Ingwe yama-Amur ingenye yezinhlobo ezingavamile zezilwane ezidliwayo. Ubuhle, umusa, amandla namandla - lezi zici zihlanganiswe ngokuvumelanayo kakhulu kuleli kati elidlayo. Inani labantu linamagama amaningana. Ngaphezu kwe-Amur, ibizwa nangokuthi i-Ussuri, iSiberia, noma i-Far Eastern. Igama ngenxa yesifunda lapho kuhlala khona abantu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ingwe yama-Amur
Ingwe yama-Amur ingeyesigaba sezilwane ezincelisayo, umndeni we-feline. Ngosayizi nobukhulu, kubhekwa njengesinye sezilwane ezidla inyama ezinkulu kunazo zonke, okulandelwa ibhere le-polar nebhere elinsundu. Isisindo somuntu ngamunye singafinyelela kumakhilogremu angamakhulu amathathu. Ngokusho kwedatha esemthethweni, phakathi nesikhathi lapho isilwane sasingekho onqenqemeni lokuqothulwa, futhi kwakukhona abantu abambalwa, isisindo sabo safinyelela kuma-350-400 kilograms. Okwamanje, abekho abamele lezi zinhlobo ezisele.
Amandla omzimba namandla omdlalo ayamangalisa. Iyakwazi ukubamba inyamazane enesisindo esiyingxenye yethani, iphinde futhi ihudule okungenani ikhilomitha elilodwa nohhafu. Izilwane zinekhono lokuhamba ngesivinini esikhulu - kufika ku-75-85 km / h.
Ngaphandle, amahlosi ama-Amur mahle ngendlela emangalisayo futhi anomusa. Isikhumba sesilwane sinombala obomvu onemivimbo emnyama eguqukayo. Ngokwemvelo, awekho amahlosi amabili anephethini elifanayo. Ilungu ngalinye lalesi silwane linephethini yemigqa eyingqayizivele. Lo mbala uvumela umhlaseli ukuba alahleke kalula ezimileni eziminyene ngenkathi ezingela.
Ividiyo: Ingwe yama-Amur
Iningi lososayensi nezazi-mlando ziyavuma ukuthi empumalanga ye-Asia kwakuyindawo yokuzalwa yezilwane ezizingelayo. Umlando wohlobo lwe-feline uneminyaka engaba yisigidi nesigamu. ESiberia, amahlosi ase-Ussuri avele kungekudala - eminyakeni engaphezulu kwe-15,000 - 18,000 edlule. Izinsalela zokuqala zokhokho basendulo behlosi zitholakale endaweni manje eyiChina, esiqhingini saseJava. Izinsalela zamadlozi zazingezesigaba se-Panther Paleogenesis.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nengwe ye-Ussuri yamanje, ibinosayizi onesizotha ngokwengeziwe. Kamuva, inani lamahlosi lasakazekela eNdiya, cishe yonke indawo yaseMpumalanga Asia, naseSiberia. Ekhulwini lama-20, ngenxa yokwehla okukhulu kwenani labantu, amahlosi aseSiberia abalwa ohlwini lweRed Book njengezilwane eziyivelakancane nezisengozini.
Ukubukeka nezici zesakhiwo somzimba
Isithombe: Ingwe ye-Animal Amur
Ingwe yama-Amur ibhekwa njengenye yezilwane ezidla inyama ngobukhulu, kanye nekati elikhulu kunawo wonke endle. Ubude obude besilisa balolu hlobo busuka kumamitha amabili kuya kwamathathu, ngaphandle komsila. Ubude bomsila bufinyelela kumamitha angu-1-1.5. Isisindo somzimba kusuka kumakhilogremu amabili kuya kwamakhulu amathathu. Ubude bomzimba oburekhodwe phakathi kwabantu bale nhlobo ngamamitha ayi-4 amasentimitha angama-20, kufaka phakathi umsila. Abesifazane ngokwesilinganiso semitha elilodwa lincane kunabesilisa. Ngaphandle, amahlosi ama-Amur abukeka emuhle kakhulu futhi eguquguquka kalula. Umzimba uhlukaniswa nemisipha ethuthukile, eqinile. Ngokuphakama, isilwane sifinyelela ngaphezulu kancane kwemitha. Ingxenye engaphambili yomzimba ibonakala inkulu ngokubonakalayo, ithuthuke ngokwengeziwe futhi inamandla. Izindonga zangaphambili ezinkulu, ezinamandla zinezinzwani ezinhlanu, imilenze yangemuva inezine.
