Umzimba onomusa, ubuso obumomothekayo, ilukuluku elikhulu lomuntu nokuthokoza - yebo, yilokho kuphela ihlengethwa eliyibhodlela... Ihlengethwa, njengoba abaningi bejwayele ukubiza lesi silwane esincelisayo esihlakaniphile. Ngomuntu, uba nobudlelwano obuhle kakhulu bomakhelwane. Namuhla, kunamahlengethwa kuwo wonke amadolobha asolwandle, lapho wonke umuntu angenza khona iphupho lakhe lokubhukuda namahlengethwa ngenani elifanele. Kodwa ingabe ihlengethwa okuthiwa i-bottlenose lihle kangaka futhi alinangozi?
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Afalina
Indikimba yemvelaphi yezilwane zasolwandle iyathakazelisa impela. Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi lezi zilwane zihlale olwandle olujulile? Akulula ukuphendula lo mbuzo, kepha kunemibono eminingi ngokuqhamuka kwalo mcimbi. Zonke zibilisa iqiniso lokuthi okhokho abanezinselo, bedla izinhlanzi, bachitha isikhathi esiningi emanzini befuna ukudla. Kancane kancane, izitho zabo zokuphefumula nokwakheka komzimba kwaqala ukushintsha. Yile ndlela imikhomo yasendulo (ama-archeocetes), imikhomo ye-baleen (i-mystacocetes), nemikhomo yamazinyo (odonocetes).
Amahlengethwa asolwandle anamuhla avela eqenjini lemikhomo yasendulo enamazinyo ebizwa ngokuthi iSqualodontidae. Baphila ngesikhathi se-Oligocene, kepha kuphela esikhathini esilandelayo seMiocene, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-20 edlule, kwavela imindeni emi-4 kuleli qembu, esikhona kuze kube namuhla. Phakathi kwazo kwakukhona amahlengethwa omfula nolwandle anemikhaya yawo emithathu.
Izinhlobo zamahlengethwa ama-bottlenose noma ama-dolphin ama-bottlenose (iTursiops truncatus) zivela kuhlobo lweBottlenose dolphins (iTursiops), umndeni wakwaDolphin. Lezi yizilwane ezinkulu, ubude obungu-2.3-3 m, abanye abantu bafinyelela ku-3.6 m, kepha kuyaqabukela. Isisindo samahlengethwa asebhodlela ahluka kusuka ku-150 kg kuye ku-300. Isici sesici samahlengethwa "uqhwaku" oluthuthukisiwe kugebhezi olude, olucishe lube ngama-60 cm.
Ungqimba lwamafutha omzimba wehlengethwa lumnikeza ukufudumeza okushisayo, kepha lezi zilwane ezincelisayo azinazo izindlala zomjuluko. Yingakho amaphiko abhekele ukusebenza kokushintshaniswa kokushisa ngamanzi: i-dorsal, i-pectoral ne-caudal. Amaphiko ehlengethwa aphonswa ogwini ngokushesha okukhulu kushisa futhi, uma ungakusizi, ukuwamanzisa, khona-ke ayomane ayeke ukusebenza.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Dolphin bottlenose dolphin
Umbala womzimba wamahlengethwa asebhodleleni ucebile onsundu ngaphezulu, futhi ulula kakhulu ngezansi: kusuka kokumpunga kucishe kumhlophe. I-dorsal fin iphezulu, esisekelweni ikhula kakhulu, futhi ngemuva ine-cutout emise okwe-crescent. Amaphiko we-pectoral nawo anesisekelo esibanzi bese efaka ichopho elibukhali. Imiphetho engaphambili yamaphiko iyajiya futhi iyindunduma, kuyilapho imiphetho yangemuva incane futhi igcwele kakhulu. Amahlengethwa amaBlack Sea amabhodlela anezici ezithile zombala. Behlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili. Owokuqala ubonakala ngomugqa ocacile phakathi kwesifunda esimnyama se-dorsum nesisu esikhanyayo, futhi eduze ne-dorsal fin banonxantathu okhanyayo, isiqongo esibhekiswe ekugcineni.
