Uphawu lweBaikal ingenye yezilwane ezimele ezihlukile echibini, kuphela lesi silwane esincelisayo esihlala emanzini aso. Njengechthyophage, iPhoca sibirica inesikhundla esikhethekile kupiramidi lesimiso semvelo. Uphawu lweBaikal lungolomndeni wezimvu zamanzi ezivamile (i-Phoca) futhi luyisilwane esidla ezinye.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: uphawu lweBaikal
Kunemibono ehlukene mayelana nokhokho be-Baikal pinniped nezinhlobo eziseduze kakhulu: i-Caspian, i-ringed seal ne-common seal. Ukwahlukaniswa kwezinhlobo kwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-2.2 edlule. Ngesikhathi sokubanda okubandayo, inkathi yePleistocene, k. ULena wageleza esuka eBaikal, ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona inani elikhulu lamachibi amanzi angenasawoti.
Ookhokho besakhamuzi sanamuhla seBaikal, besuka kude nezinguzunga zeqhwa eziqubukayo, bafuduka besuka e-Arctic Ocean ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lwamanzi amasha. Okhokho balolu hlobo, njengoba ososayensi besikisela, bavela ngokushesha futhi bathola umehluko wezici. Ukukhulunywa okokuqala kweBaikal pinniped kwakuphakathi kwabahloli bamazwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17, futhi incazelo yesayensi yenziwa ngabaphenyi ngaphansi kobuholi bukaG. Gmelin. Babengamalungu ohambo oluya eKamchatka futhi beholwa uBering.
Izakhamuzi zaseBaikal zihlala iminyaka engaba ngu-50. Isisindo sabo sikhula size sifike eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nanhlanu ubudala futhi sifinyelela kuma-70 kg kwabesifazane, size sifinyelele kuma-80 kg kwabesilisa. Ihlala kuleli zinga kuze kube yiminyaka engama-35, khona-ke isisindo nobukhulu bezilwane buyehla kancane kancane buye kuma-60-70 kg. Isisindo sezilwane ezincelisayo ezingaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi ubudala naso siyashintsha phakathi nenkathi. Abesifazane kusuka entwasahlobo kuye ekwindla bathola amafutha ayi-12 kg, nabesilisa - 17 kg, abaneminyaka engama-25, ukwanda kwesisindo esiyisisekelo kungaba ngama-20-30 kg. Kunabantu abangaphezu kuka-100 kg. Ukukhula kwama-pinnipeds abantu abadala kungama-133-143 cm ekuqaleni kwehlobo, no-140-149 cm ngoNovemba (owesilisa nowesilisa).
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: I-Baikal seal ebusika
Umzimba wesilwane esincelisayo seBaikal ufana nentambo yokuphotha, ngoba ikhanda lidlula ngokushelela emzimbeni, bese lingena emsileni. Ingubo yezinwele eziminyene yezilwane inombala owodwa (ubude bejazi - 2 cm). Ngemuva, umbala u-grey-silver onombala onsundu, izinhlangothi nesisu kukhanya kancane. Izingwejeje ezisanda kuzalwa zimhlophe qhwa ngombala ophuzi. Ngemuva kwe-molt yokuqala, ngemuva kwenyanga, izingane ezinonyaka owodwa (i-kumutkans) zinoboya besilivere.
Ezingulubeni ezindala, isifonyo cishe asinaboya. Udebe olungaphezulu lwezimpawu zamanzi zeBaikal lunemigqa eyisishiyagalombili ye-vibrissae eguqukayo; kwabesifazane yinde. Ngaphezulu kwamehlo, kunama-vibrissae ayisithupha azungeze umjikelezo nenye phakathi nendawo. Ukusikeka okuqondile mpo emakhaleni kumbozwe ngamavalvu anesikhumba. Lapho isilwane esincelisayo sisemanzini, ungavali uvalwe, nezindlebe azivuleki. Ngesikhathi sokuphefumula, amakhala avula kancane. Uphawu lweBaikal lunomqondo othuthuke kahle wokuhogela nokuzwa.
