Ermine Ohlobo lwe-Mustela erminea lungolwezilwane ezizingelayo futhi lungolomndeni wama-mustelids. Ama-Weasel nama-ferrets asohlwini olufanayo naye. Izilwane ezincane zichitha impilo yazo emhlabathini noma zigibela izihlahla, zizingela amagazi amancane afudumele, kwesinye isikhathi angenamgogodla.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ermine
Incazelo eningiliziwe yalolu hlobo yanikezwa okokuqala nguLinnaeus ngo-1758. Isilwane esidla ezinye esinomzimba omude oguquguqukayo, emilenzeni emifushane enezinzipho ezikhanyayo nezibukhali. Entanyeni ehambisanayo kuhlezi ikhanda elifushane ngesifonyo esingunxantathu, elithweswe umqhele ngezindlebe ezibanzi eziyindilinga. Umsila unobude obulinganiselayo, kepha kwezinye izinhlobo ezingaphansi, ngokwesibonelo, i-ermine enomsila omude, ingaphezu kwengxenye yomzimba ngosayizi.
Izinsalela zezilwane zasendulo zatholakala eNtshonalanga Yurophu ezingxenyeni zeLate Pliocene, eNyakatho Melika eMiddle Pleistocene. Kumadiphozithi aphezulu we-Quaternary atholakala eNgilandi, eFrance, ePoland, eCrimea, eNyakatho. ICaucasus (Umgede waseMatuzka), i-Altai (Umgede waseDenisov). Konke ku. Izinsalela ezitholakale eMelika zingezasekugcineni kwezinguzunga zeqhwa. Usayizi wezilwane ezikhathini ezibandayo zincane kakhulu kunezifudumele.
Kunikezwa incazelo yama-subspecies angama-35. ERussia, eziyisishiyagalolunye zivame kakhulu. Zihlukile kwezinye izici ze-morphometric, futhi ngaphandle - ngosayizi nombala woboya basehlobo:
- inyakatho - emaphakathi, nsundu emnyama;
- IsiRussia - esiphakathi, kusuka kokumnyama onsundu kuya kobomvu;
- ITobolsk - enkulu kunazo zonke, ensundu;
- I-Berengian - emaphakathi, kusuka kokukhanyayo okukhanyayo kuye kokuphuzi;
- I-Caucasian - encane, ensundu ngezitini;
- I-Fergana - incane kuneyangaphambilini, i-brown-fawn noma i-grey;
- I-Altai - incane kuneFergana, ibomvu ngokubomvu;
- I-Transbaikal - encane, nsundu emnyama;
- I-Shantar - incane kuneTransbaikal, nsundu emnyama.
Futhi, ama-subspecies ala ma-mustelids avela eSakhalin naseKuriles awakatholakali, kungenzeka ukuthi angaphansi kwama-subspecies ajwayelekile eziqhingini zaseJapan.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: I-Animal ermine
I-ermine sekunesikhathi idume ngoboya bayo obumhlophe njengeqhwa. Ijazi lakhe linalo mbala ebusika, ukuphela komsila kuphela kumnyama. Kwesinye isikhathi isisu sinombala ophuzi. Ingubo yezinwele ngalesi sikhathi iminyene, iminyene, kodwa hhayi yinde. Umbala wethiphu yomsila awuguquki nezinkathi zonyaka. Isilwane uqobo ehlobo sinombala wemibala emibili onomngcele ocacile. Umsila, kanye nangaphezulu kwekhanda, emuva, emaceleni, ohlangothini olungaphandle lwemilenze, kunsundu, kunemibala ehlukene. Isisu, umphimbo, udebe olungaphezulu, isifuba, izandla zimhlophe. Isembozo sasehlobo sincane kakhulu kunesembozo sasebusika.
Kwabesifazane:
- ubude bomzimba - 17-26 cm;
- umsila - 6-11 cm;
- isisindo - 50-180 g.
Kwabesilisa:
- ubude bomzimba - 20-32 cm;
- umsila - 7-13 cm;
- isisindo - 110-260 g.
