Indlovu yaseNdiya Ingabe esinye sezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu kunazo zonke eMhlabeni. Isilwane esibabazekayo siyisithonjana samasiko eNdiya nase-Asia yonkana futhi sisiza ekugcineni ubuqotho bemvelo emahlathini nasemadlelweni. Ezinganekwaneni zamazwe ase-Asia, izindlovu zenze ubukhulu bobukhosi, impilo ende, umusa, ukuphana nokuhlakanipha. Lezi zidalwa ezinhle kakhulu zathandwa yiwo wonke umuntu kusukela ebuntwaneni.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Indlovu yaseNdiya
Uhlobo lwe-Elephas lwaqhamuka e-Afrika eseningizimu yeSahara ngesikhathi sePliocene futhi selusabalale kulo lonke izwekazi lase-Afrika. Khona-ke izindlovu zafika engxenyeni eseningizimu ye-Asia. Ubufakazi bokuqala bokusetshenziswa kwezindlovu zaseNdiya ekuthunjweni buvela emifanekisweni yophawu lwempucuko yase-Indus Valley kusukela ngonyaka wesithathu weminyaka BC.
Ividiyo: Indlovu yaseNdiya
Izindlovu zinendawo ebalulekile kumasiko amasiko ezwekazi laseNdiya. Izinkolo eziyinhloko zaseNdiya, ubuHindu nobuBuddha, ngokwesiko zisebenzisa lesi silwane ezinqubweni zemikhosi. AmaHindu akhonza unkulunkulu uGanesha, okhonjiswa njengendoda enekhanda lendlovu. Zizungezwe ukuhlonishwa, izindlovu zaseNdiya azizange zibulawe ngonya njengase-Afrika.
The Indian is a subspecies of the elephant Asian okuhlanganisa:
- OwaseNdiya;
- ESumatran;
- Indlovu yaseSri Lanka;
- Indlovu yeBorneo.
Ama-subspecies aseNdiya asakazeke kakhulu ngokungafani nezinye izindlovu ezintathu zase-Asia. Izilwane ezifuywayo zazisetshenziselwa amahlathi nokulwa. Kunezindawo eziningi e-Southeast Asia lapho izindlovu zaseNdiya zigcinelwa izivakashi futhi zivame ukuphathwa kabi. Izindlovu zase-Asia zidume ngamandla azo amakhulu nangobungane kubantu.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Animal Indian Elephant
Ngokuvamile, izindlovu zase-Asia zincane kunezase-Afrika. Afinyelela ukuphakama kwamahlombe ka-2 kuya ku-3.5 m, anesisindo esingu-2 000 kuya ku-5 000 kg kanti anezimbambo eziyi-19. Ubude bekhanda nomzimba busuka ku-550 kuye ku-640 cm.
Izindlovu zinesikhumba esiwugqinsi nesomile. Umbala wayo uyehluka kusuka kokumpunga kuye konsundu namabala amancane okugcotshwa. Umsila osesifubeni kanye nesiqu esinabude ekhanda sivumela isilwane ukuthi sikwenze ukunyakaza okunembayo nokunamandla. Abesilisa bane-incisors ehlukile eguquliwe, eyaziwa kithi njengezinyosi. Abesifazane bavame ukuba bancane kunabesilisa futhi banamazinyo amafushane noma awanalo.
Ukufuna ukwazi! Ingqondo yendlovu yaseNdiya isisindo esingaba ngu-5 kg. Futhi inhliziyo ishaya izikhathi ezingama-28 kuphela ngomzuzu.
Ngenxa yezinhlobonhlobo zezindawo zokuhlala, abamele ama-subspecies aseNdiya banokuguquguquka okuningana okubenza babe izilwane ezingavamile.
Okungukuthi:
- Isigaxa sinemisipha engaba ngu-150 000;
- Amazinyo asetshenziswa ukukhipha izimpande futhi akhule ngo-15 cm ngonyaka;
- Indlovu yaseNdiya ingaphuza amalitha amanzi angama-200 nsuku zonke;
- Ngokungafani nozakwabo base-Afrika, isisu sayo silingana nesisindo somzimba nekhanda laso.
Izindlovu zaseNdiya zinamakhanda amakhulu kodwa izintamo ezincane. Banemilenze emifushane kodwa enamandla. Izindlebe ezinkulu zisiza ukulawula ukushisa komzimba nokuxhumana nezinye izindlovu. Kodwa-ke, izindlebe zabo zincane kunezinhlobo zase-Afrika. Indlovu yaseNdiya inomgogodla ogobile ukwedlula owase-Afrika, futhi umbala wesikhumba ulula kunowezakwabo wase-Asia.
