Izinyamazane ezifiphele kungokwesigaba sezinhlobo - izinyamazane. Lezi yizilwane ezincelisayo zomndeni we-artiodactyl ezidla izinhlobo ezithile zokudla kwezitshalo. Zihlala ngamaqembu amancane (imihlambi), lapho kukhona khona owesilisa oyedwa futhi kufika kwabesifazane abahlanu abanezinyane. Ziyimfihlo kakhulu futhi ziyesaba, zibeka phambili amahlathi aqothulayo nawohlobo lwamaManchu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Izinyamazane zikaSika
Izinyamazane zezimbali (i-sika deer) zinendawo ekhethekile emndenini wezinyamazane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi wayesengcupheni yokuchithwa kwabantu ngakho-ke ubhalwe encwadini ebomvu. Konke lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inani lamazwe asempumalanga, ikakhulukazi iChina neTibet, alijabulele kakhulu ikhambi lokwelapha lezidakamizwa, isisekelo sokwakhiwa kwezimpondo ezingafakwanga. IPantocrine ikhishwe ezimpondweni zezinyamazane ze-sika, ezaba nomthelela omuhle ohlelweni lwemizwa oluphakathi.
Izindleko zezimpondo zaziphezulu kakhulu, yingakho ukuzingelwa kwezinyamazane ze-pantach kwanda, futhi inani labo labantu lawa ngokushesha. Ngalesi silinganiso, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili e-USSR kwakungekho amakhanda ayinkulungwane ezinyamazane ze-sika, futhi kwezinye izindawo zase-Asia lolu hlobo lunyamalale ngokuphelele. Ngokwesisekelo socwaningo, izazi ze-paleozoologists ziphethe ngokuthi ukhokho lwezinyamazane zanamuhla lubuyela emuva eSouth Asia. Kukholakala ukuthi izinyamazane ze-sika zinemvelaphi yakudala, leli qiniso liqinisekiswa ngokutholakala kwesakhiwo esilula nesimo sezimpondo kunezinyamazane ezibomvu.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sika deer Red Book
Izinyamazane zeSika zincane ngosayizi uma ziqhathaniswa nezinye izihlobo. Ihluka ngomzimba omuhle futhi omncane. Umzimba wabo bobabili abantu mfushane, i-sacrum inesimo esiyindilinga. Iselula emangalisayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, bangakhula ngejubane elisheshayo, futhi bafinyelele ekuphakameni kokufika kwamamitha ayi-2.5, kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-8 ubude.
Abesilisa kuphela abanikazi bezimpondo. Umumo womqhele ulingana kakhulu nesisindo esincane. Ubude nesisindo sezimpondo zesilwane kuyashintsha enqubeni yokukhula kwaso, futhi kungaba ngamasentimitha angama-65 kuya kwangama-80 ezimpondweni kunezinqubo ezingeqi ezinhlanu, ezimweni ezingandile kunezithupha. Amahlumela abushelelezi lapho kuthintwa, anombala ophuzi ocishe ube ngotshani, onsundu eduze kwesisekelo. Umbala woboya besilwane buncike enkathini yonyaka. Ehlobo, uboya bunombala obomvu obabazekayo, ojika ube umbala okhanyayo njengoba wehlela esiswini. Kukhona uboya obumnyama uma kuqhathaniswa nogu, futhi imilenze inombala obomvu okhanyayo.
Isici sesici ukuba khona kwamabala amhlophe asatshalaliswa ngemuva. Ngasikhathi sinye, ehlobo, inani labo lincane ezinhlangothini nasemathangeni kanti izinhlaka azinzima kangako. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akubona bonke abantu abadala abanazo, futhi njengoba kufika intwasahlobo, ziyanyamalala ngokuphelele. Lapho kuqala ubusika, uboya besilisa buyashintsha, buthola umbala ompunga, kwesinye isikhathi ube nsundu ngokukhanyayo, bese uba mpunga ngokukhanyayo kwabesifazane. Umbala wesibuko esimhlophe, otholakala emathangeni angaphakathi, uhlala ungaguquki. Izilwane molt ngo-Ephreli noSepthemba.
