Umuhlwa kwesinye isikhathi kubhekiselwa kuye njengentuthwane emhlophe. Wathola lesi sidlaliso ngenxa yokufana ngokubukeka nezintuthwane ezimhlophe. Umuhlwa udla izitshalo ezifile, imvamisa zenziwa izihlahla, amaqabunga awile, noma inhlabathi.Umuhlwa izinambuzane ezibalulekile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo nasezindaweni ezishisayo. Ngenxa yokuthi umuhlwa udla izinkuni, udala umonakalo omkhulu ezakhiweni nakwezinye izakhiwo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Umuhlwa
Umuhlwa ungowokuhlelwa kwamaphela okuthiwa yiBlattodea. Umuhlwa sekuyiminyaka eminingi kwaziwa ukuthi uhlobene kakhulu namaphela, okuyizinhlobo ezihlala kakhulu ezihlahleni. Kuze kube muva nje, umuhlwa ubune-oda i-Isoptera, manje eseyi-suborder. Lolu shintsho olusha lwentela lusekelwa yidatha nocwaningo lokuthi umuhlwa empeleni angamaphela omphakathi.
Umsuka wegama elithi Isoptera ungowesiGreki futhi usho izindlela ezimbili zamaphiko aqondile. Sekuyiminyaka eminingi umuhlwa ubizwa ngokuthi intuthwane emhlophe futhi uvame ukudideka nentuthwane yangempela. Kuphela ngesikhathi sethu nangokusebenzisa ama-microscopes lapho sikwazile ukubona umehluko phakathi kwale mikhakha emibili.
Izimbiwa zokuqala zomuhlwa ezaziwa kakhulu zihlehlela emuva eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-130 edlule. Ngokungafani nezintuthwane, ezibhekana noguquko oluphelele, umuhlwa ngamunye ubhekane nokuguquka kwesimo somzimba okungaphelele, okuqhubeka ngezigaba ezintathu: iqanda, umbungu nomuntu omdala. Amakholoni akwazi ukuzilawula, yingakho abizwa kaningi ngokuthi ama-superorganism.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Izindlovukazi zomuhlwa zinesikhathi eside kakhulu sokuphila sanoma isiphi isinambuzane emhlabeni, ezinye izindlovukazi ziphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-30-50.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inambuzane yomuhlwa
Umuhlwa uvame ukufika ngosayizi abancane - kusuka kumamilimitha ama-4 kuye kwayi-15 ubude. Okusinda kakhulu namuhla yindlovukazi yezinhlobo zomuhlwa iMacrotermes bellicosus, enobude obungaphezu kwamasentimitha ayi-10. Esinye isigebenga yizinhlobo zomuhlwa iGyatermes styriensis, kodwa asikaze sisinde kuze kube namuhla. Ngesinye isikhathi, yaqhakaza e-Austria ngesikhathi seMiocene futhi yayinamaphiko angama-76 mm. nobude bomzimba 25mm.
Iningi labasebenzi kanye nomuhlwa wesosha abaphuphutheki ngokuphelele njengoba bengenawo amabili ngamehlo. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinhlobo, njengeHodotermes mossambicus, zinamehlo anzima eziyisebenzisela ukuqondisa nokuhlukanisa ukukhanya kwelanga nokukhanya kwenyanga. Izinsikazi ezinamaphiko nezinsikazi zinamehlo futhi nazo zinamehlo asemaceleni. I-lateral ocelli, nokho, ayitholakali kuwo wonke umuhlwa.
Ividiyo: Umuhlwa
Njengezinye izinambuzane, umuhlwa unodebe olungenhla oluncane olumise ulimi nolwe-clypeus; I-clypeus ihlukaniswe nge-postclypeus ne-anteclypeus. Izimpondo zomuhlwa zinemisebenzi eminingi efana nokuzwa ukuthinta, ukunambitha, iphunga (kufaka phakathi ama-pheromones), ukushisa nokudlidliza. Izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko ze-antenna yomuhlwa zibandakanya i-scape, peduncle, ne-flagellum. Izingxenye zomlomo ziqukethe imihlathi ephezulu, izindebe, kanye nesethi yamandla. I-maxillary kanye ne-labia inezintambo ezisiza umuhlwa ekuqondeni nasekucubunguleni ukudla.