Ihlala kuphi indlovu yaseNdiya?
Isithombe: izindlovu zaseNdiya
Indlovu yaseNdiya idabuka ezwekazini i-Asia: India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Peninsula yaseMalay, eLaos, eChina, eCambodia naseVietnam. Iqothulwe ngokuphelele njengenhlobo ePakistan. Ihlala emadlelweni, kanye namahlathi ahlala eluhlaza kanye namahlathi aluhlaza okotshani.
Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1990, inani labantu ababesendle lalilokhu:
- 27,700-31,300 eNdiya, lapho inani labantu lilinganiselwe ezindaweni ezine ezijwayelekile: enyakatho-ntshonalanga phansi kwamaHimalaya e-Uttarakhand nase-Uttar Pradesh; enyakatho-mpumalanga, kusukela emngceleni osempumalanga yeNepal kuya entshonalanga ye-Assam. Engxenyeni emaphakathi - e-Odisha, eJharkhand nasengxenyeni eseningizimu yeWest Bengal, lapho ezinye izilwane zizulazula khona. Eningizimu, abantu abayisishiyagalombili bahlukanisiwe omunye nomunye engxenyeni esenyakatho yeKarnataka;
- Abantu abangu-100-125 baye babhalwa eNepal, lapho uhla lwabo lukhawulelwa ezindaweni eziningana ezivikelwe. Ngo-2002, izilinganiso zazisukela kwizindlovu eziyi-106 kuya kwezingu-172, eziningi zazo ezitholakala eBardia National Park.
- Izindlovu eziyi-150-250 eBangladesh, lapho kuhlala khona abantu abangabodwa;
- Ama-250-5500 eBhutan, lapho uhla lwawo lukhawulelwe ezindaweni ezivikelekile eningizimu emngceleni weNdiya;
- Kokunye u-4000-5000 eMyanmar, lapho inani lihlukaniswe kakhulu (abesifazane kudlangile);
- Ama-2,500-3,200 eThailand, ikakhulukazi ezintabeni ezisemngceleni weMyanmar, enemihlambi embalwa eqhekekile etholakala eningizimu yenhlonhlo;
- 2100-3100 eMalaysia;
- I-500-1000 Laos, lapho behlakazeke khona ezindaweni ezinamahlathi, ezinkangala nasezindaweni eziphansi;
- Ama-200-250 eChina, lapho izindlovu zase-Asia zikwazile ukusinda kuphela ezindaweni zaseXishuangbanna, eSimao naseLincang eningizimu yeYunnan;
- 250-600 eCambodia, lapho bahlala ezintabeni zaseningizimu-ntshonalanga nasezifundazweni zaseMondulkiri naseRatanakiri;
- 70-150 ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu yeVietnam.
Lezi zibalo azisebenzi kubantu abafuyiwe.
Indlovu yaseNdiya idlani?
Isithombe: Izindlovu zase-Asia zaseNdiya
Izindlovu zihlukaniswa njengezidliwayo futhi zidla kuze kufike ku-150 kg yotshani ngosuku. Endaweni engamakhilomitha ayi-1130 eningizimu yeNdiya, izindlovu zirekhodwe zondla ngezinhlobo eziyi-112 zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene, imvamisa zivela emndenini wezimbotyi, izintende, amasele kanye notshani. Ukudla kwabo imifino kuya ngesizini. Lapho kuvela izimila ezintsha ngo-Ephreli, zidla amahlumela athambile.
Kamuva, lapho utshani buqala ukudlula u-0.5 m, izindlovu zaseNdiya ziyazisipula ngamagoda omhlaba, zihlukanisa ngobuciko umhlaba futhi zimunce iziqongo ezintsha zamaqabunga, kepha zishiye izimpande. Ekwindla, izindlovu ziyaxebula bese zidla izimpande ezimnandi. Ku-bamboo, bakhetha ukudla izithombo ezincane, iziqu kanye namahlumela asemaceleni.
