Namuhla Indlovu yase-Afrika - Lesi yisilwane esincelisayo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni esihlala emhlabeni, futhi sesibili ngobukhulu kuzo zonke izilwane emhlabeni. Ubuqhawe bunikezwa umkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ensimini yezwekazi lase-Afrika, indlovu iyona kuphela emele umndeni we-proboscis.
Amandla amangalisayo, amandla kanye nezici zokuziphatha zihlala zivusa intshisekelo ekhethekile, injabulo nokwazisa phakathi kwabantu. Uma ubheka indlovu, umuntu uba nomuzwa wokuthi ukhuluphele ngokweqile, uyaxakaniseka, futhi kwesinye isikhathi uyavilapha. Kodwa-ke, akunjalo neze. Ngaphandle kobukhulu bazo, izindlovu zingashesha ukushesha, zisheshe futhi zisheshe.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: indlovu yase-Afrika
Indlovu yase-Afrika iyisilwane esincelisayo esilandelanayo. Ungummeleli we-oda proboscis nomndeni wezindlovu, uhlobo lwezindlovu zase-Afrika. Izindlovu zase-Afrika zona zihlukaniswe zaba ezinye izinhlobo ezimbili: ihlathi kanye ne-savanna. Njengomphumela wezivivinyo eziningi, iminyaka esilinganisiwe yokuba khona kwesilwane esincelisayo emhlabeni sekutholakele. Cishe ineminyaka eyizigidi ezinhlanu ubudala. Izazi zezilwane zithi okhokho basendulo bendlovu yase-Afrika babengamanzi kakhulu. Umthombo oyinhloko wokudla kwakuyizimila zasemanzini.
Ukhokho wendlovu yase-Afrika ubizwa ngokuthi iMeriterium. Ngokusobala, wayekhona emhlabeni eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-55 edlule. Izinsalela zakhe zitholakale endaweni manje eyiGibhithe. Yayincane ngosayizi. Ihambisana nosayizi womzimba wengulube yasendle yanamuhla. IMeriterium ibinemihlathi emifushane kodwa ethuthuke kahle kanye nesiqu esincane. Isiqu sakheka ngenxa yokuhlangana kwekhala nodebe olungaphezulu ukuze kuhanjiswe kalula esikhaleni samanzi. Ngaphandle, wayebukeka njengemvubu encane. IMeritherium iveze uhlobo olusha - paleomastodon.
Ividiyo: Indlovu yase-Afrika
Isikhathi sakhe sawela ku-Upper Eocene. Lokhu kufakazelwa ukutholwa kwemivubukulo endaweni yaseGibhithe lesimanje. Usayizi wayo wawukhulu kakhulu kunosayizi womzimba we-meritrium, kanti isiqu sawo sasiside kakhulu. I-paleomastodon yaba ngukhokho we-mastodon, futhi lokho kwaba yi-mammoth. Ama-mammoth wokugcina emhlabeni ayese-Wrangel Island futhi aqothulwa eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezi-3,5 eyedlule.
Izazi zezilwane zithi cishe izinhlobo eziyi-160 zama- proboscis seziphelile emhlabeni. Phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo kwakukhona izilwane ezinobukhulu obumangalisayo. Ubuningi babanye abamele izinhlobo ezithile budlule amathani angama-20. Namuhla, izindlovu zibhekwa njengezilwane ezingavamile kakhulu. Zimbili kuphela izinhlobo ezisele emhlabeni: i-Afrika kanye neNdiya.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Elephant African Elephant
Indlovu yase-Afrika inkulu impela. Likhulu kakhulu kunendlovu yaseNdiya. Isilwane sifinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha angu-4-5, futhi isisindo saso singamathani ayi-6-7. Baphimise ukufiphala kocansi. Abantu bobulili besifazane baphansi kakhulu ngosayizi nesisindo somzimba. Ummeleli omkhulu walolu hlobo lwezindlovu wafinyelela ekuphakameni okungaba ngamamitha ayi-7, kanti isisindo saso kwakungamathani ayi-12.
Ama-giants ase-Afrika ahlukaniswa ngezindlebe ezinde kakhulu, ezinkulu. Usayizi wazo ucishe ulingana nohhafu kuya kokuphindwe kabili ubukhulu bezindlebe zendlovu yaseNdiya. Izindlovu zivame ukuphunyuka ekushiseni ngokushaya izindlebe zazo ezinkulu. IDyna yabo ingaba ngamamitha amabili. Ngakho-ke, behlisa izinga lokushisa komzimba wabo.
