Kuze kube manje, kunezimpikiswano phakathi kososayensi ukuthi isibani selambu ngesenhlanzi yini, noma ingabe siyisigaba esikhethekile sama-parasites. Ngenxa yokubukeka kwayo okungajwayelekile nokwesabekayo, iheha ukunakwa, futhi ngomzimba wayo olula, isibani esisolwandle singesinye sezakhamizi ezisemanzini ezinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngisho nenhlanzi isibani futhi inokubukeka okungabukeki, abantu bayakudla ngokuzithandela futhi bafeze namabhizinisi amakhulu wezinkanyiso zezibani.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Lamprey
Inhlanzi ye-lamprey ingenye yezidalwa zasendulo kakhulu eMhlabeni. Akukashintshi ukubukeka kwayo cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-350. Ngenxa yemvelaphi yayo yasendulo, abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi u-lamprey waqala ukwakheka kwama-vertebrate omhlathi. Ngakho-ke, u-lamprey akazange abhekane nezinguquko ezinkulu zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kepha abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ishintshe kakhulu ngosayizi futhi esikhathini sokuqala kokuba khona kwakhe yayiphindwe izikhathi eziyishumi kuya kweziyishumi nanhlanu.
Ividiyo: Lamprey
Inhlanzi enesibani ingeyesigaba sama-cyclostomes - ama-vertebrate angenamhlathi. Izidalwa zalesi sigaba zathola leli gama ngenxa yesakhiwo sesifunda somlomo, lapho kungekho khona umhlathi. Ngaphezu kwezibane eziningi zezibani, kukhona nama-mixins - izidalwa ezifanayo zasendulo ezinokufana kwangaphandle nezibani zezibani. Ngaphandle kokuthi lesi sigaba yiso esivame kakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi izinhlanzi ze-lamprey zihlukaniswa ngezigaba ezihlukile noma zibhekwa njengezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanzi ze-myxine.
AmaLampreys ayiqembu elihluke kakhulu elihlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwamashumi amane. Izinhlanzi zeLamprey zihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ngokuya ngezici ze-morphological, izindawo zokuhlala, izindlela zokuziphatha kanye nokuthandwa kokudla.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Lamprey fish
Usayizi omaphakathi wezinhlanzi ezinamalambu kusuka ku-10 kuye ku-30 cm.I-Lampreys ikhula kukho konke ukuphila kwayo, yize ukukhula kwayo kuncipha ngeminyaka. Izibani ezindala kakhulu zingafika kumitha elilodwa ubude. Umzimba wesibani uzacile futhi mncane, ufana nenyoka noma isibungu.
Amaphiko eLamprey ancishisiwe futhi cishe awenzi imisebenzi yawo - njengomthetho, kunzima ngisho nokuwabona emzimbeni wezibani. AmaLampreys abhukuda njengezinyoka noma ama-moray eels, ngenxa yokunyakaza kwawo okunyakazayo.
Izinto ezibukwayo zezibani azijwayelekile neze. Banamehlo amathathu, amabili awo abonakala kahle ekhanda. Lamehlo akaboni kahle, kepha ayasebenza. Iso lesithathu licishe lalahleka ngenkathi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo: itholakala maphakathi nekhanda, eduze komphetho wayo. Phambilini, izinto eziningi eziphilayo zazineso elinjalo, kepha lavela endlaleni yaphayini lahlanganiswa ne-cortex yangaphandle yobuchopho. Isibani sesibani sisenalo iso, yize lingaboni nalo.
AmaLampreys awanamathambo futhi umzimba wawo wonke wakhiwe uqwanga, oluvumela izinhlanzi ukuba ziguquguquke kakhulu. Umzimba wabo umbozwe amafinyila ashelelayo, avikela izibani ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye: amafinyila avimbela isitha ekubambeni ngokuqinile izibani, ngoba i-mucus inikeza ukundiza. Ezikhaleni zamanzi angenasawoti, le mucus inobuthi, ngakho-ke, icutshungulwa ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokupheka nokudla izinhlanzi.