Isilwane sigijima kahle, siyakwazi ukubhukuda kahle, yize singakulweli lokhu, futhi asivamile ukugibela ezihlahleni. Lo mhlaseli, yize engemkhulu, unesimilo esibi, unesibindi ngokweqile. Kwabesilisa, indawo lapho azingela khona njalo iphindwe ka-2-3 kunabesifazane. Ngosuku, ugijima ibanga elifinyelela kumakhilomitha ayi-15, kepha ingxenye enkulu ayizingeli, kepha imaka futhi ivikele insimu. Abesifazane bahamba kancane, imayela labo lingu-2-3 km.
Lapho sithokozile, isilwane siqala ukukhala kakhulu, sikhonkothe, sihhehle. Uma othile eza emgodini ngeqhubu, insikazi iyakhalisa ngokusobala.
Izindlala zangemuva zitholakala ngaphansi komsila wesilwane. Ngemibhobho yawo, kukhishwa imfihlo enephunga elithile elibi, okuncoma kuyo lesi silwane esincelisayo. Izingane zalolu hlobo lomndeni we-weasel zihamba ngemuva kukanina ziqinile, ikhala liya emsileni, zikleliswe ngochungechunge. Ithole eliqine kakhulu lihlale liphambili. Uma othile esele ngemuva, khona-ke labo abakhulu badonsa ngendlebe.
Uhlala kuphi u-ermine?
Isithombe: Stoat ehlobo
Indawo yokwabiwa kwalesi silwane esincelisayo ibanzi kakhulu - lena ingxenye yonke yaseYurophu, kuze kufike ePyrenees naseAlps, ezintabeni zaseCaucasus. Endaweni yase-Asia, itholakala yonke indawo eningizimu yeKazakhstan, amaPamir, ezintabeni zase-Altai, enyakatho yeMongolia nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina, eziqhingini zaseHokkaido naseHonshu. ENyakatho Melika, i-ermine yahlala eMaryland, eGreat Lakes, eSaskatchewan. Eduzane nezintaba zaseCordillera, wathuthela eCalifornia, engxenyeni yayo ephakathi nasenyakatho yeNew Mexico. Ngasenyakatho, uhlala ngasogwini lwe-Arctic, utholakala eziqhingini zase-Arctic naseCanada, ogwini lwaseGreenland (enyakatho nasempumalanga).
Umzingeli omncane walethwa eNew Zealand ukuze alwe nonogwaja abazalanayo, kepha isilwane esinamahloni, singazitholi izitha zemvelo lapho, hhayi nje kuphela ukuthi sabhekana nesela elinezindlebe lezitshalo, kepha futhi sashintsha saya ezinyonini ezivamile - i-kiwi. Lezi zinyoni azazi ukuthi zingandiza kanjani zibekele amaqanda ezidlekeni emhlabathini, futhi ziqothula ngokungenasihawu ngokuwachitha.
ERussia, iqhawe lethu lihlala kulo lonke ugu lolwandle i-Arctic, eziqhingini zaseNovosibirsk. Eningizimu, le ndawo ifinyelela enyakatho yesifunda soLwandle Olumnyama, ihamba ngezindawo ezingezansi zeDon nasemlonyeni weVolga. Kunezindawo zokuhlala ezihlukanisiwe esifundeni sase-Elbrus, e-Ossetia, lapho-ke yonke indawo, kuze kube semngceleni oseningizimu nasempumalanga yezwe, eSakhalin nasogwini lwaseKuril.
Idla ini i-ermine?
Isithombe: I-ermine yezilwane ezincane
Lesi silwane singumzingeli oncomekayo, sisebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene ukuthola ukudla.
Iningi lokudla kwalolu hlobo lwe-weasel kuhlala amagundane:
- amagundane e-vole;
- amagundane asehlathini;
- ama-pikas;
- ulwelwesi;
- ama-hamsters;
- izikhwama.