Izilwane ezinkulu zinomzimba omkhulu, omkhulu nomsila omncane kakhulu ongaphezudlwana nje kwemitha ubude. Izilwane zinekhanda elikhulu elikhulu nentamo emfushane. Izindlovu zinemilenze enamandla enamandla. Banesici sesakhiwo samathe, ngenxa yokuthi bangahamba kalula phezu kwesihlabathi nendawo eyisicaba. Indawo yezinyawo lapho uhamba ingakhuphuka futhi yehle. Imilenze yangaphambili ineminwe emine, eyangemuva inemithathu.
Phakathi kwezindlovu zase-Afrika, njengaphakathi kwabantu, kukhona abasesandleni sobunxele nabanesandla sokudla. Lokhu kunqunywa kuye ngokuthi yimuphi umuthi indlovu ewusebenzisa kaningi. Isikhumba sesilwane sinombala ompunga ngombala futhi sigcwele izinwele ezincanyana. Unemibimbi futhi unolaka. Kodwa-ke, isikhumba sizwela kakhulu ezintweni zangaphandle. Basengozini enkulu emisebeni eqondile yelanga elishisayo. Ukuzivikela elangeni, izindlovu zesifazane zifihla amawundlu azo emthunzini wemizimba yazo, kanti abantu abadala bazifafaza ngesihlabathi noma bathele udaka.
Ngokukhula, izinwele zezinwele ebusweni besikhumba ziyasulwa. Ezindlovu ezindala, izinwele zesikhumba azikho nhlobo, ngaphandle kwebhulashi emsileni. Isiqu ubude kufinyelela amamitha amabili, futhi ubukhulu - 130-140 amakhilogremu. Isebenza imisebenzi eminingi. Ngosizo lwayo, izindlovu zingancinda utshani, zithathe izinto ezahlukahlukene, zizicwilise ngamanzi, futhi ziphefumule nangomboko.
Ngosizo lomboko, indlovu iyakwazi ukuphakamisa izinsimbi ezinesisindo esifinyelela ku-260 kilograms. Izindlovu zinamazinyo anamandla, anzima. Isisindo sawo sifinyelela kuma-60-65 kilograms, kanti ubude baso ngamamitha ama-2-2.5. Zikhula kancane ngokuguga. Lolu hlobo lwendlovu lunamazinyo kubo bobabili abesifazane nabesilisa.
Ihlala kuphi indlovu yase-Afrika?
Isithombe: Indlovu enkulu yase-Afrika
Phambilini, inani lezindlovu zase-Afrika lalilikhulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, indawo yabo yokuhlala yayinkulu kakhulu futhi ibanzi. Ngokwanda kwesibalo sabazingeli abangekho emthethweni, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamazwe amasha ngabantu kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwendawo yabo yemvelo, uhla lwehle kakhulu. Namuhla, iningi lezindlovu zase-Afrika zihlala emapaki naseziqiwini zikazwelonke.
Izifunda ezindawo zezindlovu zase-Afrika:
- IKenya;
- ETanzania;
- ECongo;
- ENamibia;
- ISenegal;
- IZimbabwe.
Njengendawo yokuhlala, izindlovu zase-Afrika zikhetha indawo enamahlathi, amahlathi asemahlathini, izintaba ezisezintabeni, imifula enamaxhaphozi kanye nama-savanna. Izindlovu, kuyadingeka ukuthi endaweni ehlala kuyo kukhona umzimba wamanzi, indawo enesiqongo sehlathi njengendawo yokukhosela elangeni elishisa kakhulu lase-Afrika. Indawo enkulu yendlovu yase-Afrika yindawo eseningizimu yoGwadule lwaseSahara.
Phambilini, abamele umndeni wama-proboscis babehlala endaweni enkulu engamakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezingama-30. Kuze kube manje, sehle safinyelela kumamitha-skwele ayizigidi eziyi-5.5. Akujwayelekile ukuthi izindlovu zase-Afrika zihlale endaweni eyodwa impilo yabo yonke. Bangathutha amabanga amade beyofuna ukudla noma bebalekela ukushisa okukhulu.
Indlovu yase-Afrika idlani?