Isisindo sowesilisa ovuthiwe siyahlukahluka ebangeni elingu-115 - 140 kg, labesifazane 65 - 95 kg, ukuphakama kokubuna kungafinyelela ku-115 cm, kanti ubude bomzimba bungu-160 - 180 cm. ubudala
Ihlala kuphi inyamazane yeSika?
Isithombe: Izinyamazane ze-Ussuri sika
Amakhaya ezinyamazane ze-sika afaka phakathi amazwe afana neChina, Korea, North Vietnam neTaiwan. Ubuye aguqulelwe ukuhlala eCaucasus, eYurophu, e-United States naseNew Zealand. Kepha indawo evuna kakhulu lolu hlobo lwezilwane kwakuyiJapan kanye neMpumalanga Ekude. Ikakhulukazi eJapan naseHokkaido esifundeni, inani labo seliluleme ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwezimpisi futhi isibalo sabazingeli sincane.
Uhlobo ngalunye lunezidingo ezithile zezimo zokuphila:
- Izinyamazane zakwaSika zithanda amahlathi e-oki anezikhala ezibanzi kunamahlathi abanzi anomsedari, yize kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala kokugcina;
- AmaMarali agcina engxenyeni engenhla yehlathi nasendaweni yamadlelo e-alpine;
- Izinyamazana zeTugai (iBukhara) zizokhetha izihlahlana namahlathi aminyene osebeni lomfula noma amachibi.
EMpumalanga Ekude, lesi silwane singatholakala ePrimorye. Indawo efaneleke kakhulu isezingxenyeni eziseningizimu ye-Primorsky Territory, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi iqhwa alileli izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezingu-8 - 10, futhi nangenxa yehlathi lohlobo lweManchurian elinomhlonyane omuhle. Ngokuvamile, zingatholakala ezindaweni ezivulekile, lapho imvula ngesimo seqhwa ingawela uphawu luka-600 - 800 mm. Njengoba lezi zimo zezulu zinzima kakhulu futhi ziphazamisa kakhulu ukunyakaza, futhi isilwane sikhathele kakhulu.
Kusukela ngawo-1930, kwenziwa imizamo e-USSR yokulungisa izinyamazane, kwalandelwa ukubuyiselwa kwe-gene pool. Ukuze benze lokhu, balethwa eziqiwini (amapulazi ama-reindeer), imvelo eyayivumelana nobukhona babo, okungukuthi:
- Isiqiwi Sukhudzin;
- I-Ilmensky Reserve (etholakala e-Urals);
- Isiqiwi seKuibyshevsky;
- Isiqiwi semvelo iTeberda;
- Indawo yokugcina kaKhopersky;
- Isiqiwi i-Okskom;
- Isiqiwi seMordovia.
Kwezinye izimo, lokhu kuphumelele, kepha kukhona futhi lapho ukuzingelwa kwesilo kungazange kume futhi kufinyelele eqophelweni elibucayi, okuholele ekunyamalaleni okuphelele.
Idla ini inyamazane yesika?
Isithombe: Isilwane sezinyamazane iSika
Ukudla kwezinyamazane kufaka izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-390 zezitshalo, iningi lazo okungamagatsha ezihlahla nezihlahlana. E-Primorsky Territory, utshani obude buphambili kunesihlahla nefolishi le-shrub. Ehlobo, ama-acorn, amaqabunga, amahlumela, amahlumela amancane kanye namagatsha amancane, ukugcwala kwe-linden, i-oki, ne-Manchurian aralia kuba yisibiliboco esikhulu.
Kepha okuncanyelwayo yi-Manchurian walnut, amagilebhisi e-Amur ne-velvet, i-lespedetsa, i-acantopanax, i-elm, amabalazwe, umlotha, ama-sedges, amise okwesambulela nezinye izinhlobo ezinqabayo ehlobo. Ngobusuku bangaphambi kobusika, isilwane sondla lezo zinhlobo zezitshalo ezikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokudla okunempilo ngesikhathi sokudla.