Futhi, lesi silwane sizingela izinyoni nezilwane eziphila ezweni, asizinaki izilwane ezihuquzelayo, sichitha izidleke zezinyoni, sibamba izinhlanzi, izinambuzane futhi sidle amajikijolo. Ihlasela ngisho nama-grouse ezinkuni kanye nama-hazel grouses. Kwezinye izimo, idla izidumbu. Uzingela amagundane afana namagundane, uwajaha phansi, emigodini, ngokhuni olufile nangaphansi kweqhwa. Ugxuma ngemuva nangaphezulu futhi ulume ngemuva kwekhanda. Ngenani elikhulu lamagundane, liwaqothula ngaphezu kwalokho elikudlayo, lenze izimpahla. Ngokuya ngesibindi nokungazethembi, akalingani ngokulingana. Uhlasela izilwane nezinyoni eziphindwe kaningi kunaye, angajaha nomuntu.
Umzingeli uzingela onogwaja esebenzisa amaqhinga athakazelisayo. Ukubona isisulu kude, i-ermine iqala ukugxumela phezulu, ukuwa, ukuzigingqa. Unogwaja onelukuluku lokwazi ubheka ngentshisekelo isilwane "esisangene". Yena, egxuma futhi ephotha, usondela kancane kancane emgomweni ohlosiwe. Lapho sesifikile ebangeni eliphansi, iqhawe lethu lihlasela unogwaja, libambe ngemuva kwekhanda lakhe ngokubamba ukufa.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ermine ngokwemvelo
I-ermine isizinze ezindaweni ezahlukene zezulu, kepha ikhetha izindawo ezinomthombo wamanzi. Ku-tundra, itholakala emadlelweni asogwini nasemithambekeni yezigodi zemifula. Emahlathini, lezi yizindawo zemifula ezigcwele izikhukhula, emaphethelweni ezindawo ezingamaxhaphozi, emaphethelweni, ukususwa, ukususwa, ezindaweni ezinezihlahlana, kepha ngeke umbone esehlathini. Emathafeni nasehlathini-emahlathini, naye ukhetha ogwini lwamanzi, uhlala ezihosheni, ezihlahleni ze-birch, emahlathini ephayini. Imvamisa itholakala eduze nezindawo zokuhlala zasemakhaya, emathuneni, ezindaweni zensimu. Ezintabeni zaseCaucasus, uhlala emadlelweni e-alpine (amamitha ayizinkulungwane ezi-3 ngaphezulu kogu lolwandle), e-Altai - ezindaweni ezifakwa amatshe.
Isilwane asenzi izimbobo, kodwa sithatha imipheme yangaphansi komhlaba yamagundane ngaphansi komthunzi. Igumbi lesidleke lifakwe ngamaqabunga omile noboya. Ibuye ihlale emifantwini yezintaba, ngaphansi kweziqu nezimpande, ezinqwabeni zezinkuni ezifile nasezivinini zomoya, ihlala emigodini. Ebusika uhlela indawo yokuhlala yesikhashana ezindaweni ezifanayo - zokukhosela. Isakhiwo ngasinye singaba ngamahektha ayi-10, kwesinye isikhathi sifike kumahektha angama-200.
Kuhola impilo esebenzayo ikakhulukazi ebusuku, noma kusihlwa. Ngosuku, unezikhathi ezinjalo ezingama-4-5, isikhathi esiphelele cishe singamahora amahlanu. Isilwane sizingela cishe imizuzu engama-30-60, futhi ngemuva kokudla, siyaphumula. Ebusika, ngesikhathi seqhwa elinzima noma isithwathwa, uma kukhona ukudla, i-ermine ayishiyi indawo yokukhosela izinsuku ezimbalwa. Izilwane ziphila iminyaka emi-2-3, zibulawa yizitha zazo zemvelo. Ezimweni zokuthunjwa, isikhathi sempilo yabo singafika eminyakeni eyisithupha.