Ividiyo: uphawu lweBaikal
Babona kahle ngomfundi wabo oqondile, onganweba. Amehlo anejwabu leso lesithathu. Iris inombala onsundu. Amehlo amakhulu ayindilinga e-Baikal pinniped akakwazi ukuma isikhathi eside emoyeni bese eqala ukunisela kakhulu. Isendlalelo samafutha singu-1.5 cm entwasahlobo futhi sifinyelela ku-14 cm ngoNovemba.
Bazokwenza umsebenzi:
- ukwahlukanisa okushisayo;
- igumbi lokugcina amandla;
- iqeda umphumela wokushintshwa kwengcindezi ngesikhathi sokuntywila nokukhuphuka;
- kwandisa ukuvuthwa.
Amaphiko wesilwane esincelisayo anezingqimba futhi ambozwe izinwele. Zinamazipho anamandla amakhulu ngaphambili. Ngaphansi kwamanzi, ukunyakaza kwenzeka ngenxa yamaphiko angemuva, naseqhweni - ngaphambili. Emhlabathini, lesi silwane simaxhaphetshu, kodwa uma sibaleka, sihamba sigxumagxuma, sisebenzisa umsila nezimpiko.
Ngaphansi kwamanzi, izipikili zihamba ngejubane elingu-8 km / h, lapho zisongelwa, ziyashesha ziye ku-25 km / h. Izimpawu zidla lapho ukukhanya kungena khona, ekujuleni okungaba ngamamitha angama-30 bese zihlala ngaphansi kwamanzi cishe ihora. Ngemuva kokuntywila ngamamitha angama-200-300, angakwazi ukumelana nengcindezi efinyelela kuma-atm angu-21. Lapho isilwane singaphansi kwamanzi, ukugcwaliswa kwamaphaphu kungamamitha ayi-cubic ayizinkulungwane ezimbili. bheka, uma lide ukujula, ukutholakala komoya-mpilo kuvela ku-hemoglobin yegazi.
Izici eziyinhloko zezinhlobo:
- amehlo amakhulu;
- amazinyo avamile anama-apices amabili;
- uzipho olunamandla kumaphiko angaphambili.
Uhlala kuphi uphawu lweBaikal?
Isithombe: I-Baikal seal seal
Lesi silwane sitholakala cishe kuyo yonke indawo enamanzi echibini iBaikal, ngaphandle kwethiphu yaseningizimu. Ezinyangeni zasehlobo - engxenyeni emaphakathi nasogwini olusempumalanga lwenyakatho. Lawa angama-rooker eCape North Kedrovy, eCape Pongonie naseKhoboy, eziqhingini zase-Ushkany, endaweni yomfula. Icy. Iningi labantu abadala lithuthela enyakatho yeLake Baikal ebusika, naseningizimu - abasha, abasavuthiwe.
Lesi sigxivizo sichitha impilo yaso yonke emanzini, okusho ukuthi, i-nektobiont (i-nektos isho ukubhukuda). Lezi zinhlobo kungabhekiswa kuzo ngama-pagophiles, ngenxa yesikhathi esikhulu esichithwa eqhweni, ngokungafani nezihlobo zaso eziseduze: izimvu zamanzi nezimpuphu ezinamalebe. Ebusika, lesi silwane sisebenzisa imigwaqo yomoya emanzini, esiphefumula ngayo, sikhuphukele phezulu. Umoya wenziwa ekuqaleni kweqhwa (ngoDisemba-Januwari) ngezinzipho ezinamandla zamaphiko angaphambili. NgoMeyi-Juni, lapho iqhwa licibilika eChibini iBaikal, lesi silwane siya enyakatho, lapho sondla khona amanoni ezindaweni zama-rookeries.
Ekwindla, zifudukela emanzini angajulile, lapho leli chibi liba yiqhwa ngaphezu kwalokho. Lezi yizindawo zeChivyrkuisky Bay neProval; ngoDisemba, lesi silwane sihlala kuyo yonke indawo yamanzi. Iningi labesifazane ligxila kakhulu ogwini olusempumalanga, lapho ukubanda kuqala khona ekuqaleni, ukuze kutholakale indawo elula kakhulu yomhume wangakusasa. Eziduna, eziqhubeka nokukhuluphala, zihamba emanzini avulekile ziye ohlangothini olusentshonalanga lweLake Baikal.