Ngokwe-anatomy yezinye izinambuzane, i-thorax yomuhlwa inezingxenye ezintathu: i-prothorax, i-mesothorax, ne-methorax. Ingxenye ngayinye iqukethe imilenze emibili. Kwabesifazane nabesilisa abanamaphiko, amaphiko atholakala ku-mesothorax naku-metathorax. Umuhlwa unesisu esinengxenye eziyishumi esinamapuleti amabili, ama-tergites nama-sternites. Izitho zokuzala ziyefana nezamaphela, kepha zenziwe lula. Isibonelo, isitho sangasese asikho kwabesilisa, kanti isidoda asigudluki noma si-aflagellate.
Uhlobo lwemihlwa olungakhiqizi alunamaphiko futhi luthembele kuphela emilenzeni yabo eyisithupha ukuhamba. Eziduna nezinsikazi ezinamaphiko zindiza nje isikhashana, ngakho-ke nazo zithembele emilenzeni yazo. Ukubukeka kwemilenze kuyafana esigabeni ngasinye, kepha amasosha anayo amakhulu futhi asindayo.
Ngokungafani nezintuthwane, ama-hindwinding nama-frontwing ayalingana ngobude. Ezimweni eziningi, abesilisa nabesifazane abanamaphiko bangabashayeli bezindiza abampofu. Inqubo yabo yendiza ukuzethula emoyeni futhi bandize ngendlela engahleliwe. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi, uma kuqhathaniswa nomuhlwa omkhulu, umuhlwa omncane awukwazi ukundiza amabanga amade. Lapho umuhlwa undiza, amaphiko awo ahlala ezingeni elifanele, kuthi lapho umuhlwa uphumule, izimpiko zawo zihlale zifana nomzimba wawo.
Uhlala kuphi umuhlwa?
Isithombe: Umuhlwa omhlophe
Umuhlwa utholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica. Aziziningi kakhulu zazo ezitholakala eNyakatho Melika naseYurophu (izinhlobo eziyi-10 ziyaziwa eYurophu nezingama-50 eNyakatho Melika). Umuhlwa usakazeke kakhulu eNingizimu Melika, lapho kwaziwa khona izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-400. Ezinhlungwini eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu zomuhlwa ezihlukaniswa njengamanje, eziyinkulungwane zitholakala e-Afrika. Kwezinye izifunda zivame kakhulu.
ENyakatho yeKruger National Park iyodwa, kungatholakala izindunduma ezisebenzayo ezingama-1.1 million. Kunezinhlobo ezingama-435 zomuhlwa e-Asia, ezitholakala kakhulu eChina. E-China, izinhlobo zomuhlwa zikhawulelwe ezindaweni ezipholile ezisezindaweni ezishisayo nakwezifudumele eziseningizimu yoMfula iYangtze. E-Australia, onkhe emacembu emvelo emuhlwa (emanti, omile, angaphansi kwemhlaba) agcwele kulelive, anetinhlobo letingetulu kwa-360.
Ngenxa yezinhlayiya zawo ezithambile, umuhlwa awukhuli kahle ezindaweni ezipholile noma ezibandayo. Kunezigaba ezintathu zemuhlwa: ezimanzi, ezomile nezingaphansi komhlaba. Umuhlwa we-Dampwood utholakala kuphela emahlathini e-coniferous, kanti umuhlwa wase-Drywood utholakala emahlathini okhuni oluqinile; umuhlwa ongaphansi komhlaba uhlala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene. Olunye uhlobo lweqembu lamadwala owomile umuhlwa waseNtshonalanga Indian (i-Cryptotermes brevis), okuyinhlobo enolaka e-Australia. ERussia, kutholakala umuhlwa endaweni eseduze kwamadolobha aseSochi naseVladivostok. Cishe izinhlobo ezi-7 zomuhlwa sezitholakele e-CIS.
Yini edliwa umuhlwa?
