Ibhere le-Grizzly, elihunyushwe lisuselwa esiNgisini lisho ukuthi "ibhere elimpunga" - esinye sezilwane eziyingozi kakhulu nezinkulu ezihlala kuleplanethi yethu namuhla. Bafudukela emahlathini aseNyakatho Melika besuka e-Asia eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu eyedlule. Ngokusho kososayensi abaningi, ibhere eli-grizzly akusilo elohlobo oluzimele, kepha luhlobo lwebhere elilula elinsundu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Grizzly Bear
Kunzima ukukholelwa ukuthi ibhere elikhulu nelinamandla eli-grizzly, njengabalingani balo abamhlophe nabansundu, kanye nama-raccoon nezimpungushe, livela kukhokho oyedwa ovamile eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-30 edlule. Lesi silwane sasihlala ensimini ye-Eurasia yanamuhla, sasingafani ngosayizi omangalisayo futhi sagxuma ngobunono ezihlahleni.
Phakathi kwalabo bantu abagcina bethuthele eNyakatho Melika, ososayensi phambilini babekhomba cishe izinhlobo ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalombili zamabhere ama-grizzly. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi nokuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo kwanamuhla, kwavela ukuthi ibhere eli-grizzly alilutho ngaphandle kwezinsikazi zebhere elinsundu laseYurophu. Namuhla, izinhlobo zezwekazi nezasogwini zalezi zilwane eziyingozi ziyahlukaniswa, zizihlanganisa ngaphansi kwesakhiwo esisodwa esivamile esisemthethweni - ibhere elinsundu.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, inani eliphelele lamabhere e-grizzly lalingabantu abangaphezu kwekhulu eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu.
Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi abantu behlala endaweni yabo yokuhlala, izigameko eziningi zokuhlaselwa yilezi zilwane ezihlasela amapulazi, imfuyo ngisho nabantu. Ubudlova bayo obedlulele babangela ukudutshulwa kwabantu abaningi futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukwehla okukhulu kwenani lalezi zilwane - cishe izikhathi ezingama-30. Namuhla, ibhere le-grizzly laseNyakatho Melika libhalwe ku-Red Book yamazwe omhlaba futhi lihlala ezindaweni ezivikelwe ngokuqinile. Ibhere le-grizzly lingenye yezilwane eziyishumi eziyingozi kakhulu futhi ezinolaka emhlabeni.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Libukeka kanjani ibhere eli-grizzly
Igama elithi "Grizzly" lalezi zilwane ezinamandla alinangozi neze. Ngakho-ke, ukuthola umbala othile wejazi elimpunga, baqanjwa ngabafokazi bakudala, abaqala ukubona leli bhere emahlathini aseNyakatho Melika. Ngaphandle komthunzi obhemayo wejazi, ibhere le-grizzly libukeka kakhulu njengebhere laseRussia elinsundu.
Kuyisilwane esikhulu esidla ezinye ubukhulu baso obumangalisayo:
- Isisindo somuntu omdala singafinyelela ku-1000 kg;
- Ukuphakama ekubuneni - kufika ku-2 m;
- Ubude bomzimba bufinyelela ku-4 m.
Abesifazane ngokuvamile babukeka bancane kakhulu kunabesilisa. Ibhere eli-grizzly liqinile ngendlela emangalisayo, ngokushaya okukodwa kwezidladla zalo ezinamandla likwazi ukuphula umgogodla wesisulu, lingasishiyi nethuba lokusindiswa.
Isici esihlukile samabhere "empunga" ngamazipho awo agobile futhi abukhali ngokweqile ayi-15 cm. Ngenxa yabo, i-grizzly ibhekwa ngokufanele njengomzingeli omuhle kakhulu futhi onobungcweti, kepha ayikwazi ngokuphelele ukukhuphuka ezihlahleni. Lezi zidlakela zinemisipha ekhule kahle, umzimba oqinile ombozwe uboya obukhulu nobunzima. Uma ubhekisisa, umbala webhere eli-grizzly awusensundu futhi kusuka kude kuphela lapho lithola umbala onsundu ongajwayelekile.
