Nciphisa - Le yinhlanzi encane engamanzi angenasawoti namanzi anosawoti. Inala yayo ezindaweni zokuhlala iphezulu kakhulu. ISmelt ibanjwa njalo ngezinjongo zokuhweba, kepha noma kunjalo, inani layo lihlala lizinzile. Le nhlanzi encane ibathanda kakhulu abadobi be-amateur; baningi babo olwandle olubandayo.
Zonke izinhlobo zomndeni oncibilikayo, ngokufanayo, ziyafana. Kepha iMpumalanga Ekude inuke, ngokungafani nabanye, inomlomo omncane ngomhlathi ophansi ophushele phambili, kanti umphetho wayo wasemuva omfishane ufushane kunabanye abameleli balo mndeni. EMpumalanga Ekude naseSakhalin, i-ice smelt ithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabathandi bokudoba ebusika, ibizwa nangokuthi "iVoroshenka". Ibanjwa emgodini oyiqhwa, bese iqhwa khona lapho, eqhweni. Ngokunuka okusanda kubanjwa, iphunga lamakhukhamba liyisici, ngakho-ke iphunga linelinye igama - i-borage.
USmelt uhlala ezikoleni ezinkulu ezilwandle (kulezo zindawo lapho phansi kunesihlabathi) noma amachibi. Lapho inkathi yokuzala iqala, ifudukela emilonyeni yemifula - lapho kungekho khona amandla asheshayo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Smelt
Kukhona ukudideka ngezigaba ze-smelt. Imvamisa ungathola izingxabano ngokuthi le nhlanzi encane ngeka-herring noma i-salmon. Singasho ngokuzethemba ukuthi bobabili baqinisile. Ukudideka kuvela ekutheni abaphikisanayo basho amaqembu ahlukene ngokwehlukaniswa. Njengoba wazi, lapho kuchazwa uhlobo oluthile, imvamisa isuka etekisini elikhudlwana (iqembu ngezigaba) iye kwelaphansi: i-superorder - oda - umndeni - uhlobo lohlobo - izinhlobo noma izinhlobo ezingaphansi. Sizogxila ezigabeni ezimbili.
Ku-atlas-determinant yezinhlanzi NA UMyagkov (M. "Education", 1994) uphakamise ukuhlukaniswa okulandelayo. Umbhali we-atlas uhlukanisa i-superorder ye-Klupeoid, efaka ukuhleleka kwe-herring noku-oda kwama-salmonid. Umndeni onukayo ungowokuhlelwa kwama-salmonid. Lokhu kulandelwa ukuhlukaniswa ngohlobo.
AbaseYurophu banuka. Yena, njengawo wonke amanci, unamazinyo emihlathini yakhe. Umugqa ohlangothini ubonakala kuphela ezikalini ezifika ku-4 - 16. Imiphongolo iyisiliva, emuva inombala onsundu ngokuluhlaza. Iphunga lale nhlobo lingamasentimitha angama-20 ubude.
Nciphisa. Izinhlanzi ezincane zamanzi angenasawoti ezinamazinyo abuthakathaka kunezinhlanzi zaseYurophu. Ubude bomzimba wakhe bungamasentimitha ayi-6, kwesinye isikhathi kube ngaphezulu.
Kunuka amazinyo. Unamazinyo anamandla uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo. Umugqa ohlangothini ubonakala kuze kube yizikali eziyi-14 - 30. Ubude bufinyelela ngamasentimitha angama-35. Kuyinto izinhlanzi ezithokozisayo nezichibi.
Umfula iSmallmouth unuke. Inhlanzi yalolu hlobo ifana ne-sprat. Umugqa wesiliva ubonakala kahle kuwo wonke umzimba wakhe. Amachashazi amnyama angabonakala esikalini nasemaphikweni. Usayizi wayo cishe ungamasentimitha ayi-10.
Ulwandle lweSmallmouth lunuke. Lolu hlobo, ngokungafani nomfula omncane we -mouth, alunawo umugqa wesiliva namachashazi amnyama. Uma kunamaphuzu amnyama, lapho-ke kunzima ukuwahlukanisa. Ukuncibilika kolwandle kweSmallmouth kukhulu kancane kunokuncibilika komfula - ubude bawo bungamasentimitha ayi-12.
