UGopher isilwane esincelisayo somndeni wezingwejeje, esingaphansi kwe-oda lamagundane (afaka ne-muskrat negundane lensimu). Lezi yizilwane ezincane ngesisindo esingu-17-27 cm, esinesisindo esifinyelela ku-kg eyodwa nohhafu. Izilwane zomphakathi impela, zihlala emigodini, ukuxhumana ngokushaya amakhwela noma ngokuhaya. Ebusika obubandayo noma ehlobo elomile, bayalala, lapho bathola khona isidlaliso "Sony".
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Imvelaphi yama-gopher yahlala ingaziwa isikhathi eside kakhulu. Sekuyisikhathi eside zikhonjwe emindenini ehlukene, ezinhlotsheni, ngisho naku-oda.
Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-38 zazo, futhi okuvame kakhulu yilezi ezilandelayo:
- EYurophu;
- WaseMelika;
- Okukhulu;
- Encane;
- Intaba.
Njengoba kwenzeka, banokhokho ofanayo ophila muva nje. Kwacaca sibonga iziboshwa ze-GULAG, ezathola izidumbu eziningana zezingwejeje zomhlabathi emgodini weYakutia ekujuleni okungaphezulu kwamamitha ayi-12. Ngemuva kokulandelana kwesinye sezakhi zofuzo futhi ngifunde ngendlela yofuzo, kutholakale ukuthi lolu hlobo lwe-Indigir luneminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-30 ubudala.
Ngesikhathi se-Oligocene, kwenzeka umzuliswano omusha wokuvela, ngenxa yalokho kwavela imindeni emisha, ikakhulukazi ingwejeje, okuluhlobo lwazo ezindala kunazo zonke izingwejeje zomhlaba, i-Indigirsky. Kuvela ukuthi ama-gopher ayizihlobo ezisondelene kakhulu zezimbila, zincane kuphela futhi zibuthakathaka. Kanye nezingwejeje, izingwejeje ezindizayo nezinja zasemaphandleni.
Umndeni wengwejeje, nawo, ungowomugqa wasendulo wamagundane. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi baqala eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-60-70 edlule, abanye baqinisekile ukuthi kungukuqhubeka okunengqondo kokuvela kwenkathi yeCretaceous. Kepha, noma kunjalo, kungaphikiswa ukuthi zingesinye sezilwane ezindala kakhulu ezisaphila kuze kube yilolu suku.
Ukubukeka nezici
I-Gopher ingeyamagundane amancane, ngoba ubude bomzimba busuka ku-15 kuye ku-38 cm, futhi umsila usukela ku-5 kuya ku-23 cm cm.Zinezindlebe ezincane ezimbozwe phansi. Ukuhlukahluka kwemibala yangemuva kusuka kokuluhlaza okotshani kuya koku nsomi. Ngemuva kunemivimbo emnyama noma amaripple. Isisu sikhanya noma siphuzi. Ebusika, uboya buba bukhulu futhi buba bude, ngoba amakhaza ayasondela.
Ama-squirrels ase-Yurobhu mancane ngokwamazinga. Ubude bomzimba busuka kumasentimitha ayi-16 kuye kwangama-22, umsila mfushane: u-5-7 cm kuphela. Umhlane upendwe ngokumpunga ngokunsundu ngamaripple aphuzi noma amhlophe. Izinhlangothi ziphuzi ngombala wewolintshi ongaguquki. Amehlo azungezwe izindawo ezikhanyayo, nesisu sinomthunzi ophuzi ophuzi.
Isiphingi saseMelika sikhulu kunomakhelwane waso waseYurophu. Izakhamizi zaseChukotka zingama-25-32 cm ubude, ezaseMelika zisuka kumasentimitha angama-30 kuye kwangama-40. Zinesisindo esingu-710-790 amagremu. Ngosayizi, abesilisa cishe abahlukile kwabesifazane, kepha banesisindo esingaphezulu. Zinomsila obushelelezi futhi muhle ongafika kubude obungu-13 cm.Umhlane unombala o-brownish-ocher onamabala akhanyayo, kanti ikhanda linsundu. Ebusika, uboya buba lula, futhi abantu abasha bagqame ngombala othungathekile.