Ngokungafani nozakwabo base-Eurasia, amabhere aseNyakatho Melika anokhakhayi oluphansi, ibunzi elibanzi, ikhala eliphumayo nezindlebe ezincane, eziyindilinga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsila we-grizzly mfushane kakhulu futhi ucishe ungabonakali uma uqhathaniswa nebhere elinsundu. Njengabo bonke abamele izinhlobo zazo, lezi zidliwayo ezinamandla ziyanyakaza lapho zihamba, zishintsha ngamandla umzimba womzimba wazo.
Ihlala kuphi ibhere eli-grizzly?
Isithombe: Ibhere le-Grizzly limi
Ezimweni eziningi, ama-grizzlies abonakala ngezindawo ezinzima, ezinzima ukufinyelela kuzo. Ekuqaleni, uhla lwalezi zidlakela lwalubandakanya Amathafa Amakhulu kanye nengxenye ebalulekile eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, impucuko ekhulayo yaphoqelela ama-grizzlies enyakatho phezulu nasezintabeni. Namuhla, inani elikhulu lebhere elimpunga lihlala enyakatho yeCanada nase-Alaska. Kodwa-ke, kwesinye isikhathi abameleli balezi zinhlobo ezingavamile batholakala ezifundeni zase-Idaho, Wyoming, Montana naseWashington.
Ukuze kube nendawo yokuhlala nabantu nokugcinwa kwenani lamabhere anama-grizzly, iziphathimandla zase-US zenze amaPaki kaZwelonke avikelwe ngokukhethekile, lapho umuntu ngamunye ebhekwa khona kusetshenziswa intuthuko yakamuva yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe. Uma kuqhathaniswa nekhulu lama-20, namuhla inani lalezi zilwane ezidla inyama liye lenyuka ngokuphawulekayo futhi landa ngaphezu kwezilwane ezingama-50 000. Lokhu kukhula okungazelelwe kuncishiswa ukuzingela okugunyaziwe kwenkathi ethile.
Ama-Grizzlies akhetha ukuhlala emahlathini aminyene, lapho angadla khona izithelo zezitshalo, amajikijolo noma amantongomane. Kodwa-ke, uma kukhona ichibi noma umfula eduzane, lesi silwane ngeke siphuthelwe yithuba lokuzibonakalisa njengomdobi onekhono. Ezindaweni ezingasogwini, izilwane ezidla ezinye, ezivame ukukhetha ukuhlala zodwa, ziqoqana ngamaqembu ukuze zidobe futhi zikhiqize ngokwengeziwe.
Idlani ibhere eli-grizzly?
Isithombe: Ibhere le-grizzly lezilwane
Ngenxa yokuhlaselwa okuphindaphindiwe kwabantu nemfuyo, ibhere eline-grizzly laziwa njengombulali ononya nongenasihawu. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele, futhi lolu hlobo lwesilwane esidla ezinye ngokungafanele lolo lwesigaba sama-omnivores. Empilweni ejwayelekile, lapho isimilo sakhe esinolaka singacasulwa yilutho, ibhere lithanda ukudla kwezitshalo: amajikijolo, izimpande, amahlumela nezithelo zezitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zilwane ezinamandla ziyakujabulela ukudla amaqanda ezinyoni, izilwane ezihuquzelayo kanye nenzalo yazo yesikhathi esizayo, amaxoxo nezinambuzane.
Futhi abazinaki izidumbu, iphunga labo abangalihogela ebangeni lamashumi amakhilomitha ambalwa.
Ibhere le-grizzly elisogwini, inhlanzi iyingxenye ebalulekile yokudla kwansuku zonke. Lapho kuyisikhathi sokuzala, futhi inyamazane uqobo lwayo igxume iphume emanzini, izidladla eziqinile zomzingeli ngobuciko ziyicosha khona kanye endizeni.
Ngokuqondene nezilwane ezinkulu, ngakho-ke, ngokunokwenzeka, i-grizzly izokhetha umuntu omdala futhi ogulayo wezinyamazane ze-sika, inqama, imbuzi, noma i-chamois njengezisulu, kanye nezilwane ezincane ezingenalwazi zabanye abantu abahlala ehlathini. Ukuhlakanipha okuvamile ukuthi amabhere angongoti abakhulu bezinyosi. Lokhu kuyiqiniso, kuphela lokhu kudla okuthambile okutholakala ingxenye enkulu kumawundlu, ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obuncane kanye nokukwazi kwabo ukukhuphuka ezihlahleni.