UCapelin. Le yinhlanzi yasolwandle, ekhuluphele kunazo zonke izinhlobo zokuncibilika. Unomgqomo wesiliva, lapho umugqa ohlangothini ubonakala khona ngokusobala, ogijima emzimbeni wakhe wonke, kuze kufike esiphethweni sendunu. Ngemuva kwe-capelin kunombala oluhlaza sasibhakabhaka. Ubude obumaphakathi be-capelin bungamasentimitha angama-20.
Encwadini ethi "Fishes of the USSR" ebhalwe ngababhali u-V. Lebedeva, V. Spanovskaya, K. Savvitov, L. Sokolov no-E. Tsepkin (M., "Mysl", 1969), i-oda elifana ne-herring nalo liyaziwa, lapho, ngaphezu komndeni wama-salmon, kukhona umndeni onukayo.
Okulandelayo ukuhlukaniswa ngohlobo kanye nezinhlobo:
- uhlobo lwephunga. Izinhlobo - i-catfish yaseYurophu neyase-Asia inuka;
- uhlobo lwe-smallmouth lunuka. Buka - i-smallmouth smelt, noma i-borage;
- uhlobo lwe-capelin. Izinhlobo - i-capelin, noma i-uyok;
- uhlobo lwegolide lunuka. Izinhlobo ziyi-golden smelt, noma i-silverfish.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Smelt fish
ISmelt yinhlanzi ehlala ezikoleni eziningi. Ukubukeka kwayo kuncike ekutheni hlobo luni. Amandla nobukhali bamazinyo atholakala emihlathini nako kuya ngokuthi isilwane esincane lesi singesayiphi inhlobo. Ubude bomzimba onukayo, kuye ngohlobo, buba phakathi kwamasentimitha ayi-6 kuye kwangama-35. Isimo somzimba simise okokuphotha, side; umlomo maqondana nobude bezinhlanzi uqobo bukhulu. Zonke izinhlobo zokuncibilika zibukeka zifana: umzimba unothinti wesiliva, ingemuva limnyama kunemiphongolo nesisu futhi linombala onsundu ngokuluhlaza, amaphiko anombala ompunga noma acishe abonakale.
Kepha i-Far Eastern smelt (aka borage, noma nagysh), ngokungafani nabanye, inomlomo omncane ngokulingana. Izikali zakhe nazo zincane futhi zisobala ngokuphelele. Isisu sephunga laseMpumalanga Ekude asisona silvery, kepha simhlophe-siphuzi, futhi ngemuva esikalini kukhona okuluhlaza okotshani. I-European smelt (noma i-smelt) inezikali eziminyene, ezinesilinganiso esikhulu ngobukhulu bayo nomhlane o-brown-brown. Ukulungiswa komzimba wakhe kuncane futhi kunwetshiwe uma kuqhathaniswa nokunye.
Iphunga, elihlala emachibini, linamaphiko angenambala, ingemuva lilula, futhi lokhu kulivumela ukuthi lizifihle echibini elinendawo enodaka. Umehluko oyisici phakathi kwezinhlanzi ze-oda lama-salmonids amaphiko amabili wokugwedla, elinye lawo lingokoqobo, kanti okwesibili, lincane, likhuluphele. Kungumkhawulo oyindilinga ngaphandle kwemisebe yeqiniso futhi utholakala esifundeni se-caudal. Ngalesi sizathu, ama-salmonid angahlukaniswa kalula, isibonelo, ne-herring. Abamele umndeni smelt, okuyinto, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, basonta oda salmonids, babe fin adipose.
Uhlala kuphi iphunga?
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani iphunga
Izindawo zokusabalalisa izinhlanzi zomndeni we-smelt zibanzi. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-smelt inekhono elihle lokujwayela.
Ukuncibilika kwe-Asia kusabalele olwandle: White, Baltic, North. Kuningi kakhulu eMpumalanga Ekude, ikakhulukazi, eSakhalin, eChukotka, naseziQhingini zaseKuril. Izinhlanzi zikhetha amanzi asogwini njengendawo yazo yokuhlala. I-Asia smelt nayo ihlala emifuleni yaseSiberia naseFar Eastern.
