I-Wombat - kufana nokuzala amawundlu, isilwane sase-Australia, omele ama-marsupials. Incazelo yeVombatidae, isilwane esincelisayo esivela ku-cutter ezimbili, yanikezwa ngo-1830 ngu-zoologist waseBrithani uGilbert Barnett.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Wombat
Manje kunezinhlobo ezintathu zomndeni we-wombat. Phambilini, ukwehluka okukhulu kwakubonwa ePleistocene (phakathi kuka-2 Ma no-10 weminyaka eyizinkulungwane eyedlule). Ngemuva kwalokho yaboniswa yizinhlobo eziyisithupha zezinhlobo nezinhlobo eziyisishiyagalolunye. Ezinye zezilwane ezingasekho zazinkulu kakhulu kunezanamuhla. Isibonelo, i-Phascalonus gigas yayinobude be-skull obungu-40 cm, ukuphakama okungaba yi-1 m, kanye nesisindo esingu-200 kg.
Ukuthi abantu abangasekho ababesebenzisa ukumba izimbobo akwaziwa noma cha, ukwahlulela ngezinsalela, abakwazanga ukujwayela kahle lokhu, futhi babengenza iminyakazo emifushane. Izilwane zakudala ezimbiwa phansi zibuyele emuva eminyakeni yokuqala yaseMiocene. Ama-Wombats aphuma kukhokho ovamile onama-kangaroo ne-possum, futhi isihlobo sabo esiseduze kakhulu yi-koala.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umthamo wobuchopho besilwane esincelisayo sikhulu kunesinye sezinambuzane maqondana nesisindo somzimba. Inama-convolutions amaningi, akhombisa ukusebenza kwayo okuphezulu kwengqondo.
Ngocwaningo lofuzo, ukuvela komndeni akuqondakali kahle. Basuka kwezinye izilwane ezihlobene kusenesikhathi, lesi sikhathi siyiminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-40, ngokusho kweminye imithombo, ukwahlukana kwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-25. Kukholelwa ukuthi ukhokho wabo ovamile ne-koala kwakuyi-diprotodon. Lesi silwane esikhulu esisika kabili (isisindo esingu-2.7 wamathani, ubude obuyi-3 m) sanyamalala, ngemuva kwalokho sekudlule iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-40.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: UPeter Nicholson oneminyaka engu-16 wenza ucwaningo ngemigodi yezilwane ekuqaleni kwawo-1960. Wangena emhubheni ebusuku futhi wathola ukuthi imvamisa kwakukhona umuntu oyedwa ezindaweni zokukhosela, kwesinye isikhathi babe babili. IBurrows kwakuvamise ukuba yinethiwekhi yezindima zokuxhumana, kanti eyodwa yayingamamitha angama-20 ubude. Izilwane ezincelisayo zazimba, zishintshe noma zivule imihubhe futhi zivame ukuvakashelana emakhaya.
Isilwane esincelisayo sidla imifino. Imihlathi emikhulu iyashintshwa ukuze ihlafune uhlaza oluqinile. Ukunyakaza okuhlafunwayo kwezilwane kufushane, kunamandla, okukwazi ukuchoboza ukudla okuyimicu kube yizicucu ezincane.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: kuphela lawa ma-marsupials anama-incisors amade kangaka. Kuyamangaza ukuthi amazinyo aqhubeka nokukhula impilo yonke. Le nqubo inxephezela ukugqoka okuqinile ngeziqu ezinzima zotshani izilwane ezidla kuzo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Wombat animal
I-squat herbivores, enomzimba osindayo, ojiyile onemilenze emifushane, ikhanda elixakile nomsila ongathuthukisiwe, unombala woboya kusuka kokumpunga okukhanyayo kuye kokusundu okujulile. Isikhumba siqine kakhulu, ikakhulu sijiyane ngemuva.