Amazinyo ebhere elimpunga anesimo esithile futhi enzelwe zonke izinhlobo zokudla - zombili izitshalo nezilwane. Ngosuku lomuntu omdala, kuyadingeka ukuthi kudliwe cishe ama-kilocalor ayizinkulungwane ezingama-20. Isidingo esiphuthumayo sokudla, okuphoqa i-grizzly ukuthi icishe ihlale isesimweni sokufuna ukudla, ikakhulukazi ngaphambi kokulala ubusika.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Angry Grizzly Bear
Isici esiyinhloko sebhere le-grizzly ulaka lwaso nokungasabi. Lezi zimfanelo, zihlangene namandla ayo angakholeki, zenza lesi silwanyana sibe yingozi kakhulu. Ibhere elimpunga, naphezu kobukhulu balo bangaphandle nobudlabha obubonakalayo, lihamba ngokushelela kakhulu futhi licishe lithule, elilivumela ukuthi lisondele ngangokunokwenzeka kulowo ongaba yisisulu, lingalishiyi ithuba lokusindiswa.
Amehlo ebhere le-grizzly, njengezinye amabhere, awanamandla. Kepha ziqondiswe ngokuphelele esikhaleni ngosizo lokuzwa nokuhogela okuhle kakhulu. I-Grizzly umgijimi omkhulu! Uba nesivinini esifinyelela ku-60 km / h kalula, futhi angaqhathaniswa nokugijima nehhashi eligijimayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi silwane esinamandla sibhukuda kahle, sigeza ngokuzithandela ngenkathi eshisayo, ngeke kube nzima kuye ukuwela umfula omncane.
Lapho ibhekene nesitha esiyingozi, leli bhere eli-grizzly lima ngemilenze yalo yangemuva bese lisho ukubhonga okwesabekayo, okukhombisa ukuphakama kwalo ngokomzimba nokulungela ukuhlasela. Lesi silo asimesabi neze umuntu, kepha lokhu akusho neze ukuthi nakanjani sizohlasela. Imvamisa, abantu bahlaselwa ngamabhere alimele, alambe kakhulu noma bacasulwa ukuphindisela ulaka.
I-grizzly iyisilwane esihlala phansi nesinesizungu. Lapho sebekhulile, abavamile ukushiya indawo yabo yokuzingela, imingcele yayo imakwe ngokucophelela futhi ivikelwe. Ama-grizzlies asehlathini aqhephula amagxolo ezihlahleni ezisemngceleni ngezinzipho zawo ezicijile, kanti labo abahlala ezintabeni bangamaka amatshe, amatshe noma ngisho namatende abavakashi ngale ndlela.
Ibhere le-grizzly lisebenza kakhulu lapho kuqala ukuhwalala, kanye nasekuseni kakhulu. Emini, lesi silwane esidla umhlanganiso sithanda ukuphumula, sijabulela isidlo sasemini esimnandi. Kumele uqaphele ukuthi intshisekelo yakhe ekudleni incike kakhulu kwisizini. Ngaphambi kokulala ubusika, i-grizzly kufanele ikhule ifike ku-200 kg wesisindo somzimba ukuze iphile ebusika. Lesi sidingo siyamphoqa ukuthi ahlale efuna ukudla.
Ezingxenyeni zezulu ezahlukahlukene, ibhere elimpunga lilala ubusuku bonke ngo-Okthoba noma ngoNovemba futhi livuka ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo - ngoMashi noma ngo-Ephreli. Isikhathi eside ukudlula abesilisa abancane, abesifazane balala namazinyane asanda kuzalwa ebusika, kanti abantu abadala bavuka ngaphambi kwesikhathi kunanoma ngubani omunye umuntu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-Grizzly Bear
Isikhathi esiningi sempilo yayo, ibhere eli-grizzly lithanda ukuba wedwa futhi lizigcine lizihlukanisile. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlala kwakhe yedwa kuyanyamalala lapho kuqala isikhathi sokukhwelana. Ngemuva kokulala isikhathi eside ebusika, kusuka entwasahlobo kuze kube sehlobo, abesilisa bama-grizzlies bafuna abesifazane ukuze bazale.