Ehlobo, ukuhlakazwa kwezimpawu zasolwandle echibini kuhlotshaniswa nokudla okunamandla. Izilwane ngemuva kwesikhathi sasebusika, ukuzalanisa, ukuncibilika kakhulu zinciphisa isisindo. Izimpawu zaminyaka eyehlukene nobulili obuhlukile zikhuphuka emithambekeni yasogwini enamadwala kusukela maphakathi nehlobo kuya ku-Okthoba. Ekupheleni kukaSepthemba, ukuvama nobuningi bemibhede elele kuyanda, lokhu kungenxa yokuncibilika. Ebusika, izilwane ziyancibilika eqhweni, uma zihamba ngaphambi kwesikhathi, izilwane zifika ogwini, zenze ama-rookeries abantu abangamakhulu amaningana.
Yini edla uphawu lweBaikal?
Isithombe: uphawu lweBaikal emanzini
Ukudla okuyinhloko komuntu ohlala echibini lamanzi angenasawoti ajulile emhlabeni yinhlanzi, idla cishe ithani ngonyaka. Izinhlanzi akuzona ezentengiselwano: i-golomyanka enkulu neyincane, ama-gobies, izinhlobo eziyi-15 zama-broadloobies. Futhi badla: i-dace, i-grayling, i-minnow, i-perch nezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezibaluleke kakhulu: i-omul, i-whitefish, i-grayling. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi akuyona ingxenye eyinhloko yemenyu. Isilwane esincelisayo sizingela le nhlanzi uma kungekho ukudla okwanele okujwayelekile, sinake abantu abagulayo nababuthakathaka. Izimpawu zamanzi ezinempilo zilukhuni ukuhambisana nazo, ngoba zishesha kakhulu futhi ziyaqina. Kanye nezinhlanzi, izimvu zamanzi zinama-amphipod kumenyu. Isilwane sidla ngokwesilinganiso ama-3-5 kg wezinhlanzi ngosuku, ama-70% azo yi-golomyanka.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kwaphawulwa ukuthi izimvu zamanzi eziphakanyiselwe ekuthunjweni azizange zinake i-grayling ne-omul, eyethulwa echibini, idla ama-gobies abawathandayo kanye ne-golomyanka.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwezilwane ngaphezulu kwendawo kuhlotshaniswa nezici zokudla okunempilo ezihlobene nobudala. Abantu abasha kuze kube yiminyaka emithathu ubudala bahlala eduze nogu. Abakwazi ukudonsa isikhathi eside, bavala ukuphefumula kwabo. Ukudla kwabo kuqukethe ama-gobies asendaweni yasogwini lwamanzi. Abantu abadala, badonsela ekujuleni, badla ama-crustaceans we-pelargic nezinhlanzi ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu. Emanzini angajulile ehlobo ngeke uthole uphawu, ngoba ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka akukho ukudla okuthandayo emanzini afudumele - i-golomyanka. Futhi ngokwakhiwa kweqhwa nama-hummock, uphawu luthanda ukusondela ogwini. Isilwane sidla kusihlwa. Ngesikhathi se-molting, ukudla akunamandla kakhulu, ngoba izilwane zichitha isikhathi esiningi eqhweni noma ogwini.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: uphawu lweBaikal
Lezi zilwane ezincelisayo zeBaikal zilala emanzini futhi zizizwa ziphephe ngokuphelele, ngoba azinazitha lapho. Isikhathi sokulala sihlala isikhathi eside kuze kuphele umoya-mpilo. Kwakunezimo lapho abatshuzi be-scuba babebhukuda beya ngophawu lokulala bese belithinta, kepha noma bejika, izipikili azikuphazamisi ukulala.
Amachwane achitha cishe izinyanga eziyi-1.5 emgodini. Ngalesi sikhathi, kusuka elangeni lasentwasahlobo nasifudumaleni lezilwane uqobo, uphahla lwendawo yokukhosela luyawa. Ngalesi sikhathi, izingane zinesikhathi sokuncelisa.