Isithombe: Incwadi Ebomvu Yendlovu Yase-Afrika
Izindlovu zase-Afrika zibhekwa njengezidliwayo. Ekudleni kwabo kuphela ukudla kwemvelaphi yezitshalo. Umuntu omdala oyedwa udla cishe amathani amabili kuya kwamathathu okudla ngosuku. Mayelana nalokhu, izindlovu zidla ukudla usuku lonke. Cishe amahora angama-15-18 abelwe lokhu. Abesilisa badinga ukudla okuningi kunabesifazane. Izindlovu zichitha amahora amaningi ngosuku zifuna uhlaza olufanele. Kukholakala ukuthi izindlovu zase-Afrika zithanda kakhulu amakinati. Ekuthunjweni, bazimisele kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni zemvelo, abakhombisi ukuthi bayayithakasela, futhi abayifuni ngokukhethekile.
Isisekelo sokudla kwendlovu yase-Afrika amahlumela amancane nezimila eziluhlaza, izimpande, amagatsha ezihlahlana nezinye izinhlobo zezimila. Ngesikhathi semvula, izilwane zidla izinhlobo eziluhlaza eziluhlaza. Kungaba yi-papyrus, i-cattail. Abantu asebekhulile badla ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni zezitshalo ze-bog. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngokuguga, amazinyo alahlekelwa ubukhali futhi nezilwane azisakwazi ukudla ukudla okunzima, okunolaka.
Izithelo zibhekwa njengesibiliboco esikhethekile; izindlovu zasehlathini ziyazidla ngobuningi bazo. Ekufuneni ukudla, bangangena ensimini yomhlaba wezolimo futhi babhubhise izithelo zemithi yezithelo. Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obukhulu kanye nesidingo senani elikhulu lokudla, adala umonakalo omkhulu ezweni lezolimo.
Izindlovu ezisencane ziqala ukudla ukudla kwezitshalo lapho sezineminyaka emibili. Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, bashintshela ngokuphelele ekudleni kwabantu abadala. Izindlovu zase-Afrika nazo zidinga usawoti, eziwuthola ngokukhotha izikhotha nangokumba emhlabathini. Izindlovu zidinga uketshezi oluningi. Ngokwesilinganiso, umuntu oyedwa omdala usebenzisa amalitha amanzi ayi-190-280 ngosuku. Ngesikhathi sesomiso, izindlovu zimba imigodi emikhulu eduze kwemibhede yemifula, lapho kunqwabelana khona amanzi. Zifuna ukudla, izindlovu zihamba amabanga amade.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: African bush elephant
Izindlovu yizilwane ezifuywayo. Zihlala ngamaqembu abantu abadala abayi-15-20. Ezinsukwini zakudala, lapho izilwane zazingasongelwa ngokuqedwa, ubukhulu beqembu bungafinyelela kumakhulu abantu ngabanye. Lapho zifuduka, amaqembu amancane ahlangana abe imihlambi emikhulu.
Insikazi ihlala njalo iyinhloko yomhlambi. Ngobukhulu kanye nobuholi, abesifazane bavame ukulwa bodwa, lapho amaqembu amakhulu ehlukaniswa abe amancane. Ngemuva kokufa, indawo yowesifazane oyinhloko ithathwa ngumuntu wesifazane omdala kunabo bonke.
Emndenini, imiyalo yabesifazane abadala kakhulu ihlale icaciswa ngokusobala. Eqenjini, kanye nabesifazane abaphambili, abesifazane abasha abavuthiwe kwezocansi, kanye nabantu abangakavuthwa banoma yiluphi ucansi, bahlala. Lapho zifinyelela eminyakeni eyi-10-11 ubudala, abesilisa bayaxoshwa emhlambini. Ekuqaleni, bathambekele ekulandeleni umndeni. Ngemuva kwalokho bahlukana ngokuphelele futhi bahola indlela yokuphila ehlukile, noma bakhe amaqembu abesilisa.
Iqembu lihlale linomoya ofudumele kakhulu, nobungani. Izindlovu zinobungani bodwa, zikhombisa ukubekezela okukhulu ngezindlovu ezincane. Babonakala ngokusizana nokulekelelana. Bahlale bexhasa amalungu omndeni abuthakathaka futhi agulayo, bemi ezinhlangothini zombili ukuze isilwane singawi. Iqiniso elimangazayo, kepha izindlovu zivame ukuzwa imizwa ethile. Bangaba lusizi, bacasuke, babe nesithukuthezi.
