Fusca noma iqembu lamahlathi (subgenus Austenina);
- AmaMorsitans, noma i-savannah, iqembu (uhlobo lweGlossina);
- IPalpalis, noma iqembu lomfula (subgenus Nemorhina).
Izinhlobo ezibalulekile ngokwezempilo kanye nama-subspecies angaphansi komfula neqembu elimbozayo. Izilwanyane ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu zezifo zokulala yiGlossina palpalis, eyenzeka kakhulu ezimileni eziminyene zasogwini, naseG. Morsitans, edla amahlathi avulekile kakhulu.
G. palpalis yiyona mphathi oyinhloko ye-Trypanosoma gambiense parasite, ebangela ukugula kokulala kuyo yonke iNtshonalanga ne-Afrika Ephakathi. G. morsitans yiyona ethwala kakhulu i-T. brucei rhodesiense, ebangela ukugula kokulala ezindaweni eziphakeme zempumalanga ye-Afrika. ama-morsitans futhi aphethe ama-trypanosomes abangela ukutheleleka.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Impukuvane yase-Afrika
Impukane yetsetse yabizwa kufanele ngokuthi "umbulali othule" ngoba indiza ngokushesha, kodwa buthule. Isebenza njengechibi lamakhemikhali amaningi. Abesilisa abadala bezinhlobo bangaphila amasonto amabili kuya kwamathathu, nabesifazane inyanga eyodwa kuya kwezine.
Iqiniso elithandekayo! Izimpukane eziningi ze-tsetse zinzima kakhulu. Zibulawa kalula yi-fly swatter, kepha kudinga umzamo omkhulu ukuzigaya.
Kusukela eSahara kuya eKalahari, impukane yetsetse ihluphe abalimi base-Afrika amakhulu eminyaka. Emuva ezinsukwini zakudala, lesi sinambuzane esincane sasivimbela abalimi ekusebenziseni izilwane ezifuywayo ukulima umhlaba, kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa, isivuno nemali engenayo. Umthelela wezomnotho we-tsetse fly e-Afrika ulinganiselwa ku- $ 4.5 billion.
Ukudluliswa kwe-trypanosomiasis kufaka phakathi izinto ezine ezisebenzisanayo: umphathi, ophethe izinambuzane, i-parasite ye-pathogenic, kanye nedamu. Ama-glossins angama-veector asebenzayo futhi anesibopho sokubopha lezi zidalwa, futhi noma ikuphi ukwehliswa kwamanani azo kufanele kuholele ekwehliseni okukhulu kokudluliswa ngakho-ke kube nomthelela ekususweni kwe-HAT kanye nokusimama kwemizamo yokulawula.
Lapho ilunywa yimpukane ye-tsetse, izimuncagazi ezithathelwanayo (ama-trypanosomes) zibangela ukugula kokulala kubantu nase-nagana (i-African animal trypanosomiasis) ezilwaneni - ikakhulukazi izinkomo, amahhashi, izimbongolo nezingulube. Ama-parasites adala ukudideka, ukuphazamiseka kwezinzwa nokuxhumana okungalungile kubantu, nomkhuhlane, ubuthakathaka, kanye ne-anemia ezilwaneni. Kokubili kungabulala uma kushiywe kungalashwa.
Ucwaningo lokuqala lwamazwekazi lokusatshalaliswa kwe-tsetse fly lwenziwa ngeminyaka yama-1970. Muva nje, amabalazwe alungiselelwe i-FAO ekhombisa izindawo ezibikezelwe ezifanele izimpukane ze-tsetse.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Tsetse Fly Madagascar
I-Tsetse - ikhiqiza amazinyane ayi-8-10 empilweni. Ama-tsetse female mate kanye kuphela. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingu-7 kuya kwezi-9, ukhiqiza iqanda elilodwa elikhulelwe, aligcine esibelethweni sakhe. Isibungu siyakhula futhi sikhule sisebenzisa izakhi zomama ngaphambi kokukhishelwa emvelweni.
Owesifazane udinga amasampula egazi afika kwamathathu ukuze kukhule isibungu. Noma ikuphi ukwehluleka ukuthola ukudla okunegazi kungaholela ekukhipheni isisu. Cishe emva kwezinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye, insikazi ikhiqiza isibungu, esingcwatshwa ngokushesha emhlabathini, lapho sifunda khona. Isibungu esichanyuselwe sakha ungqimba oluqinile olungaphandle - i-puparium. Futhi owesifazane uyaqhubeka nokukhiqiza isibungu esisodwa cishe ezinsukwini eziyisishiyagalolunye ezimpilweni zakhe.
Isigaba se-pupal sihlala cishe amasonto ama-3. Ngaphandle, isikhumba se-molar (i-exuvium) sesiphungumangathi sibukeka njengesincane, sinogobolondo oluqinile, sizungezwe ngamacembe amancane amabili amnyama ekugcineni (okuphefumulayo) kwento ephilayo. Isiphungumangathi singaphansi kuka-1.0 cm ubude. Egobolini le-pupal, impukane iqeda izigaba ezimbili zokugcina. Impukane esikhulile iphuma kusiphungumangathi emhlabathini ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingaba ngu-30.
Kungakapheli izinsuku eziyi-12-14, impukane esanda kuzalwa iyavuthwa, bese iyakhwelana futhi, uma kungowesifazane, ibeka isibungu sayo sokuqala. Ngakho-ke, kudlula izinsuku ezingama-50 phakathi kokuvela kowesifazane oyedwa nokuvela okulandelayo kwenzalo yakhe yokuqala.