Elinye iqembu alinawo umngcele ocacile phakathi kwendawo ekhanyayo nendawo emnyama. Ukufaka imibala kule ngxenye yomzimba kufiphalisiwe, kunoshintsho olubushelelezi ukusuka kokumnyama kuya ekukhanyeni, futhi ayikho unxantathu okhanyayo ezansi kwephiko elisesembozweni. Kwesinye isikhathi ushintsho lunomngcele we-zigzag. Kukhona ama-subspecies amaningana wamahlengethwa asebhodleleni, ahlukaniswa ngesisekelo sendawo yawo yokuhlala kanye nezinye izici zesakhiwo somzimba noma umbala, njengasendabeni yoLwandle Olumnyama:
- Ihlengethwa elijwayelekile le-bottlenose (T.t. truncatus, 1821);
- Ihlengethwa iBlack Sea bottlenose (T.t.ontonticus, 1940);
- Ihlengethwa laseFar Eastern bottlenose (T.t.gilli, 1873).
I-Indian bottlenose dolphin (T.t.aduncus) - Abanye ososayensi bakubheka njengohlobo oluhlukile, njengoba lunamazinyo amaningi (28 esikhundleni se-19-24x). Umhlathi ongezansi wamahlengethwa asebhodleleni ukhululeke kakhulu kunowaphezulu. Kunamazinyo amaningi emlonyeni wehlengethwa: kusuka kumabhangqa ayi-19 kuye kwangama-28. Emhlathini ongaphansi kunezinhlayiya ezingama-2-3 ezingaphansi kwazo. Izinyo ngalinye liyisigaxa esibukhali, esino-6-10 mm ubukhulu. Ukutholakala kwamazinyo nakho kuyathakazelisa, zibekwe ngendlela yokuthi kunezikhala zamahhala phakathi kwazo. Lapho umhlathi uvalwa, amazinyo aphansi agcwalisa izikhala ezingaphezulu, futhi ngokufanayo.
Inhliziyo yesilwane ishaya ngokwesilinganiso izikhathi eziyikhulu ngomzuzu. Kodwa-ke, ngokuzikhandla okukhulu ngokomzimba, inika konke ukushaywa okungu-140, ikakhulukazi lapho kuthuthukiswa isivinini esikhulu. I-bottlenose dolphin okungenani ine-40 km / h, futhi futhi iyakwazi ukweqa amamitha ama-5 ukuphuma emanzini.
Izinsimbi ezizwakalayo zehlengethwa eliyibhodlela kungenye into emangalisayo. Ama-air sacs (kunamabhangqa ama-3 esewonke), axhumene namaphaseji acinene, avumela lezi zilwane ezincelisayo ukuthi zikhiqize imisindo eyahlukahlukene ngemvamisa ka-7 kuye ku-20 kHz. Ngale ndlela, bayakwazi ukuxhumana nezihlobo.
Ihlala kuphi ihlengethwa i-bottlenose?
Isithombe: Ihlengethwa elibhodlela kuLwandle Olumnyama
Amahlengethwa amaBottlenose atholakala cishe kuwo wonke amanzi afudumele olwandle lomhlaba, kanye nasemanzini apholile. Emanzini ase-Atlantic, asatshalaliswa kusuka emingceleni eseningizimu yeGreenland kuya e-Uruguay naseNingizimu Afrika. Ezilwandle zasendaweni: iBlack, iBaltic, iCaribbean neMedithera, amahlengethwa nawo atholakala ngobuningi.
Zimboza i-Indian Ocean kusuka kwelasenyakatho kakhulu, kufaka phakathi uLwandle Olubomvu, bese uhla lwazo ludlulela eningizimu eNingizimu Australia. Inani labo labantu lisuka eJapane liye e-Argentina oLwandlekazi iPacific, ngenkathi ithatha izwe lase-Oregon liye eTasmania uqobo.
Yini edliwa i-bottlenose dolphin?
Isithombe: Amahlengethwa eBottlenose
Izinhlanzi zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zakha ukudla okuyinhloko kwamahlengethwa asebhodleleni. Bangabazingeli bolwandle abahle kakhulu futhi basebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene ukubamba inyamazane yabo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, abantu abadala kufanele badle ama-8-15 kg wokudla okuphilayo nsuku zonke.
Isibonelo, amahlengethwa azingela wonke umhlambi wezinhlanzi ophila impilo yokufa:
- hamsu;
- i-mullet;
- ama-anchovies;
- isigubhu;
- ummbila, njll.