Isithombe: Isilwane somuhlwa
Umuhlwa yiziduli ezidla izitshalo ezifile kunoma yiliphi izinga lokubola. Ziphinde zibambe iqhaza elibalulekile emvelweni ngokuvuselela imfucuza enjengokhuni olufile, indle nezitshalo. Izinhlobo eziningi zidla i-cellulose nge-midgut ekhethekile ediliza i-fiber. Umuhlwa wakheka, lapho i-cellulose ibola, i-methane idedelwa ingene emkhathini.
Imuhlwa ithembele kakhulu kuma-symbiotic protozoa (ama-metamonad) namanye ama-microbes, anjengama-flagellate protists emathunjini awo, ukugaya i-cellulose, okuwavumela ukuba amunce imikhiqizo eqediwe ukuze ayisebenzisele wona. Ama-protozoa emathunjini afana ne-Trichonympha, nawo, ancike kuma-bacterial symbiotic afakwe ebusweni bawo ukukhiqiza amanye ama-enzyme abalulekile okugaya ukudla.
Umuhlwa ophakeme kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emndenini weTititidae, ungakhiqiza ama-enzyme awo e-cellulose, kepha ancike kakhulu kumagciwane. I-Flagella ilahlekile kulezi umuhlwa. Ukuqonda kososayensi bobudlelwano phakathi komgudu wokugaya ukudla komuhlwa nama-endosymbionts ama-microbial kusesencane; kodwa-ke, okuyiqiniso ngazo zonke izinhlobo zomuhlwa ukuthi izisebenzi zondla amanye amalungu aleli koloni ngezakhamzimba ezivela ekugayweni kwezitshalo ezivela emlonyeni noma endunu.
Ezinye izinhlobo zomuhlwa zisebenzisa ukulima ngezikhunta. Bagcina "ingadi" yesikhunta esikhethekile sohlobo lwe-Termitomyces, esidla indle yezinambuzane. Lapho amakhowe edliwe, izinhlamvu zawo zidlula zinganyakazi emathunjini omuhlwa ukuqedela umjikelezo ngokuhluma emaphepheni amasha ka-faecal.
Umuhlwa uhlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili kuye ngemikhuba yabo yokudla: umuhlwa ophansi nomuhlwa ophakeme. Umuhlwa omncane udla kakhulu ngokhuni. Njengoba kunzima ukugaya izinkuni, umuhlwa uncamela ukudla izinkuni ezigcwele isikhunta ngoba kulula ukugaya kanti amakhowe anamaprotheni amaningi. Okwamanje, umuhlwa ophakeme udla izinto ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi indle, umusi, utshani, amaqabunga nezimpande. Amathumbu kuma-termite aphansi aqukethe izinhlobo eziningi zama-bacteria kanye ne-protozoa, kuyilapho umuhlwa ophakeme unezinhlobo ezimbalwa kuphela zama-bacteria angenawo ama-protozoa.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Umuhlwa uzohlafuna umthofu, i-asphalt, i-plaster, noma udaka ukuthola izinkuni.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: umuhlwa omkhulu
Kungaba nzima ukubona umuhlwa, njengoba zihamba ebusuku futhi zingakuthandi ukukhanya. Bahamba ezindleleni abazakhile ngokwazo ngokhuni noma ngomhlaba.
Umuhlwa uhlala ezidlekeni. Izidleke zingahlukaniswa cishe ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: ngaphansi komhlaba (ngaphansi komhlaba ngokuphelele), ngenhla komhlaba (okuqhamuka ngenhla komhlaba) futhi kuxubekile (kwakhiwe esihlahleni, kepha kuhlala kuxhunywe phansi ngezindawo zokukhosela). Isidleke sinemisebenzi eminingi, njengokuhlinzeka ngendawo yokuhlala evikelekile nendawo yokukhosela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. Iningi lomuhlwa lakha amakoloni angaphansi komhlaba kunezidleke nezindunduma zemisebenzi eminingi. Umuhlwa wakudala uvame ukwakha izidleke ngokhuni olufana nezingodo, iziphunzi nezingxenye zezihlahla ezifile, njengoba umuhlwa wenza eminyakeni eyizigidi eyedlule.