Izinsimbi zakhe zomlomo zithakazelisa kakhulu. Njengoba inhlanzi ingenawo umhlathi, umlomo wayo uyifele, enamazinyo amancane abukhali kuyo yonke indawo. Umlomo usebenza njengendebe yokudonsa, enamathiselwe ngokwengeziwe emazinyweni. Ulimi lwesibani nalo lunamachashazi afanayo.
Ihlala kuphi i-lamprey fish?
Isithombe: River lamprey
Izinhlanzi zeLamprey zitholakala cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba ngenxa yamakhono azo okuzivumelanisa nokuzithoba. Ngokuya ngendawo yezinhlanzi, izibani zezibani zingahlukaniswa zibe yilabo abahlala kasawoti nasemanzini ahlanzekile.
- emanzini anosawoti: izilwandle ezisuka eFrance ziye eKarelia. Okuvame ukutholakala eBaltic naseNyakatho Yezilwandle;
- emanzini amasha: amachibi iLadoga ne-Onega, iNeva. AmaLampreys ajwayelekile kakhulu entshonalanga yeRussia. Ingavame ukutholakala emachibini esifunda saseKaliningrad.
AmaLampreys awavamile ukutholakala enyakatho yeRussia, yize lolu hlobo lunezinga eliphakeme lokusinda futhi kwesinye isikhathi izibani zezibani zitholakala emachibini abandayo noma emifuleni emile. AmaLampreys afuduka kalula, ngakho-ke, noma ngemuva kokuchamuselwa emanzini omfula, angabhukuda olwandle futhi ahlale lapho. Futhi izibani zezibani azitholakali nhlobo oLwandle Olumnyama, futhi zivame kakhulu emanzini aseBelarus.
Kunobufakazi obubhalwe phansi bokuthi abanye abantu babecabanga ukuthi inhlanzi yesibani iyisidalwa sobusathane.
Inombolo enkulu kunazo zonke yamalambu yaqoshwa ngawo-1990s eduze kwedolobha laseLipetsk. Namuhla izibani zezibani kule ndawo zehle kakhulu, kepha inani lazo liselikhulu kakhulu.
Idla ngani inhlanzi yesibani?
Isithombe: Lamprey
Inqubo yokudla ye-lamprey iyathakazelisa kakhulu ngenxa yesakhiwo esiyingqayizivele somlomo wayo. Ayinayo indlela yokuhlafuna, futhi konke lokho u-lamprey angakwenza ukunamathela emzimbeni, ukuzihlanganisa namazinyo abukhali nolimi.
Okokuqala, isibani, lapho sikhethe isisulu, sinamathele ngokuqinile emzimbeni waso. Ngemuva kwalokho uluma ngisho nangesikhumba esiqine kakhulu ngamazinyo abukhali bese eqala ukuphuza igazi. Ngenxa yezinto ezikhethekile ematheni e-lamprey - ama-anticoagulants, igazi lesisulu aliqedi futhi liqhubeka nokugeleza ngenkathi isibani sisemzimbeni wesisulu.
I-lamprey ingadla amahora ambalwa, ngoba umlomo wayo womlomo awusebenzeli imisebenzi yokuphefumula. Kanye negazi, u-lamprey uququda izicubu ezithanjiswe ngamathe eziwela endaweni yomlomo wakhe. Kwesinye isikhathi amalambu wezibani anamathela kanzima aze adle aze afike ezithweni zangaphakathi. Izisulu, yebo, ziyafa ngenxa yamanxeba anjalo nokopha kwegazi.
ILampreys ivame ukuba isisulu se:
- uhlobo lwenhlanzi;
- i-sturgeon;
- ikhodi;
- ithrawuthi;
- induna.
Akuzona zonke izibani zezibani eziyizilwane ezidla ezinye. Ezinye izibani zezibani ziyenqaba ukudla ngokuphelele, zichitha impilo yazo yonke ezinqolobaneni ezinomsoco ezizinqwabelene ngenkathi ziseyizibungu.