Ngesikhathi esomile kusuka ngoJanuwari kuya ku-Ephreli, izindlovu zaseNdiya zizulazula emaqabungeni nasemagatsheni, zikhetha amahlamvu amasha, futhi zidla amahlumela omunga anameva ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okubonakalayo. Ziphila ngokudla amagxolo e-acacia kanye nezinye izitshalo eziqhakazayo futhi zidla izithelo ze-apula elinamafutha (i-feronia), i-tamarind (idethi yaseNdiya) nentende yesundu.
Kubalulekile! Ukwehla kwendawo yokuhlala kuphoqa izindlovu ukuthi zifune eminye imithombo yokudla emapulazini, ezindaweni zokuhlala nasemasimini akhule emahlathini abo asendulo.
ENepal's Bardia National Park, izindlovu zaseNdiya zisebenzisa utshani obuningi obugcwele izikhukhula ebusika, ikakhulukazi ngenkathi yezimvula. Ngesikhathi sonyaka owomile, bagxila kakhulu kumagxolo, enza ingxenye enkulu yokudla kwabo engxenyeni epholile yesizini.
Ocwaningweni olwenziwe endaweni eyi-160 km² eshisayo e-Assam, izindlovu zabonwa zondla cishe izinhlobo ezingama-20 zotshani, izitshalo nezihlahla. Amakhambi, njenge-leersia, awasona isithako esivame kakhulu ekudleni kwawo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: isilwane sendlovu yaseNdiya
Izilwane ezincelisayo zaseNdiya zilandela imizila eqinile yokufuduka enqunywa yisikhathi semvula. Umdala womhlambi unesibopho sokubamba ngekhanda izindlela zokuhamba komndeni wakhe. Ukufuduka kwezindlovu zaseNdiya kuvame ukwenzeka phakathi nezikhathi zemvula nezomile. Izinkinga zivela lapho kwakhiwa amapulazi eceleni kwemizila yokufuduka komhlambi. Kulokhu, izindlovu zaseNdiya zenza umonakalo emasimini asanda kusungulwa.
Izindlovu kulula ukubekezelela amakhaza kunokushisa. Imvamisa zisemthunzini emini bese ziphakamisa izindlebe zazo ukuzama ukupholisa umzimba. Izindlovu zaseNdiya zigeza emanzini, zigibela odakeni, zivikela isikhumba ekulunyweni izinambuzane, zome futhi zishe. Zihamba kakhulu futhi zinomqondo omuhle kakhulu wokulinganisela. Idivayisi yonyawo iyazivumela ukuthi zihambe ngisho nasemanzini.
Indlovu ekhathazekile yaseNdiya ihamba ngesivinini esifinyelela ku-48 km / h. Uphakamisa umsila wakhe ukuxwayisa ngengozi. Izindlovu zibhukuda kahle. Badinga amahora amane ngosuku ukulala, kanti abalali phansi, ngaphandle kwabantu abagulayo nezilwane ezisencane. Indlovu yaseNdiya inomuzwa omuhle kakhulu wokuhogela, ukuzwa okujulile, kodwa ukubona okubuthakathaka.
Lokhu kunelukuluku! Izindlebe ezinkulu zendlovu zisebenza njengesikhulisi sokuzwa, ngakho ukuzwa kwayo kuphakeme kakhulu kunokwabantu. Basebenzisa i-infrasound ukuxhumana ngamabanga amade.
Izindlovu zinezinhlobonhlobo zezingcingo, ukubhonga, ukuklabalasa, ukubhoboza, njll., Zikwabelana nezihlobo zazo ngengozi, ingcindezi, ubudlova nokubonisa isimo komunye nomunye.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Indlovu Indlovu Cub
Abesifazane bavame ukudala imindeni yemindeni equkethe owesifazane onolwazi, inzalo yakhe, nezindlovu ezisencane zobulili bobabili. Phambilini, imihlambi ibinamakhanda angama-25-50 nangaphezulu. Manje isibalo sesingu-2-10 abesifazane. Abesilisa baphila impilo eyodwa bodwa ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokukhwelana. Izindlovu zaseNdiya azinaso isikhathi esiningi sokukhwelana.
Ngeminyaka eyi-15-18, abesilisa bendlovu yaseNdiya bayakwazi ukuzala. Ngemuva kwalokho, unyaka ngamunye bawela esimweni senjabulo ebizwa ngokuthi kufanele ("ukudakwa"). Ngalesi sikhathi, amazinga abo e-testosterone akhula kakhulu, futhi indlela abaziphatha ngayo iba nolaka kakhulu. Izindlovu ziba yingozi ngisho nasebantwini. Kufanele ihlale cishe izinyanga ezimbili.