Ikhanda lehlosi likhulu kunalokho. Ibunzi elibanzi, elikhulu, amathambo abanzi. Ubude bokhakhayi ngamasentimitha ayi-15-20 ngokwesilinganiso. Kunamadlebe amancane ayindilinga ekhanda. Kukhona amathangi ebusweni bekhanda ohlangothini nhlangothi zombili. Ama-vibrissae amade, amhlophe ahlelwe ngemigqa emihlanu. Ubude babo bufinyelela ngamasentimitha angu-14-15.5. Imvelo inikeze ama-Ussuri tigers ngemihlathi enamandla, ebukhali, ikakhulukazi, amazinyo. Ubude bezinyo le-canine lingamasentimitha angu-7.5-8. Ingxenyeni engemuva yolimi ifakwe ama-tubercles asiza ingwe ukuthi igeze, futhi iphinde ihlukanise inyama yenyama yayo ethanjeni. Amahlosi ase-Ussuriysk anoboya obukhulu, obukhulu, ngenxa yokuthi bakhuthazelela kalula izici zesimo sezulu saseSiberia nemimoya enamandla.
Umbala wengwe ufanele ukunakwa ngokukhethekile. Umbala wejazi, nokuhlelwa kwemivimbo emnyama eguqukayo, kuyahluka kubantu abahlukahlukene, kuya ngendawo yokuhlala. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umsebenzi omkhulu owenziwa isikhumba sesilwane ukuhlinzeka ngokufihla.
Esifubeni endaweni yamadevu, engxenyeni engaphakathi yezindlebe, isilevu nangaphakathi kwezitho, kukhona okumhlophe. Umzimba ubuswa ijazi elibomvu elinemigqa emnyama eguqukayo. Ngokuvamile, inani lamabhande alidluli amakhulu. Umsila uhlala uphela ngethiphu emnyama. Emsileni, imivimbo eguqukayo yakha izindandatho. Izinhlobo eziningi zinezishumi zazo, akuvamile ukuthi kube nezimbalwa.
Ihlala kuphi ihlosi lase-Amur?
Isithombe: Ingwe yama-Amur evela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Kuze kube ngo-1994-95, inani lamahlosi lalilikhulu kakhulu. Indawo ababehlala kuyo yayinkulu kakhulu. Babehlala eKazakhstan, engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-Iran, eNdiya, endaweni eseziQhingini zaseSunda. Kodwa-ke, kusukela ngo-1995 kuya ku-2006, lolu hlobo lwaqothulwa cishe isigamu, nendawo yazo yancipha kakhulu. Namuhla, ama-Amur tiger ahlala kuphela ku-6-7% wendawo yawo yokuhlala.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umuntu ngamunye omdala unendawo yakhe yokuhlala. Ngokwesilinganiso, owesifazane oyedwa uhlala kumakhilomitha-skwele angama-200-350, owesilisa uhlanganisa insimu enkulu, cishe amakhilomitha-skwele ayinkulungwane nengxenye.
Ukuze zihlale ezimweni zemvelo, ama-tiger ama-Amur akhetha izindawo eziyizicaba, amabhange emifula, izigodi namahlathi. Futhi, izidumbu zivame ukuhlala endaweni yezintaba ezifinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha ayi-2000 ngaphezu kolwandle. Amahlosi abekezelela ukuphikelela, amaqhwa aphezulu kahle. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni ezinjalo, bahlushwa ukuntuleka kokudla futhi bangasondela ezindaweni zokuhlala abantu eduze ngangokunokwenzeka.
Izindawo zokuhlala ze-Amur tiger populations:
- insimu eseningizimu-mpumalanga yeRussia - iPrimorsky, iKhabarovsk Territories, ugu loMfula i-Amur, iMpumalanga Ekude;
- I-People's Republic of China;
- IManchuria;
- India.
Idlani ihlosi lase-Amur?
Isithombe: Ingwe yama-Amur ebusika
Isisekelo sokudla kwezilwane ezidlayo inyama. Ingwe eyodwa endala yama-Amur idla amakhilogremu angu-8 kuya kwangu-20 enyama ngosuku. Ingwe ngeke iphile ngaphezu kwamasonto ama-3-3.5 ngaphandle kokudla. Izilwane ezincelisayo ziyizisulu zesilwane esidla ezinye izilwane. Ngokwesilinganiso, ihlosi elilodwa elidala lama-Amur lidinga amakhanda ezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu ezingama-50-50 ukwenza umsebenzi wokuphila ojwayelekile ngonyaka.