Izindlovu zinomuzwa obucayi kakhulu wokuhogela nokuzwa, kodwa ukungaboni kahle. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abameleli bomndeni wama-proboscis "bangalalela ngezinyawo zabo." Emikhawulweni engezansi kunezindawo ezikhethekile ezingacabangi kakhulu ezenza umsebenzi wokuthwebula ukudlidlizela okuhlukahlukene, kanye nokuvela lapho zisuka khona.
- Izindlovu zibhukuda kakhulu futhi zithanda nje ukwelashwa kwamanzi nokugeza.
- Umhlambi ngamunye unendawo yawo ethile.
- Izilwane zivame ukuxhumana zodwa ngokukhipha imisindo yecilongo.
Izindlovu zamukelwa njengezilwane ezilele kancane. Izilwane ezinkulu kangako azilali ngaphezu kwamahora amathathu ngosuku. Balala bemi ngezinyawo, benza isiyingi. Ngesikhathi sokulala, ikhanda liphendukela enkabeni yombuthano.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: African Elephant Cub
Abesifazane nabesilisa bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi eminyakeni ehlukene. Kuya ngezimo ezihlala kuzo izilwane. Abesilisa bangafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi beneminyaka engu-14-16, abesifazane ngaphambi kwalokho. Imvamisa emzabalazweni welungelo lokungena ebudlelwaneni bomshado, abesilisa bayalwa, bangalimaza kakhulu. Izindlovu zivame ukunakekelana kahle kakhulu. Indlovu nendlovu, ezakhe ngazimbili, zihambela kude ziqhelelene nomhlambi. Bavame ukugonana ngesiqu sabo, bezwakalisa uzwela nobumnene babo.
Asikho isikhathi sokukhwelana sezilwane. Bangazala nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka. Ngesikhathi somshado, bangakhombisa ulaka ngenxa yamazinga aphezulu we-testosterone. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga ezingama-22. Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ezinye izindlovu zesifazane zomhlambi zivikela futhi zisize umama okhulelwe. Ngemuva kwalokho, bazozibandakanya ngokwabo ukunakekelwa kwengane yendlovu ngokwabo.
Lapho ukuzala sekusondele, indlovu ishiya umhlambi bese iyothatha indawo iye ngasese, ethule. Uhamba nenye indlovu ebizwa ngokuthi "ababelethisi." Indlovu izala izinyane elingaphezu kwelilodwa. Isisindo somntwana osanda kuzalwa cishe siyi-centner, ukuphakama cishe kuyimitha elilodwa. Izingane azinawo amabamba nesiqu esincane kakhulu. Ngemuva kwemizuzu engama-20-25, iwundlu liyasukuma lime ngezinyawo.
Izindlovu ezincane zihlala nonina phakathi neminyaka yokuqala engu-4-5 yokuphila. Ubisi lukamama lusetshenziswa njengomthombo oyinhloko wokudla eminyakeni emibili yokuqala.
Ngemuva kwalokho, izingane ziqala ukuthatha ukudla okuvela ezitshalweni. Indlovu ngayinye yesifazane ikhiqiza inzalo kanye njalo eminyakeni engama-3-9. Amandla okuzala izingane afinyelela eminyakeni engama-55-60 ubudala. Isikhathi sokuphila sezindlovu zase-Afrika ezimeni zemvelo yiminyaka engama-65-80.
Izitha zemvelo zezindlovu zase-Afrika
Isithombe: Indlovu yase-Afrika evela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Lapho zihlala ezimweni zemvelo, izindlovu cishe azinazitha phakathi kwabamele umhlaba wezilwane. Amandla, amandla, nobukhulu obukhulu abushiyi ngisho nezilwane ezinamandla nezisheshayo ithuba lokumzingela. Abantu ababuthakathaka kuphela noma izindlovu ezincane ezingaba izisulu zezilwane ezizingelayo. Abantu abanjalo bangaba yizisulu zezingulule, amabhubesi, izingwe.
Namuhla ukuphela kwesitha esiyingozi kakhulu ngumuntu. Izindlovu zihlale ziheha abazingeli abazingelayo abazibulala ngenxa yamazinyo azo. Amazinyo endlovu anenani elithile. Baye bahlonishwa kakhulu ngaso sonke isikhathi. Asetshenziselwa ukwenza izikhumbuzo eziyigugu, ubucwebe, izinto zokuhlobisa, njll.