Amathambo akhe onke aguqulelwe ukuze akwazi ukumba imigodi kahle. Ibhande lesifuba liyasinda futhi liqinile, i-humerus ibanzi futhi inkulu. Imilenze yangaphambili inamandla ngezinyawo ezibanzi. Emilenzeni egwegwile kunezinzwani ezinhlanu ezinezinzipho ezinde ezigobile, ezingekho kuphela kuma-phalanges okuqala emilenze yangemuva.
Ividiyo: Wombat
Ama-incisors, atholakala ngababili, ayalingana namagundane, ngaphandle kwawo kukhona namazinyo amabili wamanga namaphara amane emihlathi emihlathini ngayinye, evumela izilwane ukuba zilume futhi zihlafune utshani. Izilwane zinamehlo angaboni kahle, kepha inzwa yokuzwa nephunga nokuzwa okuhle kakhulu, okusiza ukuhamba esikhaleni. Futhi ziyakwazi ukuthola ukuhamba komhlaba okukhanyayo. Manje kunezinhlobo ezintathu zala ma-marsupial. Enye yazo ngeyohlobo lwe-Vombatus ursinus enezinwele ezimfishane, ezibizwa nangokuthi azinaboya, ngoba azikho izinwele emakhaleni alezi zilwane. Kukhona futhi ama-subspecies amathathu e-ursinus.
Isilinganiso sobude be-marsupial ngu-105 cm, kanti isisindo saso singama-28 kg. Lezo zinhlana ezihlala eziqhingini zincane (80-90 cm, 17-20 kg) kunabazala base-mainland, isisindo sazo esingafinyelela kuma-40 kg, nobude obungu -130 cm.Zonke zinoboya obukhuni obunemabala ansundu imibala.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Abantu abanqunu bangagoqa iminwe yabo ngenqindi, kanti abantu abanezinwele ezinde abakwazi.
Ama-wombats anezinwele ezinde afaka izinhlobo ezimbili:
- I-Lasiorhinus latifrons noma eningizimu - 70-90 cm, 19-32 kg;
- I-Lasiorhinus krefftii noma inyakatho - 100 cm, 40 kg.
Lawa mafomu, uma kuqhathaniswa nabanqunu:
- ijazi lithambile;
- isifuba, izihlathi zombala okhanyayo;
- ikhanda lincane futhi liyisicaba;
- kaningi kunezindawo ezikhanyayo ngaphezulu kwamehlo;
- uboya bumpunga noma bansundu;
- izindlebe ezibukhali ezimfushane;
- amathambo acinene, made kunengaphambili.
Ama-marsupials aseNyakatho anezinwele ezinde anempumulo ebanzi, abesifazane bakhulu kunabesilisa ngenxa yongqimba olukhulu lwamafutha.
Ihlala kuphi i-wombat?
Isithombe: Isilwane saseWombat sase-Australia
Abantu abanezinwele ezimfushane bahlala ezifundazweni: Okusha. ENingizimu I-Wales, iVictoria, eNingizimu E-Australia. Ama-subspecies amancane ahlala eziqhingini zaseTasmania naseFlinders. Bahlala ezindaweni emahlathini nasezihlathini, ezindaweni ezingamadamu nasezintabeni. Bamba izimbobo ezibanzi nezide yonke indawo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kutholakale ukuthi amakoloni amafomu anezinwele ezinde angahlala kusuka ku-1000 kuye ku-3500 m2, futhi imingxunya inezindawo zokungena ezi-7 kuye kwezingu-59. Ezifundweni zokuqala kwekhulu elidlule, kwathiwa ngekoloni elinganisa u-80x800 m noma u-64,000 m2.
Izidalwa ezinezinwele ezinde zihlala eningizimu-mpumalanga yeSouth Australia, entshonalanga yeVictoria, eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeNew. ENingizimu. I-Wales, maphakathi naseningizimu yeQueensland. Bakhetha izindawo ezinotshani behlathi, zigcwele izihlahla, izindawo ezivulekile ezinesimo sezulu esomile, nezinhlobo eziseningizimu - ezifundeni ezomile, emahlathini nasezihlahlaneni ze-shrub.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-Wombats emba umgodi ngesidladla esisodwa sangaphambili imizuzu engaba ngu-5, bese ushintshela kokunye, asebenzise okokufaka izinsimbi zabo ukuze unqamule izithiyo ezingaphansi komhlaba, izimpande.