AbaseYurophu bayanuka bahlala eBaltic naseNyakatho Yezilwandle. Ngaphezu kwezilwandle, uhlala emachibini - ngokwesibonelo, eLadoga nase-Onega. Ngenxa yokuzijwayeza kahle kwayo, izinhlanzi zasakazeka echibini loMfula iVolga.
Amanzi ahlanzekile anuka izimpilo emachibini amaningi engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia, kanye nasemachibini aseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Ungayithola nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeRussia. Izinhlanzi, njengomthetho, zikhetha izindawo ezinesihlabathi, zigweme imisinga eqinile.
ISmallmouth nag ihlala ngasogwini lweMpumalanga Ekude, kepha njengoba iyinhlanzi edonsayo, ingena nasemifuleni. Kuningi kakhulu eSakhalin, ngasogwini oluseningizimu ye-Kuril Islands, eKamchatka, kuze kufike ogwini lwengxenye esenyakatho yeKorea.
Kusetshenziswa i-smelt acclimatization enhle, yethulwa emachibini asenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeRussia nasemachibini e-Ural. Kwesinye isikhathi le nhlanzi iyazikhethela izindawo ezintsha zokuhlala. Uvele kwezinye amadamu - isibonelo, Rybinsk, Gorky futhi Kuibyshev.
Yini edliwayo?
Isithombe: Kunuka phu
Izinhlanzi zomndeni onukayo zidla ngentshiseko, kungakhathalekile ukuthi iyiphi inkathi. Kepha iphunga liminzile ikakhulukazi ehlobo nasekwindla. Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zinhlanzi ezincane zinamazinyo abukhali emihlathini yazo, izintuthu zibhekwa njengezilwane ezidlayo. Umlomo wephunga uncane ngokwemvelo, kepha amazinyo maningi.
Izilwane ezincane ezidla imfuyo zivame ukukhetha ukujula, hhayi nje kuphela ukufihla ezinye izilwane, kepha futhi nokuzitholela ukudla: ukubamba gazinga, inhlanzi encane kune-smelt uqobo. I-smelt ibuye idle i-caviar ebekwe ezinye izinhlanzi, i-planktonic algae, i-dipterans kanye nezibungu zazo, ama-crustaceans. Ngendlela, ukuminza kwale nhlanzi kunomthelela ekutheni abadobi-abathandi be-smelt, njengomthetho, abahlali ngaphandle kokubamba okuhle. Ngokuya ngosayizi wazo kanye nokwakheka komlomo womlomo, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokuncibilika zinokuthanda kwazo kokudla.
I-nag encane, ngenxa yobukhulu bayo, ehluke kubantu abakhulu, ngokufanele, inomlomo omncane. Amazinyo emihlathini yale nhlanzi mancane futhi abuthakathaka. Ngakho-ke, i-smallmouth smelt ibamba gazinga, idla ama-crustaceans, izibungu namaqanda. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi umlomo omncane uqondiswe phezulu, futhi udla ama-dipterans endizayo.
Njengoba iphunga laseYurophu nelase-Asia kungumndeni omkhulu kunayo yonke onukayo, imilomo yawo mikhulu futhi amazinyo ayo aqinile. Lezi zinhlanzi zinemikhuba yazo yokudla. Zondla ama-crustaceans we-benthic, i-plankton, izibungu ze-chironomid (abamele i-oda le-Diptera), nezinhlanzi ezincane. Kwenzeka ukuthi esiswini sephunga bathola abafowabo - amanci amancane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi "abantu bezizwe" bayadlelana kulezo zingxenye zamanzi lapho kungekho okunye ukudla.
Izici zokuphila zeSmelt
Isithombe: Smelt
ISmelt yinhlanzi ehlala ezikoleni ezinkulu. Lokhu kumsiza ukuthi angahambeli nje kuphela ngesikhathi sokuzala, kodwa futhi nokubalekela ezitheni. Le nhlanzi ayibekezeleli ukungcoliswa kwamanzi futhi, ngakho-ke, ikhetha amanzi ahlanzekile ukuze iphile. Ngakho-ke, emifuleni eminingi engcoliswe kakhulu, inani le-smelt, nalo elake laba yinhlanzi yokuhweba lapho, lehle kakhulu. Abamele umndeni oncibilikayo bathanda ukujula, ngakho-ke bakhetha izindawo ezijulile zamachibi, imifula noma izilwandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuhlukahluka ukujula, inhlanzi izama ukucasha kwezinye izidalwa.