Ingwejeje enkulu yomhlabathi inkulu ngempela futhi ingeyesibili kuphela kunombala ophuzi ngosayizi. Banobude bomzimba obungu-25-33 cm, nomsila ongu-7-10 cm.Isisindo sifinyelela ikhilogremu elilodwa nohhafu. Umhlane uhlale umnyama, uvame ukuba nsundu, wehlukile ezinhlangothini ezibomvu. Ingemuva ligcwele amabala amhlophe, kanti isisu simpunga noma siphuzi. Izingwejeje ezinkulu ezisemhlabathini zinama-chromosomes angama-36 ku-karyotype, ngokungafani nezihlobo zazo, okungenzeka ukuthi yingakho ziqala ukukhulisa uboya basebusika ngoJulayi.
I-squirrel encane emhlabathini ingu-18-25 cm ngosayizi, futhi isisindo sayo asifinyeleli ngisho nakuhhafu wekhilogremu. Umsila ungaphansi kwamasentimitha amane. Abantu baseNyakatho banombala ompunga onsundu, eningizimu uphenduka ube mpunga-ophuzi. Sekukonke, kune-subspecies efinyelela ku-9, ehluke ngokubukeka futhi ikakhulu iba mincane ngaseningizimu-mpumalanga.
Umthandi wasentabeni unokufana nomncane, ngisho nangaphambi kokuba abantu abambalwa kakhulu bahlukanise. Usayizi womzimba awufinyeleli kuma-25 cm, futhi umsila ufinyelela ku-4 cm.Imuva limpunga ngombala ophuzi onsundu. Kunamabala amnyama ngemuva. Izinhlangothi nesisu zilula ukwedlula ngemuva, zinengubo ephuzi. Amajita amnyama futhi afiphele kakhulu kunabantu abadala.
Uhlala kuphi lo gopher?
I-squirrel yase-European ground yaba ngumhlali wama-steppe ne-step-steppe, njenge-marten, yize kulezi zinsuku kunqabile. Ihlala engxenyeni esempumalanga yesikhungo nasempumalanga yeYurophu. Ngokuvamile eJalimane, ePoland eSilesian Uplands. Futhi kuhlala e-Austria, Czech Republic, Moldova. Ngithanda nengxenye esentshonalanga yeTurkey neSlovakia. ENingizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Ukraine, itholakala kuphela ezifundeni zaseTranscarpathia, eVinnitsa naseChernivtsi.
Isiphingi saseMelika asihlali ezwenikazi laseNyakatho Melika kuphela, kepha nasempumalanga yeRussia. Enyakatho-mpumalanga yeSiberia, ihlala eChukotka, eKamchatka naseKolyma Upland. Abantu baseYanskaya nase-Indigirskaya bakhona ngokwehlukana nabanye. Ezwenikazi laseNyakatho Melika kuningi e-Alaska naseCanada. Ingwejeje enkulu esemhlabathini ihlala emaqeleni asezintabeni nasemathafeni aseKazakhstan naseRussia. Indawo yokuhlala iqala eMfuleni iVolga entshonalanga futhi iphelela ekungeneni kwe-Ishim neTobol empumalanga. Eningizimu, umngcele uhamba phakathi kwemifula iBolshoi neMaliy Uzen, nasenyakatho ngasemgodini ongakwesokudla we-Agidel.
Ama-squirrels asezintabeni avame ukusatshalaliswa eduze nemifula iKuban neTerek, kanye nesifunda i-Elbrus. Khuphuka kakhulu: 1250 - 3250 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Indawo yokuhlala ingamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amathathu, okuyinto eningi kakhulu futhi ekhuluma ngenombolo enhle. Zihlala phezulu ngangokunokwenzeka: lapho kukhona uhlaza olungadliwa.
Yini abadla ngayo?
Ngaphambilini, ama-gopher aseYurophu ayebhekwa njengabadli bezitshalo abahlukile, ngoba ukudla okuyinhloko kwakuqukethe izitshalo. Kamuva kwavela ukuthi badla ukudla okuhlukahlukene okuvela ezilwaneni. Njengomphumela wokuvuka, bazitika ngama-plant bulbs, bese beya ezinhlamvini zokusanhlamvu. Ehlobo, badla kakhulu amakhambi namajikijolo. Iyakwazi ukuqothula izinkambu ezincane.