Imvelo enokhahlo lapho lezi zinhlobo zezinwele ezinde ezinde zihlala khona kubonakala emandleni ayo. Ekuthunjweni, isilinganiso sabo semetabolism esejwayelekile sitholakale siphansi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezilwane ezincelisayo ezijwayelekile kanye nama-marsupials.
Idla ngani i-wombat?
Isithombe: Wombat e-Australia
AmaMarsupial adla izitshalo ezinotshani, ubulembu, amahlumela amancane ezihlahla. Bafuna futhi badle amajikijolo, izithelo, amakhowe. Ngokugwema ukuphuza amanzi, imifino ingafaniswa namakamela. Ivumelaniswe kahle nesimo sezulu esomile sezwekazi futhi amathisipuni amane ketshezi nge-1 kg yesisindo somzimba ayenele ngosuku, imvamisa bathola lonke ivolumu ngokudla. Uma kuqhathaniswa, ama-kangaroo adla uketshezi oluphindwe kane.
Izinhlobo zaseningizimu ezinempunga enoboya zithanda ama-sedge notshani obungapheli obukhula endle, futhi babuye badle izitshalo zokuzenzela, amadlelo kanye namaqabunga ezihlahlana ezinamahlathi uma ukudla abakuthandayo kungatholakali. Iningi lemenyu liqukethe utshani bezimpaphe iStipa nitida, lapho isilwane siluma utshani, siyakhula futhi, sakha izindawo ezijiyile zamahlumela amasha.
Umthamo wamathumbu mkhulu, futhi ithumbu elikhulu liyakhula liqukethe umthamo omkhulu wezinto ezincane zokugaya i-cellulose. Ukudla kuhlala emathunjini isikhathi eside (cishe amahora angama-70) ukukhulisa ukonakala kwefayibha. Kuthatha isonto elilodwa kuya kwamabili ukugaya okuphelele. Ngenxa yalokhu, izilwane zibekezelela amakhefu ekudleni isikhathi eside - cishe izinsuku eziyi-10, lokhu kuzisiza ukuba ziphile ezimweni ezomile.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngomlomo ongaphezulu onemfoloko, izilwane zikhetha ukudla kwazo ngokunembe kakhulu. Lesi sakhiwo sisiza ama-incisors ukuthi akhiphe amahlumela amancane kakhulu esisekelweni.
Izitho zokugaya zinesakhiwo esihlukile: i-cecum encane futhi enkulu, ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili. Igumbi langaphakathi lincane kakhulu futhi liyindawo yokuvutshelwa, kuyilapho igumbi langemuva likhudlwana, lapho kubuyiselwa khona uketshezi. Ngale ndlela, isilwane sigcina umswakama ngokudlulisela iningi le-urea kukholoni ngaphandle kokukukhipha njengomchamo.
Lezi zilwane zichama ngaphansi kunezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezidla utshani, kanti indle yazo yomile kakhulu (inani lomswakama kuzo lifika kuma-40%). Izilwane ezi-Clumsy zinamazinga aphansi e-hormone yegilo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izilwane. Ukudla okudliwa yi-wombats kunika amandla angaphezu kwamandla.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Uhlobo lwe-cubic lendle ye-herbivore itholakala emisipheni yamathumbu, icindezelwe ngamandla ahlukile. Kusukela kulawa macube, i-marsupial yakhiwe yaba uhlobo lwezithiyo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Australian wombat
Lezi zidalwa eziyindida zidla kakhulu ebusuku futhi ziphumula ngaphansi komhlaba emini. Okubaluleke kakhulu lapho ukhetha ukudla, ezilwaneni ezisebenza engxenyeni emnyama yosuku, kudlala umuzwa wokuhogela. Imigodi yazo ibanikeza indawo yokucasha umhlaseli futhi ibavikele nasemazingeni okushisa kakhulu nasezimeni ezomile.