Ngokungafani neningi lezinhlanzi, inkathi yokuzala yokuncibilika yintwasahlobo. Uma ukhuluma ngokuzala, kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi endaweni abahlala kuyo nasebusweni noma lapho kungekho khona ukufuduka, izinhlanzi zinezinhlanzi futhi zihlala. Ama-Anadromous ahlala ezilwandle, kepha akhuphukela emifuleni ukuze azale. Lokho wukuthi, lezi yizinhlanzi ezenza ukufuduka okuvela olwandle kuya emifuleni. Izindawo zokuhlala yilezo zinhlanzi umjikelezo wazo wempilo ongahlobene nolwandle, zihlala zihlala emifuleni noma emachibini.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-smelt
Isithombe: Smelt fish
ISmelt isakazwa yi-caviar. Lokho wukuthi, kunesikhathi sokuzala emjikelezweni wayo wokuphila. Njengoba isikhathi sokuphila sezinhlanzi zalo mndeni sehlukile, ukuvuthwa kwezocansi nakho kwenzeka eminyakeni ehlukene. Isibonelo, uma i-smelt iphila kuze kube yiminyaka emi-3, khona-ke iyakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha eminyakeni eyi-1-2. Abantu base-Asia abancibilikayo nabaseSiberia, abanesikhathi sokuphila seminyaka eyi-10 noma eyi-12, baba ngabantu abadala beneminyaka engu-5-7. Isibonelo, i-anadromous smallmouth iyanuka - ivuthwe eminyakeni emi-2 noma emi-3 bese ithutha entwasahlobo izale imifula. Esikhathini sokuphila, iphunga elinjalo alizali ngaphezu kwezikhathi ezi-3.
Imvamisa izinhlanzi zihamba amabanga amade ngobukhulu bazo endleleni eya emihosheni nasemifuleni ukuze zizalele amaqanda. Le ndlela kwesinye isikhathi ingamashumi amashumi amakhilomitha. Inqubo yokuzala uqobo ihlala izinsuku ezimbalwa. Izinhlanzi zikhetha indawo yokubeka amaqanda ukuze kube nokudla okuningi kwamafry esizayo, kanye nezilwane ezimbalwa ezidla ezinye. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, ukubukeka kwezinhlanzi nakho kushintsha kancane - kwabesilisa, kuvela ama-tubercles esikalini, nakwabesifazane, kepha asemakhanda abo kuphela.
Ukuncibilika kuzala ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene kuya ngesifunda. Kuya ngokushisa kwamanzi. Imvamisa kwenzeka ngemuva nje kokuba iqhwa liyancibilika. Ukushisa kwamanzi kufanele kube kuhle ngalesi sikhathi - kungabi ngaphansi kuka- +4 degrees. Kepha kona ukuphakama kokuzala kwenzeka ngesikhathi lapho izinga lokushisa kwamanzi liba ngaphezulu (6 - 9 degrees). Inhlanzi izala entwasahlobo, imvamisa ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli noma ekuqaleni kukaMeyi. Ukubeka amaqanda, umuntu oncibilikayo ukhetha izindawo ezijulile ngamanzi agobhozayo.
Ukuncibilikisa amaqanda kuzala ngqo ezansi. Kufanele kube sandy, amatshe noma sandy-usilika. Insikazi izalela cishe amaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezine. Amaqanda anegobolondo elinamathelayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, banamathela emadwaleni nasezitshalweni ezingaphansi kwamanzi noma ezintweni ezingezansi. Ngaphandle kwegobolondo elinamathelayo elingaphandle, iqanda libuye libe nelangaphakathi, elifana nelazo zonke izinhlanzi. Lapho iqanda livuvuka, igobolondo langaphandle liyaqhuma, likhiphe elingaphakathi bese liphumela ngaphakathi. Kepha ihlala ixhunywe ngasikhathi sinye negobolondo langaphakathi. Kubukeka njengohlanga lapho iqanda elinombungu lishayela ngokukhululeka emanzini.