Kukhona ukudla okuncane ezindaweni lapho i-gopher yaseMelika ihlala khona, ngakho-ke bakulungele ukudla konke okusendleleni yabo. Ngaphambi kokuya ebusika, bazitika ngama-rhizomes nama-bulb ezitshalo, bengeza amajikijolo namakhowe abangahlangana nawo. Ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibandayo, kufanele udle amacimbi, amabhungane aphansi, amafilly, kwesinye isikhathi izidumbu. Enza indlela eya ezindaweni zokuhlala, uthola ukudla emigqonyeni kadoti, kwesinye isikhathi kuba khona amacala odla abantu. Impilo yengulube yaseMelika iyingozi: ungafa yindlala noma udliwe yisihlobo.
Izingwejeje ezinkulu zomhlabathi zihlala ezimweni ezikahle kakhulu futhi zidla okusanhlamvu namakhambi ezimbali. Entwasahlobo, zithanda ukuthola ama nezimpande zezitshalo, ziqhubekele ezimbalini nasemacembe. Eduze nasekwindla, i-rye, ukolweni, amabele nama-oats kungeza ukudla okwehlukahlukene. Abazibekeli ukudla ebusika. Izingwejeje ezincane ezisemhlabathini zidla izimpande, amaqabunga nezimbali zamakhambi. Kwesinye isikhathi abakudeleli ukudla kwezilwane. Ukudla kwenziwa kucebe kakhulu ngokudla izitshalo ezitshalwe ngabantu. Imba ngisho nama-acorn nembewu ye-maple ne-hazel. Kusuka kwizithelo ezifana nebhilikosi.
Ama-gopher amakhulu acishe abe nohlu lokudla olukhulu kunawo wonke, amaMelika kufanele asinde ngokoqobo, kanti ama-gopher asezintabeni awacabangi nje ukuthi kulindeleni ukudla kwasekuseni, kwasemini nasebusuku namuhla. Ikakhulu ezintabeni awukwazi ukuhamba impela. Cishe zonke izingxenye zasemoyeni zezitshalo ziyadliwa, kwesinye isikhathi zihluza ukudla kwezilwane, kepha kuyaqabukela.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
I-European squirrel yomhlaba ithanda amathafa asemaqeleni nase-step-steppe, ihlala emazweni lapho kudla khona izinkomo futhi okungakulungele ukuhlwanyela okusanhlamvu. Ayizithandi izindawo ezinomswakama, izihlahla nezihlahlana. Bahlala emakoloni wabantu abayi-7-10. IBurrows ingunaphakade futhi yesikhashana, ineziningana. Kufaka phakathi amakamelo wokudlela amaningana.
AmaKoloni ama-squirrels aseMelika afinyelela kubantu abangama-50! Iziza ngazinye zifinyelela kumahektha ayisithupha. Emhlabathini onesihlabathi, imingxuma ingaba ngamamitha ayi-15 kanye nokujula kwamamitha ayi-3. Lapho i-permafrost ingekho ngaphansi kwamasentimitha angama-70. Ngesikhathi sobusika, imboza imigodi yayo ngomhlabathi. Ezindaweni zokuhlala, bahlala ezisekelweni zezindlu nezindawo zokugcina izithombo. Iyasebenza kusuka emahoreni ama-5 kuye kwangama-20 ngosuku.
I-gopher enkulu ihlala emakoloni aminyene, inemigodi eyi-8-10 yomuntu siqu, lapho isabalalisa khona ngokulinganayo indawo ezungeze insimu eseduze. I-Hibernation ithatha izinyanga eziyi-9, abesilisa baqala kuqala, bese kuba ngabesifazane. Bakhulelwe isikhathi esingangenyanga, kusuka emawundini amathathu kuye kwayi-15 kuyazalwa. Ngemuva kwenyanga, sezivele zikulungele impilo ezimele, eminyakeni emibili zingazala izingane ezintsha.
Izingwejeje ezincane ezisemhlabathini zilala kuze kube izinyanga eziyi-9 bese zivuka ngemuva kokuba iqhwa selincibilikile. Ngesikhathi sasehlobo esishisayo, ngenxa yalokho okufa khona izitshalo, izilwane ziphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, ziyakwazi ukungena ebusika obusika, obungaphenduka ubusika. Imvamisa baneminyaka engaphezu kwemithathu ubudala.