Impango yile:
- izinyamazane;
- izinyamazane ze-roe;
- izinyamazane ezibomvu;
- izingulube zasendle;
- U-Elk.
Uma zingekho izilwane ezinkulu ezincelisayo, amahlosi azingela izilwane ezincane. Kungahle kube unogwaja, imbila, igopher, i-raccoon, igundane le-vole, ezinye izinyoni, imbila, impungushe, ngisho nenhlanzi. Amahlosi azingela ikakhulukazi ebumnyameni. Abadli bezilwane banezitho zomqondo ezithuthukisiwe kanye nombono. Ngenxa yamapayipi athambile asezidladleni zabo, bacishe bangaqapheli futhi bathule besondela kumuntu ohlukunyeziwe. Ukuhlasela inyamazane ngokugxuma. Ububanzi begxuma elilodwa le-Amur tiger lifinyelela emashumini amabili wamamitha.
Izilwane ezidla ezinye zivame ukudonsela izisulu zazo ngasemithonjeni yamanzi. Bahlala beyilwela, bejaha futhi bezivikela kwabanye abafuna ukwenza inzuzo. Izilwane ezidla ezinye zidla zilele phansi, zibambe inyamazane yazo ngezidladla zangaphambili ezinkulu, ezinamandla. Uma, ngenxa yalokhu kuhlaselwa, isisulu sikwazile ukubaleka, ihlosi lase-Ussuri limisa ukuhlaselwa ngaphandle kokuhlasela kaninginingi. Ahambe ayophumula. Ngemuva kokululama, umhlaseli uphinde azingele eyofuna ukudla.
Abazingeli bomndeni wekati banezici zesakhiwo somphimbo. Ngenxa yalokhu, bayakwazi ukwenza imisindo ifane naleyo eyenziwe yizinyamazane nezinyamazane zenyamazane ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Ngale ndlela, ziheha izilwane ezincelisayo ezinezinselo.
Amahlosi awahambi ngokuzingela uma enokudla. Bahlala ezindaweni ezikude ngangokunokwenzeka kusuka ezindaweni zokuhlala abantu. Indlala nokushoda kokudla isikhathi eside kukucindezela usondele kumuntu. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, bahlasela imfuyo nezinja.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Isilwane se-Amur tiger
Abamele abakhulu bomndeni we-feline bahlose kahle endaweni. Zihamba ngokukhululeka esembozweni seqhwa, ziyakwazi ukuhamba amabanga amade. Umuntu omdala uhamba cishe amakhilomitha angama-40-50 ngosuku. Amahlosi ama-Amur ahamba ikakhulu emizileni efanayo. Shintsha umzila lapho kungekho khona isisulu. Imidlalo ibhukuda kahle futhi iyakwazi ukunqoba imizimba yamanzi amamitha ayizinkulungwane eziningana ubude.
Izilwane ezidla ezinye zihlukanisa insimu zibe yizikwele. Ummeleli ngamunye wabantu abadala uvikela ngokucophelela insimu yakhe kubantu abancintisana nabo. Lapho lokhu kuvela, abesilisa abadala abavamile ukuhlaselana. Babonisa amandla abo ngokubhonga. Obuthakathaka uyashiya yena. Ummeleli ngamunye umaka indawo yakhe ngobuningi ngomchamo. Ngasemaphethelweni ezihlahleni, khipha amagxolo ezihlahleni. Ukuze enze lokhu, uvuka ngemilenze yakhe yangemuva.
Abesilisa bahola impilo eyodwa. Abesifazane kwesinye isikhathi bangakha imihlambi emincane. Ngokwemvelo banesithembu.
Isikhathi sokuzala sezinhlobo siwela ngasekupheleni kobusika. Amakati azalwa ezinyangeni ezi-3.5-4. Owesifazane ngamunye uyakwazi ukuzala kuze kufike ezinganeni ezine ezingaboni. Owesifazane kuphela ohilelekile ekukhuliseni izingane. Abesilisa abaqeqeshi futhi bondle izingane. Lapho esenezinyanga ezimbili, uqala ukondla izingane ngenyama. Ngemuva kwamanye amasonto ama-3-4, kancane kancane uqala ukufundisa amaqhinga wokuzingela. Ama-Tiger amawundlu ahola indlela yokuphila ezimele kusukela eneminyaka emibili.