Ama-Wombats, anezinga eliphansi le-basal metabolic, kanye nesilinganiso esiphansi sokudlula kokudla emathunjini kanye nokusebenza kahle kokugaya ukudla, achitha isikhathi esincane esondla kunezinye izilwane zalolu sayizi, futhi angakwazi ukuchitha isikhathi sabo esiningi emigodini yabo. ... Indawo ezihlala kuyo incane yezilwane ezidla imifino zalolu sayizi, imvamisa zingaphansi kwamahektha angama-20.
Izilwane ezincelisayo ziyamba, ziklwebha inhlabathi ngezidladla zangaphambili, zibuyisela umhlaba emuva. AmaMarsupials ke, njengamagandaganda, amkhiphela ngaphandle komgodi, ahlehla. Ukuhamba kwenziwa kukhulu, cishe ngamamitha angama-30 noma ngaphezulu. Indawo yokucasha ngayinye ineminyango eminingi, imigqa eseceleni, namakamelo okuphumula. Imigudu yesilwane esiseningizimu inzima kakhulu, yenzelwe izizukulwane eziningana.
Izilwane zivame ukuzondla futhi zihlale zodwa, kepha izinhlobo zaseningizimu zama-marsupial ezinesinwele ezinoboya zingabuthana ngamaqembu amancane. Ngokunjalo, amaqoqo atholakala emigodini yomuntu onezinwele ezinde. Iqembu lingasebenzisa uhlelo olulodwa lokuhambisa. Kodwa-ke, noma ngabe abantu ababili basebenzisa umgodi ofanayo, bahlala ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zawo.
Kunobufakazi bokuthi bobabili abesifazane bezinhlobo ezisenyakatho nabesifazane besizalo esivamile banamathuba amaningi okushiya umgodi wabo wasekhaya kwesinye isikhathi ezimpilweni zabo, kanti abesilisa banamathele kakhulu endlini. Lokhu akujwayelekile - ezilwaneni eziningi ezincelisayo, abesilisa bahlala beshiya indawo yokuhlala. Lokhu kungakhombisa ukuthi amaqembu abantu asebenzisa amaqoqo ezikhoselo ezifundeni lapho kuhlala khona izinhlobo zasenyakatho, aqukethe abesilisa abahlobene nabesifazane abangahlobene.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Baby wombat
Kukhona ukuncintisana kwabesilisa ngekhono lokukhwelana nabesifazane, kepha imininingwane ayaziwa. Ukubusa kudalulwa ngolaka. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, abesilisa bahlala emgodini wabo, kuthi abesifazane bangene endaweni yabo. Isikhathi sokuzalisa sihlala unyaka wonke. Kulezo zifunda lapho kunezikhathi zesomiso esinde isikhathi eside, izilwane zizala ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka. Amankonyane amaningi aqandusela ngo-Okthoba.
Ithole kuphela elizalwa ngemuva kwamasonto amathathu ukuqala kokukhulelwa, ngokushesha lingeniswe esikhwameni lihlale kulo izinyanga eziyisithupha kuya kweziyisishiyagalolunye. Ngezinyanga eziyisithupha, usevele umbozwe ngoboya obucijile, amehlo akhe avulekile, futhi isisindo sicishe sibe yingxenye yekhilo. Udla eduze kukanina futhi udla ubisi, uhlala ethembele kuye unyaka ngemuva kokushiya isikhwama.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izikhwama zeWombat zivulekile zibuyele emuva, lokhu kuhlelwe ukuze umhlaba lapho izilwane ezigebha ungangeni emgodini.
Izilwane zifinyelela usayizi wabantu abadala ngeminyaka emithathu. Abesilisa bavuthwa ngokocansi beneminyaka emibili ubudala, abesifazane beseneminyaka emithathu. Izilwane zihlala ezimweni zemvelo cishe iminyaka eyi-15, futhi ekuthunjweni kuze kube yiminyaka engama-25.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Impilo ende kunayo yonke yesidalwa sase-Australia ekuthunjweni yayiyiminyaka engama-34, elinye "ikhehla" lahlala epaki yezilwane zasendle eBallarat iminyaka engama-31. Ukushona kwakhe kwaqoshwa ngo-Ephreli 18, 2017, isisindo sakhe ngesikhathi esaphila sasingu-38 kg. Unina washayiswa yimoto. Ingane etholakale esikhwameni yaphuma, kwaba nemizamo yokuyidedela iye endle kabili, kodwa yabuya.