I-lair ivikela ama-seal pups ezilwaneni ezizingelayo nase-hypothermia. Yakhiwe ngeqhwa futhi ivalwe ngokuphelele emhlabeni wangaphandle. Ngalesi sikhathi, kuvunguza imimoya enamandla ngaphandle, izinga lokushisa lomoya lifinyelela ku -20 °, futhi ngaphakathi komhume lisondele ku-zero, kwesinye isikhathi lenyukela ku- + 5 °.
Ngaphakathi komhume kukhona umgodi weqhwa, lapho umama angena ngaphansi kwamanzi ukondla noma, uma kwenzeka ingozi, ulahla umntwana lapho. Okunye ukuqhuma kuhlale kungu-3-4 m ukusuka emgodini. Umama, okugwema ukuphishekela, angagcina umdlwane emazinyweni akhe noma emaphikweni akhe angaphambili emanzini. Amakha asetshenziselwa ukufundisa ukuzingela. Ngokushintshela kwezingane ekukhiqizweni kokudla okuzimele, umama uletha izinhlanzi emgodini.
Izimpawu zine-phototaxis engemihle, igwema ukunyakaza okuya ekukhanyeni, okungukuthi, abalweli ukumba umgodi baphume kuwo. Ngemuva kokuwa kophahla, amawundlu angena emanzini nge-vent etholakala emgodini. Cishe eneminyaka engaba yinyanga eyodwa, izingwejeje ziyachitha, zishintsha uboya bazo obumhlophe bube grey-silver.
Lapho leli chibi limile ngokuphelele, izilwane zisebenzisa izimbobo - imimoya yomoya ekuphefumuleni. Kungaba khona amashumi ambalwa awo ebangeni lamakhulu amamitha azungeze i-lair. Ukuvuleka kwama-air vents awekho ngaphezu kwe-1.5 dm ngaphezulu, futhi kunwebeka ngokujula. Zenzelwe kuphela ukuthi isilwane sikwazi ukuphefumula kancane. Imvamisa, uphawu lubenza babeseduze kongqimba lwama-hummock kusembozo seqhwa esibushelelezi ngaphansi kwangaphansi. Leli igama le-snowdrift emise okwenziwe ngesigaxa.
Ukusebenza ku-vent kuhamba ngezigaba eziningana. Kusuka ngezansi, uphawu luphula iqhwa ngezinzipho zalo. Ngalesi sikhathi, amabhamuza egesi ekhishiwe aqoqana emhlabeni. Isikhutha esiqukethwe yiso siyancibilika ngenxa yethempelesha eliphansi. I-oksijeni isakazeka emanzini, i-pinniped engayisebenzisa ukuphefumula. Ukuqoqwa okunjalo komoya kuvimbela iqhwa ekuqandeni, kulula ukubhidlika. Uphawu luyakwazi ukwenza izimbobo eziningi ezinjalo ngesizini ngayinye, ngisho naseqhweni elifinyelela kumitha elilodwa ukujiya. Ngokuntywila, izimbobo kuma-vlogs zinobubanzi obukhulu. Ikhono nesifiso sokwenza izimbobo ezinjalo eqhweni kungokwemvelo.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Isilingo senziwa kwizimpawu ezincane ezingaphansi kwezinyanga ezimbili ubudala. Ucezu lwamagwebu, u-5 cm ubukhulu, lwehliselwa echibini nezilwane. Wonke amanye amanzi ayekhululekile. Izingane zaqala ukwenza umoya ophuma kule foam, zase zibhukuda zaya kuzo, zadonsa amakhala zazo zaphefumula. Lezi zimvu zamanzi zabanjwa endle ngaphambi kokuba ziqale ukubhukuda.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-Baikal seal cub
Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kuma-pinnipeds esifazane eLake Baikal kuqala ngeminyaka emine, kepha abanye abantu abazali inzalo kuze kube yiminyaka eyisikhombisa, abesilisa bavuthwa ngeminyaka eyisithupha. Ezinsukwini eziyishumi zokugcina zikaMashi nasengxenyeni yokuqala ka-Ephreli, kuzwakala umsindo wama-pinnipeds ngaphansi kwesembozo seqhwa. Le yimisindo ekhangayo abakhanga ngayo. Lesi yisiqalo sokuqina kophawu. Ukuhlanganiswa kwenzeka ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Ukunikela kuqhubeka izinyanga eziyi-11. Ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari, abesifazane baqala ukwakha umhhume, okungamakhulu amamitha komunye nomunye futhi kukude nolwandle. Ekupheleni kobusika nayo yonke inyanga yokuqala yentwasahlobo, ama-pinnipeds akhishwa emthwalweni. Bazala izinyane elilodwa, ku-2% wamacala - amawele. Isisindo somntwana osanda kuzalwa cishe siyi-4 kg.