Ngokwemvelo yawo, amahlosi aseSiberia abhekwa njengezilwane ezinomoya ophansi, nezihloniphekile. Akujwayelekile ukuthi benze umsindo ongadingekile, izingxabano, izimpi. Ukuhlaselwa kwamanye amalungu ezinhlobo zawo akuvamile. Bayakwazi ukuhlala bathule ngokuphelele kuze kube yiminyaka eminingana. Baneminye yemikhuba yamakati afuywayo. Bathanda ukudlala, ukuhlanza, ukuthopha. Lapho isilwane sithukuthele, sigquma ngomsindo ongacacile, ohoshozelayo. Lapho ihlosi lithukuthela, kuzwakala lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukukhwehlela".
Isikhathi sokuphila somuntu oyedwa yiminyaka eyi-13-15. Kufakazelwe ukuthi isilwane singaphila iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu. Eyodwa, ezimweni eziningi, bafa ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Amur tiger cub
Abantu bamahlosi ase-Ussuri bahola indlela yokuphila engayodwa. Abesilisa abavamile ukujoyina iphakethe. Indawo yokuhlala yomuntu ngamunye cishe ayihlangani. Ngenxa yesithembu sayo, owesilisa angaba khona nabesifazane abaningana endaweni eyodwa ngasikhathi sinye. Ngamunye wabamele ubulili obuhlukile, yena ungena ebudlelwaneni bomshado. Inzalo ivela kaningi kanye ngonyaka, izinyanga ezintathu kuya kwezine ngemuva kokungena ebudlelwaneni bomshado. Kunezimo ezaziwayo zokuzalela inzalo kabili ngonyaka.
Abesifazane abaze balahle amaphuphu abo. Ukunakekela inzalo kuwela ngokuphelele emahlombe omama. Insikazi izitholela ukudla kanye namazinyane. Uvikela izingane, uzifundise ukuzingela nokuphila impilo engazodwa. Uma omunye wesilisa ethi ungena ebudlelwaneni bomshado nenye yezinsikazi, ukuhlaselwa okunzima akunakugwenywa. Abesilisa ngokuqinile bavikela ilungelo labo namandla abo okungena emshadweni. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, abesifazane babonakala ngokukhishwa kwemisindo ethile abaheha ngayo abantu bobulili obuhlukile. Abesilisa kuyaqabukela benze imisindo phakathi nesikhathi sokukhwelana.
Ukuthomba kwenzeka lapho ufinyelela eminyakeni engu-4-5 yobudala. Abesifazane nabo bavame ukumaka indawo ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Isonto ngemuva kokuqala kwe-estrus, insikazi isilungele ukukhwelwa. Imvamisa, ama-tigress ngokwawo ayofuna abalingani abafanelekile. Amamaki eziqu zezihlahla ngokuvamile ayisibonakaliso sokuthi abesifazane bafuna umlingani.
Ngokwesilinganiso, i-tigress ngayinye inamawundlu amabili. Izinga lokusinda kwezinsana liphansi kakhulu. Ngokwezibalo, uhhafu wazo zonke izingane ezizalwayo zifa ezinyangeni zokuqala zokuphila.
Ngosuku lwesishiyagalolunye emva kokuzalwa, amehlo ezingane avuleka. Amazinyo aqala ukuvela ngemuva kwamasonto amabili. Ngaphandle kokuthi umama uqala ukondla amazinyane ngenyama kusukela ezinyangeni ezimbili, bayaqhubeka nokudla ubisi lukamama kuze kube izinyanga eziyisithupha. Ukuzingela akunakwenzeka ngaphambi kweminyaka yobudala. Umuntu omdala ngumuntu ofinyelele eminyakeni engu-3-4 ubudala.
Izitha zemvelo ze-Amur tiger
Isithombe: Amur tiger Red Book of Russia
Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi umhlaseli uyisilwane esinamandla, esinamandla futhi esisheshayo, sihlala singavikelekile ngokuphelele ezinhlotsheni zezikhali zesimanje. E-East Asia, uboya bezilwane, amathambo namazinyo abaluleke kakhulu. Imali enkulu izokhulisa isibalo sabazingeli abazingela ngokungemthetho.
Ngaphezu kwezindebe ezibizayo nezifunwayo, amahlosi ama-Amur adutshulwa enza imikhiqizo yokwelapha. Izithako eziningi zisetshenziswe ngezinga elikhulu emithini yendabuko yasempumalanga.
Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, ihlosi lama-Amur alinazo izitha. Cishe asikho isilwane esingahlangabezana naso. Akalingani namandla nokubekezela. Uyakwazi ukunqoba ngisho nebhere elidala. Okuwukuphela kwesitha sendoda enhle enomusa yindoda.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ingwe ye-Amur ngokwemvelo
Ukuzingelwa kwangempela kwehlosi laseSiberia kwaqhamuka ngekhulu lama-20. Ngokwesilinganiso, kwabulawa abantu abangaphezu kwekhulu bengwe ye-Ussuri ngonyaka. Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho lezi zinhlobo zanyamalala khona. Ngezikhathi ezithile wayengatholwa e-taiga ejulile, lapho cishe kungenzeki ukuthi umuntu afinyelele khona. Abazingeli abangekho emthethweni badubula onobuhle obuhle ngezinga elikhulu futhi babamba amawundlu engwe. Kuma-40s, inani labantu emhlabeni alizange lidlule kweshumi nane. Ngokuphathelene nokwehla okukhulu kwamanani, izinhlobo zafakwa ohlwini lweRed Book.
Izizathu eziyinhloko zokwehla kwenani lezinhlobo:
- ukwanda kwenani labazingeli abangekho emthethweni;
- ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ubusika obuneqhwa elincane;
- ukuntuleka kokudla kwezilwane ezidlayo;
- ukucekelwa phansi kwezilwane ezidla ezinye, ukubhujiswa kwezitshalo nezilwane.
Imililo yehlathi, ukubhujiswa kwehlathi, umthelela omubi ekuqothulweni kwemvelo kwemikhiqizo yendle yabantu kuholela ekwehlisweni kwemithi edla utshani engabolile. Zonke lezi zinto zinciphisa indawo yokuhlala yomzingeli. Ngemuva kokwehla okukhulu kwenani labantu emhlabeni wonke, ihlosi lase-Amur lasongelwa kakhulu ngokuqothulwa kwalo ngokuphelele. Kodwa-ke, abantu bakwazile ukuthatha izinyathelo ukuvimbela into engalungiseki engokwemvelo.
Ukuvikelwa kwe-Amur tiger
Isithombe: Ingwe yama-Amur evela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Kuze kube manje, lezi zinhlobo zibaliwe kwiRed Book. Ukuzingela ihlosi le-Amur akuvunyelwe nakancane. Ukwephula imithetho nokuzingela ngokungemthetho kujeziswa ngokuqinile ngumthetho. Umthetho ovimbela ukuzingelwa kwamahlosi e-Ussuri wamukelwa ngo-1947. Eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili kamuva, kwaphasiswa omunye umthetho, owenqabela ngokuqinile ukuthunjwa kwamahlosi ale nhlobo, ngisho nasezindaweni zezilwane nasezindaweni zokukhulisa izingane.
Ngemuva kokubalwa kwabantu kokugcina, okwenziwa ngo-2015, kwavela ukuthi endaweni engaphansi kweRussian Federation kuhlala abantu abangaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu. Uma kuqhathaniswa, cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, inani labantu balolu hlobo lwalungaphezu kuka-5000. Ngo-1995, uhulumeni waseRussia Federation wagunyaza iSolution No. 795 "Ekongweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwengwe yase-Amur nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezingavamile."
Kuze kube ngo-2007, lesi silwane sasithathwa njengesilwane esiseduze nokuqothulwa. Ngokuphathelene nokuzalaniswa okusebenzayo kwesidalwa esisengozini ezinkulisa, inani lenyuswa laba yikhulu nesigamu. Futhi kusukela ngo-2007, isimo sezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa kwezilwane sisusiwe.
Kuze kube manje, imizamo esebenzayo iyaqhubeka yokwandisa indawo evikelekile ngaphakathi kwendawo yokuhlala amahlosi aseSiberia. Ngaphakathi kwendawo, efakwe endaweni evikelekile, izenzo zabantu ziyancishiswa ukuze kulondolozwe futhi kwandiswe inani labantu abadla ezinye.
Enye yezinyathelo zokulondoloza lezi zinhlobo yisinqumo esathathwa engqungqutheleni ye-14 ye-International Congress of Sites. Wethula ukuvinjelwa okuqinile ekuzalaneni kwesilwane esingavamile ezindaweni zokugcina izingane ukuze kutholakale izingxenye zomzimba, isikhumba kanye namazinyo. Ingwe yama-Amur kubhekwe njengesinye sezidliwayo ezinhle kakhulu, ezinomusa futhi ezinamandla emhlabeni. Amandla ayo namandla ayamangalisa. Namuhla, isintu senza umzamo omkhulu nezindlela zokulungisa iphutha laso, elicishe laholela ekufeni kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 27.01.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 17.09.2019 ngo-9: 16