Ukukhiqizwa kohlobo lwaseningizimu lwezilwane kwenzeka lapho ukukhula okugcwele kotshani kwenzeka emvelweni. Lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi semvula yasebusika. Kusukela ngo-Agasti kuya ku-Okthoba kunezimvula eziningi, okufaka umfutho ekukhuleni kohlobo oluluhlaza. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa bakhuphule amazinga e-testosterone, kanti abesifazane bavutha. Lokhu akwenzeki ngezikhathi ezomile.
Ukuxhumana nomunye nomunye, ama-marsupials asebenzisa ukumaka iphunga lezindlala, kanye nokuzwakalisa izwi. Benza imisindo enokhahlo, njengokukhwehlela, ngokukhathazeka, imisindo iba bukhali. Umama uxhumana namazinyane ngemisindo emifushane.
Izitha zemvelo zama-wombats
Isithombe: Giant Wombat
Lezi zilwane ezidla ubhedu azinazitha eziningi. Ama-Dingo angumhlaseli wabo oyinhloko, kanye nezimpungushe kanye namademoni aseTasmania eTasmania. Ezinsaneni nakuma-specimens amancane, izinkozi, izikhova kanye nama-quolls asempumalanga (marsupial marten) nakho kuyingozi. Impisi yaseTasmania, engasekho manje, yayijwayele nokuzingela lezi zilwane ezincelisayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakati endle angadlulisela izifo ezidalweni eziyindida futhi ahlasele izingane. Izinja zasendle nezasekhaya nazo zihlasela abantu abadala. Ebusika, izimpungushe zisebenzisa imigudu yezidleke ukuze zikhosele. Lesi yisona sizathu sokusabalala kwe-sarcoptic mange, isilwane esifuthayo esinamathela esikhunjeni sezilwane ezinegazi elifudumele.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: I-wombat inesikhumba esiqinile ngemuva futhi cishe awukho umsila. Uma umhlaseli esakwazi ukuyibamba, kunzima ukuyikhipha endaweni yokukhosela. Futhi, i-marsupial iqhutshwa ngokungazelelwe ngemilenze enamandla icindezele umhlaseli ngasodongeni, ngaleyo ndlela ingaphula umhlathi, ikhala noma imbulale, imvimbele ekuphefumuleni.
Ukhwekhwe lungazibulala izilwane, ikakhulukazi uma zincane noma zilimele. Lesi sifo sidlange kakhulu ebangeni lesidalwa esingenaboya futhi abanye basithatha njengesimbangela sokufa kwezilwane ezincelisayo. Basengozini enkulu kakhulu yotwayi lapho becindezelekile noma bengondlekile. AmaMarsupial nawo kufanele ancintisane ngokudla nezilwane ezingenisiwe ezifana nonogwaja, izimvu, izimbuzi nezinkomo. Izinkomo nazo zingabhubhisa imisele.
Umuntu uyisitha esiyinhloko saleli qhawe elixakile. Ukucekelwa phansi kwendawo yabo yemvelo, kanye nokuzingela, ukubamba kanye nokufaka ushevu, kwehlise kakhulu inani labantu ezindaweni eziningi, kwathi kwezinye kwalicekela phansi ngokuphelele. Ukuwela imigwaqo, izilwane eziningi zifa ngaphansi kwamasondo ezimoto.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Wombat Red Book
Indawo yokwabiwa kwesilwane incane kakhulu futhi incane kakhulu kunakuqala. I-wombat manje isivikelwe kuzo zonke izingxenye ze-Australia ngaphandle kwempumalanga yeVictoria. Kulesi simo, ucekela phansi uthango olubonisa onogwaja.