Ngenkathi sihlola indawo yaso yokuzingela, lesi silwane sikhombisa ilukuluku. Uyakwazi ukubamba iso lomuntu, kuthi lapho embona, agxume akhuphuke intaba, ame ame ame abheke, ahlole izinga lobungozi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Baby ermine
Abesifazane nabesilisa bahlala ngokwehlukana futhi bahlala. Abesilisa banesithembu. Maphakathi no-Mashi, aqala ukuqhuqha, okuqhubeka kuze kube nguSepthemba. Abesifazane bathwala inzalo yabo kusukela ezinsukwini ezingama-240 kuya kwezingama-393. Ukusabalala kwesikhathi sokukhulelwa kubangelwa ikhefu le-latency. Ngalesi sikhathi, umbungu awunamathele odongeni lwesibeletho. Indlela enjalo inikezwa ngemvelo ukuze inzalo ivele ngesikhathi esihle kakhulu. Kaningi kudoti kukhona kusuka kumawundlu angama-6-8, lesi sibalo sisukela kwamabili kuye kwayi-18. Isisindo sezingane singama-0.8-2.6 g. Lapho zizalwa, ziyizimpumputhe futhi azizwa, ngemuva kwemilenze yangaphambili emzimbeni omncane kunokuncipha okubonakalayo.
Izindlebe zezindlebe zivuleka ngenyanga, amehlo - izinsuku ezingama-4-10 kamuva. Amazinyo ezingane avela ezinganeni emasontweni ama-2-3. Ukuziguqulela kokuhlala unomphela kuqala ngosuku lwamashumi amane emva kokuzalwa, kuzishintsha ngokuphelele ngosuku lwama-70. Izinsana ziyavela zinomhlwenga obonakalayo entanyeni, onyamalala ngenyanga. Umama unakekela izingane, ekuqaleni akavamile ukuzishiya. Ishiya umgodi ukuze izivuselele.
Cishe inyanga nengxenye, amawundlu azala imisindo ethile, aqale ukukhombisa ulaka. Umama wabo ubafundisa ukuzingela. Izingane zihlala zidlala zodwa. Zishiya umgodi zihamba, zilandela unina. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbili, izingane ze-ermine ziqala ukuphuma emgodini. Ngalesi sikhathi, bacishe bafinyelele ngosayizi kubantu abadala. Ukuvuthwa ngokobulili kwabesilisa kwenzeka ngonyaka owodwa. Abesifazane bavuthwa ekuseni kakhulu, i-estrus yabo yokuqala yenzeka ngosuku lwe-17 kusukela izelwe. Zingambozwa ngisho nangaphambi kokuba zibone.
Izinsana zisheshe zibonise ikhono lokuhlangana ndawonye. Le reflex, ngenxa yokuthi ibopha ngokuqinile komunye nomunye, iyabasiza ukuthi bafudumale. Lokhu kubenza bazizwe belondeke kakhudlwana. Uma uwahlukanisa, azophinde akhuphuke, anciphise futhi abambelele komunye nomunye. I-reflex iyanyamalala ngenkathi izilwane zibona ukukhanya.
Izitha zemvelo ze-ermine
Isithombe: Ermine
Ummeli omncane we-weasel unezitha eziningi, okokuqala, ozakwabo abakhulu: i-sable, ferret, i-weasel yaseSiberia, i-mink. Bangasinda ermine ezindaweni zayo ngokuzizingela. Izimbangi zeqhawe lethu ekuphakeleni ukudla nazo ziyingozi. Njengoba ngokushoda kokudla, kufanele athuthe. Lokhu kuqala, yizihlobo eziseduze kakhulu - usawoti kanye ne-weasel, izinyoni ezidla inyama: izinhlobo ezincane zokhokho kanye nesikhova. Ubuningi besilwane esinciphile bancipha kakhulu esigodini i-Ob ngenxa yokufuduka okukhulu kwamabhungane aseSiberia lapha.