Okubalulekile! Lo mzungezo wokuphila wenzalo ephansi kanye nomzamo obalulekile wabazali uyisibonelo esingajwayelekile ngokuqhathaniswa kwalesi sinambuzane.
Abantu abadala bayizimpukane ezinkulu ngokwedlulele, ezino-0.5-1.5 cm ubude, ezinesimo esibonwayo esizenza zihlukaniswe kalula kwezinye izimpukane.
Izitha zemvelo zempukane ye-tsetse
Isithombe: tsetse fly
I-tsetse ayinazitha endaweni yayo yemvelo. Ezinye izinyoni ezincane zingazibambela ukudla, kodwa hhayi ngokuhlelekile. Isitha esikhulu sempukane ngumuntu olwela ukuthukuthela ngentukuthelo ngezizathu ezisobala. Lesi sinambuzane siyabandakanyeka ochungechungeni lwemvelo lokudluliswa kwama-trypanosomes ase-Afrika, okuyizinto eziyimbangela yokugula okulele kubantu nasezilwaneni ezifuywayo.
Lapho izalwa, impukane i-tsetse ayitheleleki ngaleli gciwane. Ukutheleleka ngama-parasites ayingozi kwenzeka ngemuva kokuthi umuntu ephuze igazi lesilwane sasendle esinegciwane. Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengu-80 kusetshenziswe futhi kwasetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokulwa nesinambuzane esiyingozi kakhulu eMhlabeni. Iningi lentuthuko kumasu okudoba lisuselwe ekuqondeni okungcono kokuziphatha kwezimpukane.
Ukubaluleka kwezinto ezibukwayo ekuheheni izimpukane ze-tsetse ezintweni ezikhanyayo kudala kwaziwa. Kodwa-ke, kuthathe isikhathi eside ukuqonda ukuqonda kwangempela kwephunga ngezindlela zokuheha. Izithiyo zokufakelwa ketsetse zisebenza ngokulingisa ezinye zezici zemvelo zomzimba, futhi izinkomo zisetshenziswa njengemodeli “ekahle” yokuhlolwa.
Encwadini! Ezifundeni lapho izilithi zisetshenziselwa ukuvikela abantu bendawo noma izilwane zabo ekuhlaselweni yizimpukane ze-tsetse, izingibe kufanele zifakwe emaphandleni nasemasimini ukuze zisebenze kahle.
Indlela ephumelela kunazo zonke yokuqeda i-tsetse ngukususa iduna. Iqukethe imisebe eqondiswe ngemisebe eqondiswayo. Ngemuva kokuvala inzalo, abesilisa abalahlekelwe yimisebenzi yabo evundile badedelwa ezindaweni lapho inani elikhulu labesifazane eliphilile ligxile khona. Ngemuva kokukhwelana, ukuzala okuqhubekayo akunakwenzeka.
Loluju lusebenza kakhulu ezindaweni ezihlukaniswe ngamanzi. Kwezinye izifunda, futhi ithela izithelo, kepha inciphisa okwesikhashana ukuzala kwezinambuzane.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Tsetse fly insect
Impukane i-tsetse ihlala cishe ku-10,000,000 km2, ikakhulukazi emahlathini emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo, futhi izingxenye eziningi zale ndawo enkulu zingumhlaba ovundile osala ungalinyiwe - okuthiwa ugwadule oluhlaza, olungasetshenziswa ngabantu nemfuyo. Iningi lamazwe angama-39 athinteka yimpukane i-tsetse fly ahlwempu, agcwele izikweletu futhi athuthukile.
Ukuba khona kwezimpukane ze-tsetse ne-trypanosomiasis kuvimbela:
- Kusetshenziswa izinkomo ezingaphandle ezikhiqizayo nezikhiqizayo;
- Kucindezela ukukhula futhi kuthinte ukwabiwa kwemfuyo;
- Yehlisa ikhono lokukhiqizwa kwemfuyo nokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo.
Izimpukane zeTsetse zidlulisela isifo esifanayo kubantu, esibizwa ngokuthi i-African trypanosomiasis, noma isifo sokulala. Balinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-70 abantu emazweni angama-20 abasemazingeni ehlukene engcuphe, kanti yizigidi ezi-3 kuya kwezi-4 kuphela ezibhekiwe. Ngenxa yokuthi lesi sifo sivame ukuthinta abantu abadala abakhuthele ngokomnotho, imindeni eminingi ihlala ingaphansi komugqa wobuphofu.
Kubalulekile! Ukunweba ulwazi oluyisisekelo lokuthi impukane ihlangana kanjani ne-microbiota yayo kuzokwenza ukuthi kuthuthukiswe amasu amasha wokuqamba ukuze kuncishiswe inani le-tsetse.
Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka, uHlelo Oluhlangene belulokhu luthuthukisa i-SIT ngokumelene nezinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-tsetse fly. Isetshenziswa ngempumelelo lapho imvelo yabantu yehliswe yizicupho, imigomo efakwe izinambuzane, ukwelashwa kwemfuyo namasu we-aerosol alandelanayo.
Ukwanda kwabesilisa abayinyumba ezizukulwaneni eziningi zezimpukane kungagcina kuqede inani elikude lezimpukane ze-tsetse.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 10.04.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 19.09.2019 ngo-16: 11