Izingane zidla ubisi. Isikhathi sokuncelisa amabele e-Baikal pinnipeds side ukudlula leso sezihlobo eziseduze futhi sincike ekubhujisweni kweqhwa lechibi leli. Kuyizinyanga ezi-2 - 3.5. Ezingxenyeni eziningi eziseningizimu ingaba mfushane kunasenyakatho ngezinsuku ezingama-20. Ngisho nangemva kokuba iqhwa seliqale ukudilika, omama bayaqhubeka nokondla amaphuphu abo ngobisi. Lapho unezinyanga ezimbili kuya kwezingu-2,5, izimpawu zase zivele zinesisindo esingama-20 kg. Lokhu kuzuza okukhulu kuhlotshaniswa nenkathi ende yokuncelisa ubisi.
Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, owesifazane ubeletha izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezingama-20, aze afike eminyakeni engamashumi amane ubudala. Iqiniso lokuthi ukukhulelwa akwenzeki eminyakeni ethile kuya ngezimo zezempilo nezomsoco zowesifazane.
Isipiliyoni seminyaka engamashumi amabili ekubukeni kwezilwane sembule ukuncika okuqondile kokukhiqizwa ezimeni ze-hydroclimatic eLake Baikal entwasahlobo nokuthi i-molt iqhubeka kanjani. Abesilisa banesithembu, ngemuva kwesikhathi sokuhlala bahlala eduze nezitolo zabo. Ababambi iqhaza ekukhuliseni izingane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhathi sokuxinwa kwezimpawu zezimvu zamanzi siqondana nokondliwa kwezingane. Abesilisa bangabalimaza, baxoshe izingane ezinamathele kakhulu konina.
Izitha zemvelo zesigxobo seBaikal
Isithombe: I-Baikal seal eqhweni
Amagwababa nezinkozi ezinomsila omhlophe ziyingozi kwizimpawu zamanzi. Uma kwenzeka ukubhujiswa kokuqala kophahla lomhume, lezi zinyoni ezidla ezinye zingahlasela izingane. Iqiniso lokuthi lezi zindawo zokuhlala zikude nogu akufaki ukuhlaselwa kwezilwane ezidla phansi: izimpisi, izimpungushe. Ukufa kwezimpawu neminyaka yokuqala akuvamile. Izilwane ezincelisayo ezindala cishe aziphumi eqhweni, kuphela ngesikhathi se-molt. Kepha nakulesi sikhathi, uma kuba nengozi, zigxumela emanzini ngokushesha. Kuma-rookeries, amabhere angazulazula, azingele izimvu zamanzi.
Amaphini weLake Baikal angaphazanyiswa yizinambuzane zangaphakathi, okuholela ekuguleni, ekunciphiseni, kwesinye isikhathi nasekufeni kwesilwane. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili, kwabulawa ukufa okukhulu (izinkulungwane eziyi-1.5) ngenxa yesifo sezidliwayo. Izithwali zeli gciwane zisabhalwa ezilwaneni, kepha ukufa nobhadane akukaze kwenzeke kusukela lapho.