Futhi, lokhu kudla kwesinye isikhathi kuwela engxenyeni yesibili yobusika:
- ama-acorn, amantongomane, izithelo ze-beech;
- amagatsha e-hazel, oki, aspen, willow, chozeni, bird cherry, alder, euonymus;
- amahlumela amaphayini amancane, ama-elms, i-euonymus, i-brittle buckthorn;
- wadla amagxolo.
Ama-reindeer awakuphikisi ukudla i-kelp ne-zoster algae, equkethe usawoti odingekayo ezilwaneni. Uma kukhona abondli ehlathini, izinyamazane aziphikisi ukuzondla ngotshani. Ngenqubo yokufuna amaminerali adingekayo, izinyamazane zingena endaweni yemithombo efudumele yamaminerali. Lapho, bangakhotha ulwelwe, umlotha nokunye ukungcola okuvela olwandle olusogwini. Izilwane eziguqulelwe ezindaweni eziseningizimu zivakashela izindawo ezinezikhotha zikasawoti zokufakelwa.
Insimu lapho izinyamazane zitholakala khona kuncike kwinani lazo emhlambini. Uma umuntu oyedwa enesiza esilingana namahektha angama-200, kanti owesilisa oneqembu labesifazane uzoba namahektha angama-400. Imihlambi emikhulu ihlanganisa indawo engama-800 - 900 ha.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Izinyamazane zikaSika eRussia
Izinyamazane zikaSika zinamahloni futhi ziyimfihlo kakhulu. Umhlangano nalesi silo esihlakaniphile endaweni evulekile, ngaphandle kwamahlathi aminyene, ulingana no-zero. Uyakwazi ukuzwa ukusondela kwesihambeli esingafuneki noma umhlaseli endaweni ekude impela. Njengoba enokuzwa okujulile nomqondo othuthukisiwe kakhulu wephunga. Ngokushintsha kwenkathi, indlela yokuziphatha kwesilwane nayo iyashintsha.
Ehlobo, izinyamazane zihamba njalo futhi zondla ngenkuthalo. Ebusika, amandla ancipha ngokuphawulekayo, ayasebenza, kaningi ahlala elele phansi. Ukunyakaza komoya okunamandla kuphela lapho kuba nesidingo sokufuna isiphephelo ehlathini eliqinile. Izinyamazane zeSika ziyashesha futhi ziqinile. Bangababhukudi abahle kakhulu, bangakwazi ukumboza ibanga olwandle kuze kufike ku-12 km.
Isilwane sithambekele ezifweni ezithathelwanayo, amacala ezifo aqoshwe:
- amarabi, i-necrobacteriosis, i-pasteurellosis, i-anthrax nesifo sofuba;
- isibungu, i-candidiasis;
- i-dicroisliosis, i-helminths (flat, round and tape);
- imikhaza, imidingi, izimpukane, izintwala nabanye abavela emndenini we-ectoparasite.
Lokhu okwedlule okungenhla, kubangela ukungakhululeki nokukhathazeka.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Sika deer cub
Ukuthomba kwezinyamazane kwenzeka onyakeni owodwa nasezinyangeni eziyisithupha, kepha imvamisa abesifazane bahambahamba eminyakeni emithathu. Abesilisa bakulungele ukuvundisa kungakapheli iminyaka emine. Isikhathi sokukhwelana siqala ngoSepthemba size siphele ekuqaleni kukaNovemba. Isikhathi saso siyizinsuku ezingama-30 - 35. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukubhonga kowesilisa kuzwakala ebangeni elifinyelela kumamitha angamakhulu amaningana. Ukukhwelana kwenzeka phakathi kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi owesifazane kungenzeka angavundiswa. Le nqubo yenzeka izikhathi eziningana ngesikhashana esifushane, emisakazweni ekhishwe ngokukhethekile yizinselo zesilisa.