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezikahle, izinhlobo ezingenaboya zingaba nesibalo sabantu esingama-0.3 kuye ku-0.5 ehektheleni ngalinye, sibe nohla lwasekhaya lwamahektha ama-5 kuye kwangama-27 azodlula ngemigodi eminingi futhi ahlangane namanye ama-wombat. Ubukhulu bendlu yabo buya ngendawo nekhwalithi yezindawo zokudla. Lolu hlobo aluvikelekile eVictoria futhi lubhekwa njengelusengozini eFlinders Island.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ama-wombat amancane afunda ukuhubha ngokumba emgodini wonina. Isibonelo, bangamba umgodi omncane ohlangothini ngokwabo.
IVombatus ursinus ihlukaniswa njengokukhathazeka Okuncane yi-IUCN Red List. Izinhlobo zezinwele ezinde zibonwa njengezisengozini.
Izinsongo ezidla imifino yilezi:
- ukubhujiswa kwendawo yokuhlala;
- ukukhula emadolobheni;
- amahlathi anolaka;
- ukuncintisana nonogwaja nemfuyo ngokudla;
- ubuthi onogwaja;
- ukuzingela;
- ukushayisana komgwaqo.
Iningi labantu labhujiswa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Isizathu esikhulu kwaba ukuncintisana kwamadlelo. Iningi lezinhlobo zezilwane ezisengozini yokuphela zingaphansi kokuvikelwa kwe-Epping Forest National Park eQueensland. I-herbivore ayinanani lokuhweba, kepha ama-marsupials athandwa kakhulu e-Australia.
Ukuvikelwa kweWombat
Isithombe: Marsupial wombat
IBhuku Elibomvu likhomba njengezinsimbi ezisengozini yokushabalala zeLasiorhinus. Izinhlobo zezinwele ezinde ezinezinwele ezinde zinabantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-100-300, ngokusho kokunye ukulinganisa, amakhanda ayizinkulungwane eziyi-180. Izindawo zokuhlala azibumbene, kepha ziyahlukaniswa.Eminyakeni eyomile, ukuzala kuyama. Ukwanda kwamanani kudinga umjikelezo wemvula weminyaka emithathu.
I-Lasiorhinus krefftii iyisidleke semithi esenyakatho esinezinwele ezinde esikhonjwe eRed Book njengesengozini. Isibalo sezimbumbu ezisenyakatho ezinoboya zingu-115. Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-80s yekhulu elidlule, inani lehle ngama-30-40 pcs. Ngo-1982, ukukhishwa kwezinkomo ebangeni kwaholela ekwandeni okuqhubekayo kwabantu. Izikhathi zesomiso zingazinciphisa kakhulu izinombolo zemfuyo, njengoba zenzile maphakathi nawo-1990. Ngo-2000, kwabulawa ama-dingo angama-15-20. Manje uthango lwama-20 km lumboza yonke indawo.
Ukonga inani labantu, kuyadingeka ukunciphisa imisebenzi yezolimo ezindaweni ezihlala izilwane. Umsebenzi wokumba uholela ekubhujisweni kwemigodi yezilwane nokufa kwazo. Ukuhlaselwa kotshani okungachazeki kwendawo ethile kungadlala indima embi ekwehlisweni kwabantu. Kusungulwe izikhungo eziningana e-Australia ukuvikela la ma-marsupials nokunakekelwa kwezinhlobo zezingane ezilimele.
Ukugcina ubukhona bendalo yase-Australia, kuyadingeka ukuqapha isimo sezifunda lapho lezi zilwane zitholakala khona, ukugwema ukutshala amahlathi kaphayini nezinye izitshalo ezingafakiwe kwimenyu yazo. I-Wombat izizwa imnandi ngaphansi kwesivikelo futhi izala ngempumelelo emapaki kazwelonke nasemaphoyini, lapho isikhathi sempilo yazo sifinyelela khona amashumi amathathu eminyaka.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 16.02.2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/16/2019 ngo-0: 35