Ngenxa yephunga elithile namamaki akhethekile ezitshalweni, abantu abavuthiwe bathola abakhethiweyo babo, bakulungele ukushada. Kodwa-ke, i-idyll ayihlali isikhathi eside - ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-2-3, abathandi bahlukana ingunaphakade. Uma ukukhulelwa kuphumelela, amabhere amancane amabili noma amathathu ama-teddy azozalelwa emgodini ofudumele phakathi nobusika.
Ama-grizzlies asanda kuzalwa afana kancane namabhere - awaboni ngokuphelele, awanazinwele namazinyo, futhi anesisindo esingeqile kukhilogremu. Kepha, ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha zokunakekelwa komama kanye nokuncelisa okunomsoco, izilwane ezizingelayo zesikhathi esizayo zibonakala zikhula ngamandla futhi ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo zishiya umhhume ngokuzethemba okuthembekile. Amabhere amancane we-grizzly asebenza kakhulu, anokuthokoza nokudlala. Kulula ukuthambisa, futhi, uma sezisesandleni somuntu, ziphenduka izilwane ezifuywayo ezilalelayo. Kwezinye izimo, bathola amandla okuvikela umbungazi wabo engozini.
Ngaphambi kobusika obuzayo, ibhere lensikazi elinamawundlu asekhulile lifuna umhume omkhulu. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili kusukela ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, ama-grizzlies amancane ashiya umama wakhe unomphela aye endaweni ezimele eyedwa. Isikhathi sokuphila sebhere elimpunga cishe siyiminyaka engama-30, kepha ekuthunjweni nokunakekelwa okufanele, lesi silwane singaphila isikhathi eside kakhulu.
Izitha zemvelo zebhere le-grizzly
Isithombe: Libukeka kanjani ibhere eli-grizzly
Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi izilwane ezizingelayo ezinjengamabhere ama-grizzly zingaba nezitha embusweni wezilwane. Ngempela, bambalwa abantu abazobekezela ukulwa nebhere elinamandla, ngaphandle kwesilwane esifanayo esesabekayo, esilingana naye ngamandla nangokungasabi. Imvelo ihlelwe ngendlela yokuthi lezo zilwane ezingaba imbangi yangempela kwibhere eli-grizzly, njengehlosi noma ibhubesi, azihlali naye endaweni efanayo, ngaleyo ndlela zimshiye njengomnikazi ofanele wamazwe abo.
Kodwa-ke, uma ngokuvamile sibheka ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi kudaleke umonakalo, khona-ke "izitha" ezilandelayo zingahlukaniswa nebhere elimpunga:
- Amanye amabhere - ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, lezi zilwane ziba nolaka olukhulu. Abesilisa bangazibandakanya empini yokufa yowesifazane abamthandayo, noma bangadabula amawundlu angakwazi ukuzivikela ukuze bakwazi ukufinyelela kunina.
- Abantu basengozini enkulu ezilwaneni zasendle, kubandakanya ama-grizzlies. Abazingeli abangekho emthethweni babheka ukubulala ibhere elimpunga njengokufaneleka okukhethekile nokubonakaliswa kwesibindi. Abanye abazingeli bagqoka uzipho lwama-grizzly njengomgexo esifubeni. Ngaphezu kokulimala okuqondile, umphakathi wesintu, ulwela ukuthuthuka okungapheli, ubangela ukulimala okungaqondile, kepha okungekho okuncane okubonakalayo kumabhere. Ukungcoliswa komoya namanzi, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, noma yikuphi ukuhlaselwa kwezilwane zasendle - konke lokhu kuthinta kabi indawo yokuhlala yemvelo yezinhlobo esezivele zingavamile zezilwane zaseNyakatho Melika.