Izindlovu ezingamaduna, lapho sezikulungele ukukhwelana, ziqala ukufutha izindlebe zazo. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthi basakaze ama-pheromones abo afihlwe endlala yesikhumba phakathi kwendlebe neso ibanga elide futhi bahehe abesifazane. Imvamisa abesilisa asebekhulile abaneminyaka engama-40 kuye kwengu-50 ubudala. Abesifazane bakulungele ukuzala ngeminyaka eyi-14.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Abesilisa abancane ngokuvamile abakwazi ukumelana namandla asebekhulile, ngakho-ke abashadi baze babe badala kakhulu. Lesi simo senza kube nzima ukwandisa isibalo sezindlovu zaseNdiya.
Izindlovu ziphethe irekhodi lesikhathi eside kakhulu kusukela ekukhulelweni kuye enzalweni. Isikhathi sokumitha siyizinyanga ezingama-22. Abesifazane bayakwazi ukuzala izinyane elilodwa njalo eminyakeni emine kuya kwemihlanu. Lapho zizalwa, izindlovu zinobude obuyimitha elilodwa futhi zinesisindo cishe esingu-100 kg.
Indlovu encane ingama ngemuva nje kokuzalwa kwayo. Akanakekelwa ngunina kuphela, kepha futhi unakekelwa nezinye izimvu zomhlambi. Indlovu yengane yaseNdiya ihlala nonina ize ibe neminyaka emihlanu ubudala. Sebethole ukuzimela, abesilisa bayashiya umhlambi, bese kuthi abasifazane basale. Isikhathi sokuphila sezindlovu zaseNdiya cishe siyiminyaka engama-70.
Izitha zemvelo zezindlovu zaseNdiya
Isithombe: Indlovu enkulu yamaNdiya
Ngenxa yobukhulu bazo, izindlovu zaseNdiya zinezilwane ezimbalwa ezidla ezinye. Ngaphezu kwabazingeli bamazinyo, amahlosi yizona ezidla kakhulu, yize ejwayele ukuzingela izindlovu noma izilwane ezibuthakathaka kunabantu abakhulu nabanamandla.
Izindlovu zaseNdiya zakha imihlambi, okwenza kube nzima ukuthi izidumbu zizinqobe zodwa. Izindlovu zesilisa ezinesizungu ziphilile kakhulu, ngakho-ke azivame ukuba yizisulu. Amahlosi azingela indlovu eqenjini. Indlovu esikhulile ingalibulala ihlosi uma inganakile, kodwa uma izilwane zilambe ngokwanele, zizozibeka engcupheni.
Izindlovu zichitha isikhathi esiningi emanzini, ngakho-ke izindlovu ezisencane zingaba izisulu zezingwenya. Noma kunjalo, lokhu akwenzeki kaningi. Isikhathi esiningi, izilwane ezisencane ziphephile. Futhi, izimpisi zivame ukuzula zizungeze umhlambi lapho zizwa izimpawu zokugula kwelinye lamalungu eqembu.
Iqiniso elithandekayo! Izindlovu zivame ukufela endaweni ethile. Futhi lokhu kusho ukuthi abezwa ngaphakathi ukusondela ekufeni futhi bazi ukuthi ihora labo lizofika nini. Izindawo lapho izindlovu ezindala ziya khona zibizwa ngamathuna ezindlovu.
Kodwa-ke, inkinga enkulu yezindlovu ivela kubantu. Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi abantu bebebazingela amashumi eminyaka. Ngezikhali abantu abanazo, izilwane azinathuba lokuphila.
Izindlovu zaseNdiya ziyizilwane ezinkulu futhi ezibhubhisayo, futhi abalimi abancane bangalahlekelwa yimpahla yabo ubusuku bonke kusukela ekuhlaselweni kwabo. Lezi zilwane nazo zidala umonakalo omkhulu ezinkampanini ezinkulu zezolimo. Ukuhlasela okubhubhisayo kubangela ukuziphindisela futhi abantu babulala izindlovu ngokuziphindiselela.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Indlovu yaseNdiya
Inani elikhulayo lamazwe ase-Asia lifuna izindawo ezintsha ezizohlala kuzo. Lokhu futhi kuthinte izindawo zokuhlala zezindlovu zaseNdiya. Ukungena ngokungemthetho ezindaweni ezivikelekile, ukugawula amahlathi emigwaqeni kanye neminye imisebenzi yezentuthuko - konke kuholela ekulahlekelweni yindawo yokuhlala, kushiya indawo encane yokuhlala izilwane ezinkulu.