Ukwehliswa okuphawulekayo kwendawo yokuhlala kuhlotshaniswa nokwakhiwa kwezindawo eziningi ngokwengeziwe. Inani labantu base-Afrika likhula njalo. Ngokukhula kwayo, umhlaba owengeziwe uyadingeka ezindlini nasekulimeni. Mayelana nalokhu, insimu yendawo yabo yemvelo iyacekelwa phansi futhi incipha ngokushesha.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: indlovu yase-Afrika
Okwamanje, izindlovu zase-Afrika azisongelwa ngokuqedwa ngokuphelele, kepha zithathwa njengezilwane eziyivelakancane, ezisengozini yokuqothulwa. Ukuqothulwa okukhulu kwezilwane ngabazingeli abangekho emthethweni kwaphawulwa phakathi nekhulu le-19 kanye nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ngalesi sikhathi, izindlovu ezilinganisiwe eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu zacekelwa phansi ngabazingeli abangekho emthethweni. Amazinyo endlovu ayenenani elithile.
Izinkinobho zepiyano lendlovu zaziswa kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani elikhulu lenyama lavumela inani elikhulu labantu ukuthi lidle isikhathi eside. Inyama yezindlovu yayomiswe kakhulu. Imihlobiso nezinto zasendlini zazenziwe ngotshisi bezinwele nomsila. Izitho zasebenza njengesisekelo sokwenza isitulo.
Izindlovu zase-Afrika zisengcupheni yokuqothulwa. Mayelana nalokhu, izilwane zabalwa ohlwini lwe-International Red Book. Banikezwe isikhundla "sezinhlobo ezisengozini yokushabalala". Ngo-1988, ukuzingelwa kwezindlovu zase-Afrika kwakungavunyelwe ngokuphelele.
Ukwephula lo mthetho kwenziwa icala. Abantu baqala ukuthatha izinyathelo zokulondoloza abantu, kanye nokubandisa. Iziqiwi zemvelo namapaki kazwelonke aqala ukwakhiwa, endaweni lapho izindlovu zazivikelwe ngokucophelela. Bakha izimo ezithandekayo zokuzalisa ekuthunjweni.
Ngo-2004, indlovu yase-Afrika yakwazi ukushintsha isimo sayo isuka "ezinhlotsheni ezisengozini yokushabalala" yaya "ezinhlotsheni ezisengozini" kwi-International Red Data Book. Namuhla, abantu abavela emhlabeni wonke beza emapaki kazwelonke ase-Afrika ukuzobona lezi zilwane ezimangalisayo, ezinkulu. Ukuvakasha kwemvelo okubandakanya izindlovu kuvamile ukuheha inani elikhulu lezivakashi nezivakashi.
Ukuvikelwa kwezindlovu zase-Afrika
Isithombe: Elephant African Elephant
Ukuze kulondolozwe izindlovu zase-Afrika njengohlobo oluthile, ukuzingela izilwane akuvunyelwe ngokusemthethweni ezingeni lomthetho. Ukuzingela nokwephula umthetho kuyicala lobugebengu. Ensimini yezwekazi lase-Afrika, izinqolobane namapaki kazwelonke asetshenzisiwe, anazo zonke izimo zokukhiqiza kabusha nokuphila okunethezekile kwabamele umndeni we-proboscis.
Izazi zezilwane zithi kuthatha cishe iminyaka engamashumi amathathu ukubuyisa umhlambi wabantu abayi-15-20.Ngo-1980, isibalo sezilwane sasiyizigidi eziyi-1.5. Ngo-2014, inani labo alizange leqe izinkulungwane ezingama-350.
Ukuze kugcinwe izilwane, zafakwa kwiRed Book yamazwe omhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziphathimandla zaseChina zanquma ukuyeka ukukhiqizwa kwezikhumbuzo nezithombe, neminye imikhiqizo evela ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zomzimba wesilwane. E-US, izifunda ezingaphezu kwe-15 zikushiyile ukuhweba ngemikhiqizo yezinyo lendlovu.
Indlovu yase-Afrika - lesi silwane sishaya umcabango ngosayizi waso futhi ngasikhathi sinye ukuzola nobungane. Namuhla, lesi silwane asisongelwanga ngokuqothulwa okuphelele, kepha ezimweni zemvelo manje zingatholakala ngokungajwayelekile.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 09.02.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 16.09.2019 ngo-15: 52