Isikhathi sokukhulelwa singaba yizinsuku ezingama-215-225 noma (izinyanga eziyi-7.5). Inkonyane elilodwa lizalwa njalo, ezimweni ezihlukile, lingamawele. Ukuzala amankonyane kwenzeka ngoMeyi, kuyaqabukela ngoJuni. Inkukhu esanda kuzalwa ingaba nesisindo esiphakathi kuka-4.5 no-7 kg. Umbele kamama, inkonyane elisanda kuzalwa liqala ukuncela cishe ngokushesha ngemuva kokuvela, ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa lithatha izinyathelo zalo zokuqala. Amathole angaqala ukuklaba ezinsukwini eziyi-15 - 20 ngemuva kokuzalwa, bese encela umbele kuze kube yilapho kuzalwa inkonyane elilandelayo, uma lingashaywanga lisuke kunina.
Inzalo encane ikhula ngamandla ehlobo, lapho kufika ubusika lezi zinqubo zehla kancane. Kuphela ngemuva konyaka wesibili wokuphila lapho kuba khona ukwehluka kwesici, owesifazane uhlala emncane, kuthi owesilisa athole ama-tubercles amancane phansi kogebhezi, oluyogcina lukhule lube izimpondo.
Izitha zemvelo zenyamazane yesika
Isithombe: Izinyamazane ze-Wild sika
Ngeshwa, inyamazane yesika inenqwaba yabantu abangabafuni, kufaka phakathi:
- izimpisi (ngezinye izikhathi izinja ze-raccoon);
- amahlosi, izingwe, ingwe yeqhwa;
- ibhere elinsundu (ukuhlaselwa kuyaqabukela);
- izimpungushe, ama-martens, amakati asendle (inyamazane yesizukulwane esisha).
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye, izimpisi ezimpunga azibanga nomonakalo omncane kulezi zinhlobo. Izimpisi zizingela ngamaphakethe, zihamba futhi zizungeze umhlambi omncane. Lokhu kwenzeka ikakhulu ebusika nasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, lapho ukuhamba kwezinyamazane ze-sika kuthikamezeka kakhulu. Ubuthakathaka nobuthakathaka besilwane, obudalwa ukungabi bikho kwemali edingekayo, nakho kuyathinta. AmaLoners avame ukuba yisisulu somndeni we-feline, ayizilwane ezikhethekile.
Inyamazane engalindele ingahlaselwa. Njengoba la makati akwazi ukuhamba ngisho eqhweni elixegayo, isisulu cishe asinalo ithuba lokweqa. Ebusika obuneqhwa namakhaza, isilwane singafa ngokukhathala, ngoba asikwazi ukuzitholela ukudla. Iba ntekenteke futhi ibe buhlungu, eheha izidlo eziphakathi nezincane. Ukuzivikela kuphela ukweqa. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi izilwane zihlupheke kakhulu ngokungenelela kwabantu abazingela izimpondo ezincane ukwenza umuthi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Izinyamazane zikaSika ezivela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Encwadini ebomvu, inyamazane yesika inesimo semikhakha emi-2 - “ukuncipha ngamanani”.
Ukwehla okuqinile kwesibalo sezinhlobo ezintekenteke ngokweqile kuhlotshaniswa nokuhlala endaweni engazinzile futhi ethambekele ekuguqukeni okungazelelwe ezimweni zezulu. Izimemezelo zokuzingela okungapheli, ngenxa yokukhishwa kwezikhumba, inyama kanye nezimpondo.
Kunezinye izinto ezingabalulekile:
- ukutadisha indawo entsha nokuqedwa kwamahlathi okulandelayo;
- inani elikhulu lezimpisi, izinja zasendle nezinye izidalwa;
- ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokuhlala ezintsha, eduze nasendaweni yokuhlala kwesilwane;
- ukuthambekela kwezifo ezithathelwanayo, indlala;
- ukwehluleka kwasekhaya.