Izibani zezibani eziphila ngokunamathela zinamathela ezinhlanzini noma zingalambi, kepha zimane nje ziseduze kwalowo ongaba yisisulu. Ngakho-ke, uma isandla noma umlenze womuntu useduze, isibani sesibani sizomhlasela ngokushesha bese sondla. Ngenhlanhla, ezimweni eziningi izibani zezibani aziyona ingozi kubantu, yize ukuhlolwa kodokotela ngemuva kwesigameko esinjalo kusamele kwenziwe.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Isibani sasolwandle
Yize inhlanzi e-lamprey ingezilwane ezidla ezinye, ihola impilo yokuhlala phansi, yobuvila. Ngokuyinhloko, isibani sesibani silele ezansi komcengezi wamanzi bese silinda isisulu esingabhukuda esidlule, lapho isibani esingasincela khona. Uma kungekho zinhlanzi endaweni isikhathi eside, futhi isibani sizizwa silambile, khona-ke singaqala ukuhamba sifuna ukudla.
Sekurekhodwe amacala amaningi okuhlaselwa kwamalambu kubantu. Akekho kubo obehlukumeze abantu ngokweqile, kepha kuzo zombili lezi zimo, izisulu ziye ezibhedlela ziyofuna usizo.
AmaLampreys ajwayele ukudla izinsalela ezivela kwezinye izinhlanzi, ikakhulu okungabaqaphi. Ngokuzithandela badla izicubu ezifile eziwela phansi. ILampreys ayivamisile ukubhukuda isuka endaweni iya kwenye, yize ikwazi ukuzihambela ibanga elide yodwa, okudinga amandla amaningi kubo. Esikhathini esiningi, izibani zezibani ziyahamba, zibambelele ezinhlanzini ezinkulu izinsuku ezimbalwa - ngenxa yale ndlela, zisakaze cishe kulo lonke ulwandle lomhlaba.
I-Lampreys inamandla kepha ayinalo ulaka. Yize bengaphuthelwa yiliphi ithuba lokudla, awawavikeli amalungelo abo endawo futhi awaphikisani nezinye izibani nezinhlanzi ezingekho kwezomsoco kubo. Uma i-lamprey uqobo iba ngukudla kothile, ayikwazi ukulwa nomhlaseli.
AmaLampreys ayodwa, kepha ikakhulukazi ahlangana ngamaqoqo ezansi. Lokhu kungabangelwa izinto zokudla ezikhethe izibani eziningana ngasikhathi sinye, noma ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Lamprey fish
Izinhlanzi ezihamba zodwa futhi ezivilaphayo ziyasebenza kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuzala, zigonane emihlambini.
Ngokungafani nendawo yokuhlala, ukuzala kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene zonyaka:
- Isibani seCaspian - Agasti noma Septhemba;
- Isibani samanzi angenasawoti saseYurophu - ngo-Okthoba kuya kuDisemba;
- Isibani saseMpumalanga Yurophu - ngoMeyi kuya kuJuni.
Njengoba amehlo abo ecasulwa kakhulu ukukhanya kwelanga, ukuzala kwenzeka njalo ebusuku futhi njalo emanzini ahlanzekile. Ngakho-ke, izibani zasolwandle ziqala ukufuduka kusengaphambili ukuze zikwazi ukubhukuda ziye emanzini amasha ngesikhathi sokuzala. Ngalesi sikhathi, amazinyo akhula abe buthuntu, ngoba izibani ziyeka ngokuphelele ukondla.
Zikhuphukela ngaphezulu komcengezi wamanzi ngomhlambi omkhulu, zakha ngazimbili phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Ngalesi sikhathi, owesifazane uqala ukukhipha ama-hormone athile, ngenxa yokuthi amaqanda akhiwa ezithweni zakhe zangasese zangaphakathi. Inqubo efanayo iyenzeka ngaphakathi kwezitho zobulili zowesilisa - ubisi luyakhiwa. Iqiniso ngukuthi izibani zezibani azinazo izitho zangasese zangaphandle, ezenza ukuthi inqubo yokukhwelana uqobo ingenzeki, futhi ne-physiology yenqubo yokubeletha ayijwayelekile kakhulu.