Ama-gopher asezintabeni achitha isikhathi esinzima efihla ubusika, ubude bawo buxhomeke ekuphakameni lapho ahlala khona. Isikhathi somsebenzi siyizinyanga eziyisithupha. Kuya futhi ngezinga lokukhuluphala. Ngakho-ke, abantu abadala kunalokho bangalala ubusuku bonke, futhi izilwane ezincane zidinga ukudla ukuze ziphile ebusika.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Ngemuva kokuvuka, abesilisa bezingwejeje zomhlabathi baseYurophu baqala ukulinda izinsikazi, ngemuva kwalokho kuqale umqubuko. Imvamisa abesilisa balwela abesifazane. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha isikhathi esingaphansi kwenyanga, kanti izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zivela ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli. Sekukonke, zingazalwa zisukela ku-3 kuye ku-9. Zinesisindo esingaba ngu-5 g ngobude obungu-4 cm. Ngemuva kwesonto, amehlo avuleka, kuthi ngemuva kuka-2, kukhule uboya. Maphakathi noJuni, abesifazane bamba izimbobo ezihlala izingane zabo.
Ama-gopher aseMelika nawo azala kanye ngonyaka. Abesifazane bavuka ngo-Ephreli-Meyi, ngemuva kwalokho kuqale imidlalo yokukhwelana, evame ukwenzeka emigodini. Ukukhulelwa kufushane kancane kunalokho kwezingwejeje zomhlabathi zaseYurophu, futhi amawundlu ezingwejeje zomhlabathi azalwa kamuva ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibandayo, kodwa ngamanani amakhulu: kusuka ku-5 kuye ku-10, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kube ngu-13-14.
Abesilisa bezingwejeje ezinkulu ezisemhlabathini nabo balinda abesifazane futhi, ngemuva kokuvuka, baqala ukubhekana nezinkinga zesibalo sabantu. Isici ukuthi abesifazane abemba ngokwehlukana imisele yokuzalela abantwana, kepha bakha kabusha izindawo zokuhlala. Umgodi onjalo unamakamelo amaningana okufaka izidleke kusuka kwesigamu semitha kuya ekujuleni okubili. Kusukela ku-3 kuya ku-16 amawundlu angazalwa! Futhi ukukhulelwa kungahlala isikhathi esingangezinsuku ezingama-20 noma inyanga.
Insikazi yengwejeje encane yomhlabathi ibeletha ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-20-25 kusuka kumawundlu amahlanu kuya kwayishumi, ngenkathi inemibungu efinyelela ku-15. Ezimweni ezingezinhle, eminye imibungu iyeka ukukhula nokuncibilika. Amaviki ama-3 angaba nesisindo esingafika kuma-25 g, ambozwe ngoboya obumnyama bese ephuma emgodini. Ngenkathi amawundlu ejwayela imvelo, umama umba imigodi bese eshiya amantshontsho.
Izintaba zezintaba zinemijikelezo ehlukene yokukhulisa inzalo, ngoba kuya ngobude bendawo abahlala kuyo nesikhathi sokuvuka. Ukukhulelwa kwenzeka zingakapheli izinsuku ezingama-20-22, kuthi kuzalwe inani elincane lama-gopher: kusuka kwababili kuya kwabane. Bazalwa bengaboni, bezithulu futhi bengenaboya. Isikhathi esingangenyanga, insikazi iyazinakekela, bese kuthi ngemuva kwalokho iphumele ezweni elivulekile futhi ihlale kweminye imigodi endaweni eyaziwayo.
Izitha zemvelo zama-gopher
I-squirrel yase-European ground isanda kwehla kakhulu kubantu bayo ngenxa yezitha eziyizungezile futhi ezingathinti neze imvelo yendawo. Ngokuyinhloko, wahlaselwa yizilwane ezincelisayo. Lezi kwakuyizinyoni: ama-steppe eag and harriers, phakathi kwabazingeli bomhlaba kufanele ukugqamisa i-steppe ferret.