Izimpungushe ziyingozi; izimpungushe zase-Arctic zizingela izilwane ezincelisayo endaweni eningi. Emini, isilwane singabanjwa ngamagwababa, izinkozi zegolide, ebusuku - yizikhova. Kwezinye izilwane, i-ermine ingacasha esihlahleni ihlale lapho. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, isilwane, ukunqoba izithiyo zamanzi, kuvame ukuba yisisulu sezinhlanzi ezinkulu: i-taimen, i-pike. Izimuncagazi zingabulala izilwane. Ehlobo elifudumele elina imvula, badla iminenke evuthiwe, okuhlala kuyo izibungu zeScriabingilus, futhi izibungu zithelele lolu hlobo lwezinhlamvu zikamadevu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: I-Animal ermine
Imvamisa i-ermine ihlala endaweni eyodwa, kepha ngokushoda kokudla yenza uhambo olude. Kwaphawulwa ukuthi ngobuningi bamagundane amancane - isisulu esiyinhloko somzingeli, nawo angahamba amabanga amade. Lesi silwane esincelisayo sibonakala ngokunyakaza kwesizini. Ngezinombolo, ukweqa okuphawulekayo kungenzeka, kepha akuguquki kaningi - kusuka ku-30 kuya ku-190. Lokhu kuncike ekutholakaleni kokudla, ukunyamalala kwemithombo yamanzi noma izikhukhula, imililo, izifo zezilwane kanye nokuhlaselwa yizikelemu.
Lolu hlobo lwe-weasel lunoboya obuqinile, obusilika obumhlophe njengeqhwa. Nguye obelokhu eyinto yokudoba. Isilwane sincane, ukuze uthole ijazi elilodwa loboya noma ingubo yoboya udinga ukubamba abantu abangaba ngu-200. Ngekhulu le-17, umuntu osolwa ngokuzivikela enkantolo wasolwa enkantolo yamaNgisi. Usiphikisile isinqumo somgcini wezomthetho futhi wanqoba, ekhombisa ukuthi ingubo ye-ermine yenceku kaThemis yayingamanga. Njengoba isilwane esincelisayo sinolaka futhi sichitha ama-voles ngamanani amakhulu, kwavinjelwa nokuzingelwa kwaso eSakhalin. Ukuzingela amagundane, abathwali bezifo eziyingozi kubantu, kusiza kakhulu.
I-ermine ingahlukaniswa njengenye yama-mustelids amaningi kakhulu eRussia. Ikakhulukazi uma ucabanga ngezindawo ezitholakala kulo lonke izwe. Inani elilinganisiwe lezilwane eRussia Federation lingaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili.
Inani elikhulu labantu, cishe ama-60% atholakala eMpumalanga Ekude naseMpumalanga yeSiberia, ama-20% aseYakutia. Enyakatho yengxenye yaseYurophu naseNtshonalanga yeSiberia, kuhlala amanye ama-10% ezilwane ezidla ezinye, ikakhulukazi emahlathini asemahlathini. Yonke indawo yehlathi-tundra yezifunda ezisenyakatho inabantu abaningi.
Inani lezilwane ezincelisayo lithonywe ubusika obuneqhwa namakhaza, izikhukhula nemililo. Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, inani labathwali boboya obuyigugu baqala ukwehla ngenxa yokuthuthuka okusebenzayo komhlaba wezitshalo zezolimo, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zikhula kanye ne-pesticides. Mayelana nalokhu, lesi silwane salahlekelwa yizindawo ezijwayelekile, ikakhulukazi izikhukhula zemifula lapho kwavela khona amadamu.
Ngenxa yesipiliyoni esibuhlungu saseNew Zealand, i-IUCN ibhale i-ermine njengesilwane esiyingozi esihlaselayo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kucitshwe izikhumba ezingaba yizinkulungwane eziyi-100-150 zoboya obuyigugu, okukhombisa ukwehla kwesibalo sabantu, ngoba izinhlobo eziningi zavunwa phambilini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwehla kwevolumu yenyamazane kungahle kuhlotshaniswe noshintsho ezindleleni zendabuko zokuzingela umdlalo omncane, ukulahleka kwamakhono namakhulu eminyaka wesipiliyoni. Ermine Kulula kakhulu ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezahlukahlukene. Ukwehla kokudoba kufanele kube yisikhuthazo sokuthatha izinyathelo zokuqapha izimbangela nezinkinga ezingaba khona ekusatshalalisweni nasekukhiqizweni kabusha kwe-ermine.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 05.02.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 16.09.2019 ngo-16: 51