Ukususwa ezindaweni zabo zokuhlala akugcini ngokushiya izindlovu zaseNdiya ngaphandle kwemithombo ethembekile yokudla nendawo yokukhosela, kepha futhi kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi zihlukaniswa nabantu abambalwa futhi azikwazi ukuhamba ezindleleni zazo zasendulo zokufuduka zixube neminye imihlambi.
Futhi, inani lezindlovu zase-Asia liyancipha ngenxa yokuzingelwa kwabo ngabazingeli abangekho emthethweni abanesifiso sezimpondo zabo. Kepha ngokungafani nozakwabo base-Afrika, ama-subspecies amaNdiya anezinyosi kuphela kwabesilisa. Ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kuphazamisa isilinganiso sobulili, esiphikisana namazinga okuzala kohlobo. Ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kuyanda ngenxa yokufunwa kwezinyo lendlovu abasezingeni eliphakathi e-Asia, yize ukuhweba ngezinyo lendlovu kuvinjelwe ezweni eliphucuzekile.
Encwadini! Izindlovu ezisencane zithathwa komama bazo endle ziyiswa embonini yezokuvakasha eThailand. Omama bavame ukubulawa, bese kuthi izindlovu zibekwe eceleni kwezinsikazi ezingezona ezomdabu ukuze zifihle iqiniso lokuthunjwa. Izindlovu ezingane zivame "ukuqeqeshwa", okubandakanya ukuvinjelwa kokuhamba nokuzila ukudla.
Ukuvikelwa kwezindlovu zaseNdiya
Isithombe: Incwadi Ebomvu Yezindlovu ZaseNdiya
Inani lezindlovu zaseNdiya lihlala lincipha okwamanje. Lokhu kwandisa ingozi yokuqothulwa kwazo. Kusukela ngo-1986, indlovu yase-Asia ibekwe ohlwini lwezinto ezisengcupheni yohlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN, njengoba abantu bayo basendle behle ngama-50%. Namuhla, indlovu yase-Asia isengozini yokulahleka kwendawo, ukucekelwa phansi nokuqhekeka.
Kubalulekile! Indlovu yaseNdiya ibhalwe ohlwini lweSithasiselo I. se-CITES I. Ngo-1992, i-Elephant Project yethulwa nguMnyango Wezemvelo Namahlathi kaHulumeni wase-India ukuhlinzeka ngosizo lwezezimali nobuchwepheshe ekusatshalalisweni kwamahhala kwezindlovu zasendle zase-Asia.
Le phrojekthi ihlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isikhathi eside sokusinda kwezindlovu ezisebenzayo nezisimeme endaweni yazo yemvelo ngokuvikela izindawo zokuhlala nezokufuduka. Eminye imigomo ye-Elephant Project ukuxhasa ucwaningo lwezemvelo nokuphathwa kwezindlovu, ukuqwashisa abantu bendawo, nokwenza ngcono ukunakekelwa kwezilwane kwezindlovu ezisekuthunjweni.
Ezansi kwezintaba ezisenyakatho-mpumalanga yeNdiya, ezihlanganisa indawo ecishe ibe yi-1,160 km², inikeza ichweba eliphephile lezindlovu ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezweni. I-World Wildlife Fund (WWF) isebenza ukuvikela lezi zindlovu esikhathini eside ngokugcina indawo yazo yokuhlala, ukunciphisa kakhulu izinsongo ezikhona, nokuxhasa ukulondolozwa kwabantu kanye nendawo abahlala kuyo.
Ngokwengxenye entshonalanga yeNepal nasempumalanga ye-India, i-WWF nabalingani bayo bayakha kabusha imigudu yemvelo ukuze izindlovu zikwazi ukufinyelela emizileni yazo yokufuduka ngaphandle kokuphazamisa amakhaya abantu. Inhloso yesikhathi eside ukuhlanganisa izindawo eziyi-12 ezivikelwe nokukhuthaza isenzo somphakathi ukunciphisa izingxabano phakathi kwabantu nezindlovu. I-WWF isekela ukongiwa kwemvelo kanye nokwaziswa phakathi kwemiphakathi yendawo ngezindawo zezindlovu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 06.04.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 19.09.2019 ngo-13: 40