Umuhlwa nawo wakha izindunduma, kwesinye isikhathi zifinyelela kubude obungu-2.5 -3 m. Isiduli sinikeza umuhlwa isivikelo esifanayo nesidleke, kodwa sibe namandla kakhulu. Izindunduma ezitholakala ezindaweni ezinemvula enkulu futhi eqhubekayo zivame ukuguguleka ngenxa yesakhiwo sazo esinobumba.
Ukuxhumana. Iningi lomuhlwa liyizimpumputhe, ngakho ukuxhumana kwenzeka ngokuyinhloko ngamasignali amakhemikhali, nawomshini. Lezi zindlela zokuxhumana zisetshenziswa emisebenzini eyahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ukudla, ukuthola izitho zokuzala, ukwakha izidleke, ukubona abahlali bezidleke, ukundiza kokukhwelana, ukubona nokulwa nezitha, nokuvikela izidleke. Indlela ejwayelekile yokukhulumisana nge-antenna.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Inambuzane yomuhlwa
Umuhlwa unohlelo lokuhlukanisa abantu ngokwezigaba ezithile:
- Inkosi;
- INdlovukazi;
- Indlovukazi yesibili;
- Indlovukazi ephakeme;
- Isosha;
- Kuyasebenza.
Umuhlwa wabasebenzi uthatha imisebenzi eminingi ekoloni, enesibopho sokuthola ukudla, ukugcina ukudla, nokugcina amantshontsho ezidlekeni. Abasebenzi banomsebenzi wokugaya i-cellulose ekudleni, ngakho-ke bangamaprosesa aphambili ezinkuni ezigulayo. Inqubo yomuhlwa wesisebenzi yokondla ezinye izakhamuzi zesidleke yaziwa njenge-trofollaxis. I-Trofallaxis iqhinga elisebenzayo lokudla okunempilo lokuguqula nokuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha izingxenye ze-nitrogenous.
Lokhu kukhulula abazali ekondleni zonke izingane ngaphandle kwesizukulwane sokuqala, kuvumela iqembu ukuthi likhule ngobuningi futhi liqinisekise ukudluliswa kwamathumbu adingekayo wamathumbu kusuka kwesinye isizukulwane kuya kwesinye. Ezinye izinhlobo zomuhlwa azinaso isigaba sangempela sokusebenza, kunalokho zithembele kuma-nymphs ukwenza umsebenzi ofanayo ngaphandle kokuma njenge-caste ehlukile.
Isigaba sesosha sinokukhethekile kokuma nokwakheka, inhloso yabo kuphela ukuvikela leli koloni. Amasosha amaningi anamakhanda amakhulu anemihlathi enamandla ashintshe kakhulu akhuliswe kangangokuba ahluleka ukuzondla. Ngakho-ke, bona, njengabantwana abancane, bondliwa ngabasebenzi. Izinhlobo eziningi ziyabonakala kalula, namasosha anamakhanda amakhulu, amnyama kanye namandla amakhulu.
Phakathi kweminye imihlwa, amasosha angasebenzisa amakhanda awo amise okwebhola ukuvimba imigudu yawo emincane. Ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zomuhlwa, amasosha angaba makhulu futhi abe mancane, kanye nasemakhaleni anombhobho omise okophondo onokubonakala ngaphambili. Lawa masosha ahlukile angafutha uketshezi oluyingozi, olunamathelayo oluqukethe ama-diterpenes ezitheni zawo.
Uhlobo lokuzala lwekoloni elivuthiwe lubandakanya abesifazane abavundile nabesilisa abaziwa njengendlovukazi nenkosi. Indlovukazi yaleli koloni inesibopho sokukhiqiza amaqanda endaweni. Ngokungafani nezintuthwane, inkosi ihlangana nayo impilo yonke. Kwezinye izinhlobo, isisu sendlovukazi sikhukhumala ngokungazelelwe, sikhulise ukuzala. Ngokuya ngohlobo lwendlovukazi, indlovukazi iqala ukukhiqiza abantu abanamaphiko okuzala ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka, bese kuba nezixuku ezinkulu kuleli koloni lapho kuqala indiza yokukhwelana.