Uma kunezinhlanzi ezanele, amahlengethwa asebhodleleni azingela kuphela emini. Ngokushesha nje lapho inani lokudla okungaba khona lehla, izilwane ziqala ukufuna ukudla eduze nolwandle. Ebusuku zishintsha amaqhinga.
Amahlengethwa aseBottlenose ahlangana ngamaqembu amancane ukuzingela ezinye izakhamuzi zolwandle olujulile:
- imfanzi;
- ama-urchins olwandle;
- imisebe kagesi;
- i-flounder;
- ezinye izinhlobo zoshaka;
- octopus;
- umqubuko;
- izimbaza.
Bahola indlela yokuphila esebenzayo ebusuku, futhi amahlengethwa ama-bottlenose kufanele ajwayele ama-biorhythms awo ukuze athole okwanele. Amahlengethwa ayajabula ukusizana. Baxhumana futhi bashaye amakhwela amasiginali akhethekile, bengavumeli inyamazane ukuba ifihle, izungeze izinhlangothi zonke. Laba bafundi basebenzisa amabhiphu abo ukudida izisulu zabo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ihlengethwa ihlengethwa elibizwa ngeBlack Sea dolphin
Amahlengethwa e-Bottlenose angabalandeli bokuphila okuhleliwe, kwesinye isikhathi kuphela lapho ungathola khona imihlambi yezimvu yezilwane. Ngokuvamile bakhetha izindawo ezingasogwini. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi ikuphi lapho bengathola khona ukudla okuningi! Njengoba uhlobo lokudla kwabo luphansi, bakulungele ukutshuza. KuLwandle Olumnyama, kufanele bathole ukudla kusuka ekujuleni okungafika kuma-90 m, naseMedithera, le mingcele inyuka iye ku-150 m.
Ngokusho kweminye imibiko, amahlengethwa angama-bottlenose angadonsela ekujuleni okukhulu eGulf of Guinea: aze afike kumamitha angama-400-500. Kepha lokhu kwehlukile kunokulawula. Kodwa e-United States, kwenziwa ucwaningo, lapho ihlengethwa laqala khona ukucwila kumamitha angama-300. Lokhu kuhlolwa kwenziwa njengengxenye yohlelo lweNavy, kwathatha isikhathi esiningi ukufeza imiphumela.
Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, ihlengethwa lihamba ngamajezi, livamise ukushintshana ngokucijile. Ngasikhathi sinye, ubamba umoya wakhe okungenani imizuzu embalwa, futhi ikhefu lakhe lokuphefumula eliphezulu lingaba cishe ikota yehora. Ekuthunjweni, ihlengethwa liphefumula ngokwehlukile, lidinga ukuhogela kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-4 ngomzuzu, ngenkathi iqala ukukhipha, bese idonsa umoya ngokushesha. Ngesikhathi somjaho wokudla, zishaya amakhwela futhi zikhiphe into efana nokukhonkotha. Lapho kunokudla okuningi, bakhomba abanye ukuthi bondle ngokugunda phezulu. Uma befuna ukwethusa omunye wabo, ungezwa ukushaya izandla. Ukuze uzulazule endaweni noma useshe ukudla, amahlengethwa asebhodleleni asebenzisa ukuchofoza kwe-echolocation, okufana kabuhlungu nomcengezi wamahenjisi eminyango angenazintambo.
Amahlengethwa asebenza ikakhulukazi emini. Ebusuku, zilala eduze kwamanzi, zivame ukuvula amehlo imizuzwana embalwa ziphinde zivale imizuzwana engu-30-40. Bashiya ngamabomu imisila yabo ilenga. Ukushaya okuntekenteke nokungazi lutho kwesiphetho emanzini kusunduza umzimba uphume emanzini ukuze uphefumule. Umhlali wendawo yamanzi akakwazi ukulala kahle. Nemvelo yenze isiqiniseko sokuthi izingxenyana zobuchopho zehlengethwa zilala ngokulandelana! Amahlengethwa aziwa ngothando lwawo lokuzijabulisa. Ekuthunjweni, baqala imidlalo: enye ingane ihlekisa enye ngethoyizi, bese iyamthola. Futhi endle, bayathanda ukugibela igagasi elenziwe ngumnsalo womkhumbi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Afalina
Amahlengethwa athuthukise kakhulu ukuxhumana nomphakathi. Bahlala emihlambini emikhulu, lapho wonke umuntu ehlobene. Bafika ngokushesha ekusizaneni, hhayi nje ekuphishekeleni inyamazane, kodwa futhi nasezimweni eziyingozi. Akuvamile - amacala lapho umhlambi wamahlengethwa ubulala i-tiger shark, eyaba nesibindi sokuhlasela ihlengethwa le-bottlenose yengane. Kuyenzeka futhi ukuthi amahlengethwa asindise abantu abaminza. Kepha lokhu abakwenzi ngenxa yezisusa ezinhle, kepha ngokunokwenzeka ngephutha, benza umuntu njengesihlobo.