Ama-squirrels aseMelika asesimweni esibi. Kuzo zonke izinkathazo namashwa, izidlo zifakwa ngesimo sama-skuas, izimpisi, amabhere angama-grizzly kanye nezikhova ezineqhwa, ezingakwazisi nakancane ukwethulwa kwalaba bantu ekuthuthukiseni i-tundra. I-gopher enkulu ibuye ibhekane nesimo sezulu esingesihle. Inhlabathi ingahle iqhwa, intwasahlobo ingadonsa noma ilimaze umuntu. Ngokuqondene nezingwejeje zase-Yurobhu, ama-steppe ferrets ayingozi enkulu kwabakhulu, abawadla unyaka wonke, noma ngabe basebusika.
Futhi, ama-corsac nezimpungushe azideleli isisulu esilula, kanti lezo ezincane zidla ama-weasel nama-ermine. Ngivela esibhakabhakeni ngikwazi ukuhlasela ama-steppe eagles, izindawo zokungcwaba, ama-buzzard anemilenze emide nama-kite amnyama, nasenyakatho kukhona nezikhova ezinamaqabunga amade. Ama-gopher amancane azingelwa cishe yizilwane ezifanayo ezihlala kule ndawo. Imigodi ingahlukaniswa yizimpungushe, ama-corsacs nama-ferrets. I-steppe namathuna wokungcwaba ayingozi avela esibhakabhakeni. Abantu abancane noma abangavuthiwe bahlaselwa amaSaker Falcons, amagwababa noma omlingo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Izingwejeje zomhlabathi zaseYurophu zihlala ezingxenyeni ezikude zendawo encane. Ifakiwe kwiRed Book yaseMpumalanga Yurophu, futhi emazweni angomakhelwane ingaphansi kokuvikelwa okusondele. Ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, kwakukhona umzabalazo wangempela nabo, ukuzingelwa nokubhujiswa. Babephoqa abalimi ukuthi babulale izidleke, basebenzise ukolweni onoshevu, baphoqa izingane zesikole ukuthi zilwe "nezinambuzane".
Naphezu kwezimo zokuphila ezinzima, ukuntuleka kokudla kanye nezilwane ezidlayo ezicasulayo, ama-gopher aseMelika enza kahle futhi achuma. Ngasikhathi sinye, zinomphumela omuhle emvelweni. Izilwane eziningi zihlala emigodini yazo, kuthi lapho zimba, zilethe imbewu ngaphezulu. Ngenxa yezici ezinhle zokuzala zengwejeje enkulu emhlabathini, akusona isilwane esisengozini yokuqothulwa. Kepha kwezinye izindawo kuncishiswa kakhulu ngenxa yokulima komhlaba wezintombi nokubhujiswa ngqo. Isibonelo, eKazakhstan kubhekwa njengesinambuzane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto ejenti esiyimbangela yalesi sifo kanye nezinye izifo ezingemnandi.
I-gopher encane iyinambuzane, idla izitshalo ezitshalwe ngabantu abakhula ezingadini nasemasimini, kanye nokubhubhisa izitshalo ezithandeka kakhulu emadlelweni. Ngasikhathi sinye, sithwala isifo kanye nezinye izifo eziningana. Kepha ngenxa yamandla aphezulu okuzala nokudla okuhlukahlukene, akusikho kohlobo oluvikelwe. Umthandi wentaba esintwini ubangela ukwesaba okuncane ngokusinda. Futhi akumangalisi, ngoba uhlala lapho abanye bengahlali khona, udla lokho omakhelwane abangenandaba nakho, ngenkathi engazihluphi muntu, ngokungafani nezimbokodo ezincane.
Zonke izinhlobo zama-gopher ziyefana kakhulu, ngoba yilezi:
- Badla ukudla okufanayo;
- Hola indlela yokuphila ehluke kancane;
- Yiba nezidlakudla ezifanayo;
- Zibukeka zicishe zifane.
Ezinye zazo zilimaza abantu, ezinye zizuzisa imvelo kuphela. Othile ucishe onqenqemeni lokuqothulwa, uhlala ezimweni ezinhle, kanti omunye uphilile futhi uchuma, usesimweni esinzima. Ngabe gophers izinto eziningi ezahlukahlukene, kepha kufana kakhulu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 24.01.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 17.09.2019 ngo-10: 21