Amaqanda afile ahlukaniswa kancane kancane, athathwa yimanje, futhi igobolondo elingaphandle lisebenza njengeparachute futhi lisiza ukuhamba kwawo emanzini. Ngenxa yalokhu, izindawo zokuzalela ezincibilikisiwe zikhululiwe emaqandeni asevele engadingekile, futhi ukukhula kwentsha esikhathini esizayo kukhula ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle. Ngesikhathi sokuqhekeka kwegobolondo, iqanda elikhulelisiwe liphuka lisuka ezansi. Amaqanda antantayo nokugeleza aqhubeka nokukhula kwawo, kuthi ezinsukwini eziyi-11 - 16 ngemuva kokushayelwa ngabesifazane, kuvele kubo izibungu ezincane. Ubude bazo cishe bungamamilimitha ayi-12. Ngokushesha, lezi zibungu, ziqhubeka nohambo lwazo ezansi nomfula, ziqala ukubamba ukudla: ama-plankton, ama-crustaceans amancane.
Izitha zemvelo zokuncibilika
Isithombe: Libukeka kanjani iphunga
Izingozi eziningi zilindele le nhlanzi kukho konke ukuphila kwayo. Yondla izinhlanzi ezinkulu kakhulu kunayo.
Futhi kunokuningi ngokwanele kwalokhu emanzini:
- uhlobo lwenhlanzi;
- pike;
- ikhodi;
- i-burbot;
- zander;
- itrout ensundu;
- palia;
- ibhakede;
- i-herring.
i-smelt, nakuba ingenakwethenjelwa kakhulu, iyindlela yokuzivikela etholakala kuzilwane ezidla ezinye ezinkudlwana kunayo. Abantu abadala be-smelt bavame ukwakha imihlambi. Umhlambi onabantu abaningi uziphatha ngokuzwana nangobunye. Lapho kuphakama ingozi, izinhlanzi ezisesikoleni zisondelana eduze futhi zenze, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, zizonke. Bonke abantu abasemhlambini baqala ukubhukuda ngokuvumelanayo, ngenkathi ngasikhathi sinye beguqula indlela yokuhamba.
I-smelt roe nezibungu zayo nakho kungukudla kwezinhlanzi eziningi. Ikakhulu lapho ucabanga ukuthi izinhlanzi zalo mndeni zizala ngesikhathi esilambile sokuqala kwentwasahlobo. Futhi njengoba kusekhona ukudla okuncane kwezinhlanzi ezilambile ngesikhathi sasebusika entwasahlobo, zidla inqwaba yezibungu ezinukayo kanye nefry. Hhayi izakhamuzi zasemanzini kuphela, kepha nezinyoni ziyizitha zemvelo ze-smelt. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, iphunga livame ukukhuphukela phezulu, bese kuthi izinyoni zilibambe ngaphandle kwamanzi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Kunuka phu
Ngokuqondene nabantu bezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-smelt, okulandelayo kungaqashelwa:
- i-anadromous smelt yaseYurophu ihlala emachibini eBaltic Sea basin, eVolga engenhla;
- i-smelt toothed, noma i-catfish ihlala emigodini yolwandle lwase-Arctic nasePacific;
- Umfula i-smallmouth smelt uhlala ezindaweni ezihlanzekile zasolwandle lwe-Arctic nolwandle iPacific;
- ulwandle oluncane lwe-smmouth luhlala ePacific Ocean - kusuka eKamchatka kuya eKorea.
UCapelin uhlala ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho ye-Atlantic nasePacific Oceans. ERussia, kumbiwe ngemiqulu emikhulu ngezinjongo zokuhweba oLwandle iBarents entshonalanga yeNovaya Zemlya. ICapelin nayo itholakala ngasogwini lweKola Peninsula. ISmelt akuyona inhlobo yezinhlanzi evikelwe. Ngenxa yokuzala kwayo okuphezulu, izinhlobo ukunuka ihlala izinzile.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 26.01.2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/18/2019 ngo-22: 10