Ikhono lamahlengethwa angama-bottlenose ukuxhumana sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi bejabule, ngakho-ke ucwaningo oluningi luvele ngale ndlela. Iziphetho ezivela kubo zazimangalisa nje. Amahlengethwa aseBottlenose, njengoba abantu benobuntu, futhi futhi angaba "amahle" futhi "amabi"!
Isibonelo, umdlalo omnandi wokuphonsa umntwana ihlengethwa emanzini awutolikiswanga ngabaphenyi abavela ohlangothini oluhle kakhulu. Ngakho-ke amahlengethwa amadala ama-bottlenose abulala ingane evela emhlambini ongaziwa. Ukuhlolwa kwengulube eyasinda kule "midlalo" kukhombise ukuphuka okuningi nemivimbo emibi. Ukujaha insikazi ngesikhathi “semidlalo yokukhwelana” kwesinye isikhathi kubukeka kucindezela. Umbukwane ngokuhlanganyela kwabesilisa abathanda impi kufana nodlame. Ngaphezu "kokuhogela" nokucabanga ukubukeka kokuziqhenya, ziluma insikazi futhi ziyakhwifa. Abesifazane ngokwabo bazama ukukhwelana nabesilisa abaningana ngasikhathi sinye, kodwa hhayi ngenxa yenkanuko, kepha ukuze bonke babheke umntwana ozelwe njengowabo futhi bangazami ukuyiqeda.
Isikhathi sokuzalela amahlengethwa asebhodleleni kusentwasahlobo nasehlobo. Owesifazane uvuthwa ngokocansi lapho efinyelela usayizi ongaphezu kwamasentimitha angama-220. Ngemuva kwamasonto ambalwa we-rutting, njengomthetho, ukukhulelwa kwenzeka ezinyangeni eziyi-12. Kwabesifazane abakhulelwe, ukunyakaza kwehlisa ijubane, ekupheleni kwethemu kuba budlabha futhi kungahlangani kakhulu. Ukubeletha kuthatha imizuzu embalwa kuya emahoreni ambalwa. Izithelo ziphuma kuqala ngomsila, inkaba iyaphuka kalula. Usana olusanda kuzalwa, lududulwa ngumama nolunye u-1-2 wesifazane phezulu, luthatha umoya walo wokuqala empilweni yalo. Ngalesi sikhathi, injabulo ethile ihlanganisa wonke umhlambi ngokoqobo. Ngokushesha izinyane lifuna ingono bese lincelisa ubisi lukamama njalo uhhafu wehora.
Ingane ayishiyi unina emasontweni ambalwa okuqala. Kamuva uzokwenza ngaphandle kwezingqinamba. Kodwa-ke, ukondla ubisi kuzoqhubeka cishe izinyanga ezingama-20. Yize amahlengethwa engadla ukudla okuqinile ezinyangeni ezi-3-6, njengoba kwenzeka ekuthunjweni. Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kwenzeka eneminyaka engama-5-7.
Izitha zemvelo zehlengethwa eyi-bottlenose
Isithombe: Dolphin bottlenose dolphin
Ngisho nezilwane ezihlakaniphile nezinkulu njengamadonphin azikwazi ukuhlala ngokuthula. Izingozi eziningi zizilindele olwandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi "zingozi" azihlali zizingela ezinkulu njalo! Amahlengethwa amancane noma abuthakathaka amabhodlela azingelwa ama-katran shark, wona ngokwawo amancane kakhulu. Ngokweqiniso, izidalwa ezinkulu eziyingozi kakhulu. Ama-tiger shark noshaka abakhulu abamhlophe bangahlasela ihlengethwa le-bottlenose ngaphandle kokushaywa unembeza, futhi ngamathuba aphezulu bazophuma benqobile. Yize ihlengethwa likwazi ukushesha nokushesha okukhulu kunoshaka, kwesinye isikhathi ubukhulu budlala indima enkulu.