Esinye sezitha zesilwane esincelisayo esingenabungozi singabizwa ngomuntu. Ukutholwa kwemivubukulo kuqinisekisa amaqiniso okuzingela uphawu lweBaikal. AmaTungus namaBuryats baye ezivalweni isikhathi eside, kamuva abahlali baseRussia bajoyina nabo. Emakhulwini amabili noma amathathu eminyaka edlule, kwavunwa abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-1,6-2 ngonyaka, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kuze kube yizinkulungwane ezine zasetshenziselwa inyama (isisindo sawo sifinyelela kuma-35 kg ngezinyanga ezimbili), abantu abadala ngenxa ethile ukunambitheka okunhlanzi, kuvinjelwe ngenxa yamafutha abalulekile nezikhumba.
Ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, cishe izilwane eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi zazizingelwa ngonyaka. Ekuqaleni kwale millennium, ngesabelo esivunyelwe ngokusemthethweni esifinyelela kumakhanda ayizinkulungwane eziyi-3.5, kuze kufike izinhloko eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-15 ngonyaka. Ingozi enkulu, ikakhulukazi yezingane, ukuthuthwa kwezimoto nezimoto. Ubethusa ngomsindo wakhe. Izimpawu zingalahleka phakathi kwama-hummock bese zifa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: I-Baikal seal ebusika
I-Limnological Siberian Institute of the Academy of Sciences yaseRussian Federation isebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokubala kwabantu, ngokwesibonelo, ngokuhlola izindawo zeLake Baikal kusuka ekuthuthweni komoya noma ezithombeni ezisemoyeni. Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-2000, kwakucishe kube nezinkulungwane ezingama-60 zemipino eyakhiwe eLake Baikal. Ngokwezibalo, inani lezimpawu zamanzi manje selingama-115 000. Ukukhula kwesibalo sezilwane kwenzeka ngemuva kokuvinjelwa ekuzingeleni nangenxa yokulwa nabazingeli abangekho emthethweni. Kepha kusekhona ukuzingelwa okungekho emthethweni kwezimvu zamanzi okudlulise i-molt yokuqala.
Uphawu lweBaikal alubhalisiwe esigabeni esiyinhloko seRed Data Book, kepha ngokwesimo salo, sidinga ukunakekelwa kwinani laso futhi siphila emvelweni. Kusukela ngo-2007, ukuzingelwa kwabo akuvunyelwe. Okuwukuphela kokuhlukile ngabantu bendawo abangabamele abancane baseNyakatho Ekude. Ngo-2018, ukuvinjelwa kwezimpawu kwandiswa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukuze ubone impilo yesigxobo seBaikal, ungavakashela izimvu zamanzi e-Irkutsk, eListvyanka nasemzaneni. MRS eduzane noLwandle Oluncane. Isimo esizinzile senani lezimpawu sihlotshaniswa nezici eziningi zemvelo yempilo yaso, ezibhekele ukusinda esimweni sezulu esibandayo nasendaweni ejulile yolwandle.
Lezi zinto zifaka:
- ukuhlelwa kwamakheli;
- ukwakhiwa kwama-vents;
- ukuncelisa isikhathi eside;
- ukukhula okusheshayo kwezimpawu;
- ukudilika kahle nekhono lokubamba umoya.
Le pinniped impela ipulasitiki futhi ingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezinguquko emibusweni yokuqandisa, ilawule isilinganiso sokudla, futhi ibekezelele ukuqubuka kwezifo kalula.
Uphawu lweBaikal - isixhumanisi esibalulekile ochungechungeni lwezinto eziphilayo zezilwane zeBaikal. Ilawula amandla wokukhiqiza izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezahlukahlukene. Ukudla kwe-pinniped kufaka inani elikhulu lezinhlanzi ze-pelagic, ezingezona ezentengiselwano, kepha zincintisana nokutholakala kokudla ezinhlotsheni ezibalulekile: i-omul, i-whitefish, i-grayling, i-lenok. Ukugcina amanzi eChibi iBaikal ehlanzekile kuncike kuyi-mustachioed crustacean, i-epishura, edlula phakathi kuyo uketshezi. Kudliwa yi-golomyanka nama-gobies - ukudla okuyinhloko kophawu lweBaikal. Ngakho-ke, inani le-Epishura, ngakho-ke ubumsulwa bamanzi echibi, ligcinwa lilinganisiwe ngokwemvelo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 03.02.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 16.09.2019 ngo-17: 14