Kwenziwe imizamo yokugcina izinyamazane emapaki naseziqiwini. Kwamanye, izilwane zathola ukudla unyaka wonke ngaphandle kokufinyelela emadlelweni. Kwabanye, bathola ukondliwa kuphela ebusika futhi badla ngokukhululekile emagcekeni. Kodwa ukululama kancane kwezihlahla nezihlahlana eziminyene kuthinte ikhwalithi yokudla okunempilo, okuthe ngokuya konakala kakhulu. Lokhu kwaba isizathu esiyinhloko sokuhamba kwezinyamazane ezivela emadlelweni.
Lapho ugcina izinyamazane zihlobene kakhulu, ngaphandle kokwehlukana, kuthinte isikhathi sokuphila. Ukuthambekela kwezifo kwanda, abesifazane baba yinyumba futhi bangakwazi ukuzala abantwana ngokuzayo. Noma kunjalo, ukubuyiselwa okuncane kwezinhlobo kufinyelelwe ePrimorsky Territory, ngenxa yohlelo olulinganiselayo lokusebenzisa imithombo yemvelo, nokuvikelwa okuyingxenye kwesilwane.
Ukuvikelwa kwezinyamazane iSika
Isithombe: Izinyamazane zikaSika
Izinyamazane zeSika zibhalwe ohlwini lwe-IUCN Red List. Umsebenzi oyinhloko ukuvikela nokugcina impilo yezinhlobo ezingandile ezisemaphethelweni okuqothulwa. Izinhlobo ezifakiwe eNcwadini Ebomvu yamazwe angaphambi kweSoviet zithola ukuvikeleka ezingeni lomthetho. Njengoba kungumbhalo obalulekile wezomthetho futhi unemihlahlandlela esebenzayo yokuvikelwa kwezinhlobo ezingavamile.
Kwenziwe izinguquko eziningi kwenziwa nemizamo yokulondoloza lezi zinhlobo, okwaholela ekutadisheni kwezici:
- indawo yokuhlala (ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo);
- inombolo nokwakheka ngaphakathi kwemihlambi;
- izici zebhayoloji (isikhathi sokuzala);
- izici zokuhamba ngokuya ngesizini (kepha ikakhulukazi izilwane azishiyi izindawo zazo, ezinwebela ngaphezu kwamahektha amakhulu).
Njengamanje, kunokuthambekela kokuwohloka kwesibalo sabantu endle, futhi kunakwa kakhulu iziqiwi kanye nezindawo eziseduze. Kwenziwe izinyathelo eziningi, ezathola amandla asemthethweni ngemuva kokwamukelwa kwazo njengohlelo lombuso.
Umsebenzi obalulekile kwakungu:
- ukulondolozwa kwezinhlobo zezinyamazane eziphilayo (uma kungenzeka, gwema ukuxuba izinhlobo);
- umsebenzi wokubuyisela izinqolobane okuhlala kuzo izilwane;
- ukuguqulwa nokwakhiwa kwezindawo ezintsha ezivikelwe;
- ukuvikelwa okuphelele kwabahlaseli kanye nabazingeli abangekho emthethweni (owokuqala wenziwa ngokudubula izimpisi).
Naphezu kokuvinjelwa kokuzingelwa, inani lezinyamazane ze-sika zasendle aliguquki, futhi liyancipha ngezikhathi ezithile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi abazingeli abangekho emthethweni bayaqhubeka nokulimaza kakhulu, bephishekela isilwane ukuze bazuze indebe ebalulekile ngesikhumba sikanokusho noma izimpondo ezincane ezingakaqedwa. Akwaziwa ukuthi esikhathini esizayo kungenzeka yini ukuthi kunwetshwe imingcele yezinkulisa, umsebenzi oyinhloko ongeke ube ukukhishwa kwama-pantas kuphela, kodwa futhi nokugcwaliswa kabusha kwe-gene pool ngokuphelele. Izinyamazane ezifiphele idinga ukuvikelwa kubantu, ngaphandle kwalokho singalahlekelwa maduzane ngalesi silwane esihle.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 04.02.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 16.09.2019 ngo-17: 04