Ushaka awusoze wahlasela umhlambi wezilwane ezincelisayo, ngoba lokhu kuqinisekisa ukufa kwesilwane esidlayo. Amahlengethwa, njenganoma iyiphi enye impilo yasolwandle, angahlangana esimweni esiphuthumayo. Ngaphansi impela, amahlengethwa angama-bottlenose nawo angaqamekela ingozi. I-stingray stingray enameva ayo iyakwazi ukubhoboza isilwane esincelisayo kaninginingi, ukubhoboza isisu, amaphaphu, ngaleyo ndlela kube nomthelela ekufeni kwaso. Inani lamahlengethwa lihlangabezana nomonakalo omkhulu ovela ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo: amakhaza angazelelwe noma izivunguvungu ezinkulu. Kepha bahlupheka kakhulu kumuntu. Ngqo - kubazingeli abangekho emthethweni, futhi ngokungaqondile - kusuka ekungcolisweni kolwandle lomhlaba ngemfucuza nemikhiqizo kawoyela.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ihlengethwa elibhodlela kuLwandle Olumnyama
Inani eliqondile labantu alaziwa, kepha imininingwane ngenombolo yabantu abathile iyatholakala:
- Engxenyeni esenyakatho-ntshonalanga yoLwandlekazi iPacific, kanye nasemanzini aseJapan - inani labo cishe liyi-67,000;
- IGulf of Mexico ibalelwa kumahlengethwa angama-bottlenose angama-35,000;
- IMedithera inama-10 000 amaningi;
- Ngasogwini lweNyakatho ye-Atlantic - abantu abayi-11 700;
- Kunamahlengethwa angaba ngu-7 000 oLwandle Olumnyama.
Njalo ngonyaka izinkulungwane zamahlengethwa zibulawa yimisebenzi yabantu: amanetha, ukudubula, ukuzingela ngokungemthetho ngesikhathi sokuzala. Izinto ezinobungozi ezingcolisa amanzi olwandle emhlabeni zingena ezicutshini zezilwane, ziqongelele lapho futhi zivuse izifo eziningi futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuphuphunyelwa yizisu kwabesifazane. Ifilimu kawoyela ochithekile ungavimba ngokuphelele ukuphefumula kwamahlengethwa asebhodleleni, lapho efa khona kabuhlungu.
Enye inkinga eyenziwe ngumuntu umsindo ongapheli. Ukuqhamuka kokuhamba kwemikhumbi, ikhethini lomsindo elinjalo lisakazeka emabangeni amakhulu futhi liyinkimbinkimbi ukuxhumana kwamahlengethwa asebhodleleni nokuma kwawo esikhaleni. Lokhu kuphazamisa ukukhiqizwa kokudla okujwayelekile futhi kubangele nezifo.
Kodwa-ke, isimo sokongiwa kwamahlengethwa asebhodleleni yi-LC, okukhombisa ukuthi akukho ukukhathazeka ngabantu abasemabhodleleni. Okuwukuphela kokudla okuncane okuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okunjalo ngamahlengethwa amaBlack Sea bottlenose. Bafakiwe eRed Book laseRussia futhi banesigaba sesithathu. Ukubamba amahlengethwa kwavinjelwa kusukela ngo-1966. Lezi zilwane ezihlakaniphile ezinokumamatheka okukhulu (imfihlo isemafutheni amafutha ezihlathini) iyamangalisa kakhulu. Amakhono abo amangalisayo nokuziphatha kwabo okungajwayelekile empilweni yasolwandle kuyathakazelisa. Ukuncoma amahlengethwa ama-bottlenose ku-oceanarium, ungathola injabulo yobuhle ngokuzindla kwabo. Kepha noma kunjalo ihlengethwa eliyibhodlela kufanele ibe olwandle oluvulekile, ifudumele futhi ihlanzeke, ukuze inani ligcinwe futhi liphindaphindwe.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 31.01.2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/16/2019 ngo-21: 20