Izitha zemvelo zomuhlwa
Isithombe: Umuhlwa Wezilwane
Umuhlwa udliwa yizilwane ezahlukahlukene. Isibonelo, izinhlobo zomuhlwa "Hodotermes mossambicus" zitholakale esiswini sezinyoni ezingama-65 nezilwane ezincelisayo eziyi-19. Ama-arthropod amaningi adla umuhlwa: izintuthwane, ama-centipedes, amaphela, amakhilikithi, ojekamanzi, ofezela nezicabucabu; ezihuquzelayo ezinjengezibankwa; izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini ezifana namaxoxo namaselesele. Kukhona nezinye izilwane eziningi ezidla umuhlwa: ama-aardvark, ama-anteaters, amalulwane, amabhere, izinqwaba zezinyoni, ama-echidna, izimpungushe, amagundane kanye nama-pangolin. Iqiniso elijabulisayo: i-aardwolf iyakwazi ukudla izinkulungwane zomuhlwa ngobusuku obubodwa isebenzisa ulimi lwayo olude olunamathelayo.
Izintuthwane ziyizitha ezinkulu zomuhlwa. Eminye imikhakha yezintuthwane ibhekene nobuchwepheshe bokuzingela. Isibonelo, iMegaponera iyinhlobo edla kuphela i-termitic-eating. Bahlasela, okunye kwabo kuthatha amahora amaningi. Kepha izintuthwane akuzona zodwa ezingenamgogodla ezizogasela. Iminyovu eminingi ye-sphecoid, kufaka phakathi i-Polistinae Lepeletier ne-Angiopolybia Araujo, baziwa ngokuhlasela izindunduma zomuhlwa ngesikhathi sokundiza komuhlwa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Umuhlwa
Ama-termite angelinye lamaqembu ezinambuzane aphumelela kakhulu eMhlabeni, akhuphule inani lawo labantu kuyo yonke impilo yabo.
Kwenziwa amakholoni iningi lomhlaba, ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica. Amakholoni abo avela kubantu abangamakhulu ambalwa kuya emiphakathini emikhulu yabantu abayizigidi eziningana. Njengamanje, zingu-3106 izinhlobo esezichaziwe, futhi akusikho lokho kuphela, kunezinhlobo ezingamakhulu ambalwa ezengeziwe ezidinga incazelo. Isibalo somuhlwa eMhlabeni singafinyelela ezigidigidini eziyi-108 nangaphezulu.
Njengamanje, inani lezinkuni ezisetshenziswa epulazini njengomthombo wokudla komuhlwa liyancipha, kepha inani lomuhlwa liyaqhubeka nokukhula. Lokhu kukhula kuhambisana nokujwayela umuhlwa ezimweni ezibandayo nezomile.
Kuze kube manje, imindeni engu-7 yomuhlwa iyaziwa:
- IMastotermitidae;
- I-Termopsidae;
- IHodotermitidae;
- Kalotermitidae;
- Rhinotermitidae;
- Serritermitidae;
- Ithemuitidae.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Umuhlwa eMhlabeni udlula ubukhulu besibalo sabantu eMhlabeni, njengezintuthwane.
Izinambuzane umuhlwa inokubaluleka okungekuhle esintwini, njengoba kubhidliza izakhiwo zokhuni. Ukuhluka komuhlwa kuhlotshaniswa nomthelela wabo kumjikelezo womhlaba wonke wekhabhoni ne-carbon dioxide, ekugxileni kwamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini, okubalulekile esimweni sezulu somhlaba jikelele. Bayakwazi ukukhipha igesi le-methane ngobuningi. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinhlobo ezingama-43 zomuhlwa zidliwa ngabantu bese ziphiwa izilwane ezifuywayo. Namuhla, ososayensi baqaphe inani labantu, abasebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene ukulandelela ukuhamba komuhlwa.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 18.03.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 17.09.2019 ngo-16: 41