- Herbivores - Njengoba ibhere le-grizzly lithanda ukudla okwenzelwe ezitshalweni ezimweni eziningi, labo abangafika kumajikijolo nezimpande ezihlwabusayo ngokushesha nangaphambi kwesikhathi kungenzeka ukuthi bancintisane nebhere endaweni yokudla. Lezi kungaba izinyamazane zehlathi, izinqama, izimbuzi zasentabeni, noma ngisho namagundane njengegundane le-vole.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ibhere le-grizzly lezilwane
Njengamanje, ibhere eli-grizzly livikelwe ngokusemthethweni futhi lifakwe ohlwini lweRed Book yamazwe omhlaba. E-United States, indawo yabo yokuhlala inqunyelwe kumaPaki Kazwelonke, anemithetho ekhethekile eqinile yokuhlala nokuvakasha. Namuhla, inani elikhulu kunawo wonke lamabhere ampunga lingatholakala eYellowstone National Park, kanye naseMount McKinley nasepaki yaseGlacier. Lapha, indawo yabo yemvelo ibhekwa njengeyintandokazi kakhulu futhi kusuka lapha lapho izingane ezi-grizzly zihanjiswa ukuzalaniswa kwezinye iziqiwi zikazwelonke.
Inani labantu eliphelele lamabhere aseNyakatho Melika namuhla cishe ngabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisihlanu. Khumbula ukuthi kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, lesi sibalo sehle cishe izikhathi ezingamashumi amathathu ngenxa yokuzingela okungalawulwa. Okwamanje, ukuzingelwa okusemthethweni kwe-grizzly e-United States kuvunyelwe ngokuqinile ezindaweni eziqokiwe hhayi isikhathi esingaphezu kwesisodwa njalo eminyakeni emine.
Ngokwezibalo, ezimweni eziningi eziqoshiwe zokushayisana phakathi komuntu nebhere eli-grizzly, abantu ngokwabo banecala. Ukwehluleka ukuthobela imithetho elula yokuphepha lapho uhlangana nesilwane sasendle kuvame ukufaka imiphumela ebulalayo. Kufanele kukhunjulwe njalo ukuthi ibhere lizovikela indawo yalo noma inyamazane. Kwakunezikhathi lapho izivakashi ezingenamsebenzi zaziphakela zona kuqala ibhere elahlekile, bese kuba yizisulu zayo, ziyiphazamisa ngenkathi zidla. Ngakho-ke, kunengqondo kakhulu ukudlula ezindaweni ezihlala ama-grizzly, ngaphandle kwanoma ikuphi ukucasula ibhere, ngoba cishe akunakwenzeka ukubalekela kulo.
I-Grizzly Bear Guard
Isithombe: I-Grizzly Bear
Inani lamabhere e-grizzly namuhla lingaphansi kokuvikelwa okuqinile kwezomthetho futhi lihlolwe kakhulu ngentuthuko yakamuva yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe. Umuntu ngamunye ohlala eNational Park uncishisiwe futhi ufakwa kwirejista ekhethekile yezilwane ezingavamile.
Iqiniso lokuthi ibhere laseNyakatho Melika lifakwe ohlwini lweRed Book lomhlaba wonke alivumeli abazingeli nabavakashi ukuba bahlasele indawo yabo ngaphandle kwesithiyo. Ezikoleni zalezo zindawo lapho kuhlala khona amabhele ampunga, izingane zifundiswa zisencane ukuthi ziziphathe kanjani ngokuphepha endle, ukuze zingazilimazi noma zilimaze izilwane ezingavamile. Ukuvakasha kwamaPaki kaZwelonke kulawulwa ngokuqinile, isivakashi ngasinye sithatha umthwalo waso ngempilo yaso kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kuze kube manje, kusabhalwa amacala wokuhlaselwa kwamabhere ngama-grizzly emapulazini. Kodwa-ke, umbuso uxazulula lolu daba ngendlela enobuntu kusukela ekubukeni kokuvikelwa kwezilwane zasendle - umnikazi othintekayo unxeshezelwa ngokuphelele ngezindleko zemfuyo ebulewe noma impahla elimele. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukudubula ibhere akuvunyelwe futhi kungaholela ekuhlawulisweni okukhulu noma ekuboshweni. Ibhere le-Grizzly ingaphansi kokuvikelwa okusondele kombuso, kuvunyelwe ukumbulala kuphela uma kunengozi yangempela empilweni yomuntu nasempilweni.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 31.01.2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/16/2019 ngo-21: 14