Indoda idala isidleke samatshe amatshe amancane ezansi echibini, kanti insikazi, encela itshe, ilinde ngesineke ukuqedwa kokwakhiwa. Abesilisa baphatha amatshe amancane baye esidlekeni, bancela itshe elikhethiwe futhi babhukuda ngalo baye endaweni abayifunayo. Lapho la matshe ehlanganiswa, isakaza ukungcola nodaka ngomsila wayo, okwenza isidleke sihlanzeke. Eyeduna neyensikazi bese iyahlangana, ishanela amaqanda nobisi emigodini yomzimba. Le nqubo inamandla amakhulu, ngakho-ke bobabili abantu bagcina ngokufa.
Kusuka emaqanda ayizinkulungwane eziyi-10, izibungu eziqanduselwa, eziwela phakathi kukadaka - ama-sandworms. Zondla ngokuhlunga amanzi ngomlomo, ngaleyo ndlela zikhethe izakhamzimba, futhi zingahlala kulesi simo kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-14. Bese kuthi ngesikhathi esifushane abhekane nezinguquko ezinkulu, abe ngabantu abadala.
Izitha zemvelo zezinhlanzi ze-lamprey
Isithombe: Caspian lamprey
Yize i-lamprey iyisilwane esikhulu esidla ezinye, inezitha eziningi. ILamprey isebenza njengokudla kwezinhlanzi ezinkulu nama-crustaceans, futhi izibungu zayo ngamanani amancane zikhula zibe umuntu omdala ngenxa yokuthi zivame ukudliwa ezinye izakhamuzi zasemanzini.
Izinhlanzi ezidliwa yizibani nazo zingaba izitha zazo ezingaba namandla - konke kuya ngosayizi wenhlanzi nesibani uqobo lwaso. I-salmon, okwakudliwa yinhlanzi yesibani, nayo ingayidla ngendlela efanayo.
Ngaphezu kwezinhlanzi, izinyoni zingazingela izibani zamalambu. Uma kukhulunywa ngamanzi angajulile, onogolantethe nezindwandwe bakhipha izibani ngaphansi kodaka emini, lapho izibani zifihle imisebe yelanga ecasula amehlo. AmaCormorant yizinyoni ezindizayo; zingabamba nezibani njengokudla.
Ingozi ejwayelekile kwizibani zezibane yi-burbot, inhlanzi yasolwandle olujulile ehlala ikakhulukazi ezansi emigodini yamanzi. Ezilwandle, izibani zabantu abadala ebusika ziba isisulu sezinhlanzi ezinkulu kakhulu njenge-beluga. Kwesinye isikhathi izibani zezibani zibanjwa ngokuthakazelisa yizimpawu zaseCaspian nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zasemanzini.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Lamprey
AmaLampreys ayizinhlobo eziningi kakhulu ezihlala cishe olwandle lonke lomhlaba. Ngenxa yokuzala kwabo kanye nokukwazi ukufuduka ngokushesha, ukunamathela ezinhlanzini, abakaze babe sengozini yokuqothulwa futhi ukubikezela okunjalo akulindelekile. Kodwa-ke, uma kuqhathaniswa nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, amanani abo ayesencipha, futhi isizathu salokhu kwakuwukudoba okubanzi.
Amazwe anjengeRussia, iFinland, iSweden neLatvia enza izibani ezinkulu zamalambu. Yize ibukeka ingabukeki, isibani esiphethe ukudla okunomsoco omkhulu, futhi inyama yaso ibhekwa njengesibiliboco. OLwandle iBaltic, kubanjwa amathani wezibani angaba ngu-250 minyaka yonke, iningi lawo elicwilisiwe.
Baphinde badle izikelemu - izibungu ze-lamprey. Futhi zinenani eliphakeme lokudla okunomsoco nokunambitheka okumnandi.
Kujwayelekile kakhulu isibani kuvezwe ukuthosa. Inyama yayo iyathandeka ekunambithekeni nasekwakhiweni kwayo, kulula ukuyipheka futhi ayidingi ukuhlutshwa, ngakho-ke le nhlanzi iyaziswa emazweni amaningi omhlaba.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 11.03.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 18.09.2019 ngo-21: 00
